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Grammar-syntactic refers to the rules and patterns that regulate sentence construction and word order in a language. It is the study of how words are used to produce phrases and sentences, as well as how word grammatical connections effect meaning.

This covers things like word order, verb tense, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation. Understanding grammar-syntax is essential for efficient communication in any language because it allows speakers to properly and precisely communicate their intended meanings.

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1. Use of irregular verb forms: Welsh English speakers may use irregular verb forms that are not used in standard English. For example, they may use "swimmed" instead of "swam" or "knowed" instead of "knew."

2. Use of double negatives: Welsh English speakers may use double negatives in their speech, which is not typical in standard English. For example, they may say "I didn't do nothing" instead of "I didn't do anything."

3. Use of different prepositions: Welsh English speakers may use different prepositions than standard English speakers. For example, they may say "I'm going by the shop" instead of "I'm going to the shop."

4. Use of different word order: Welsh English speakers may use different word order than standard English, such as placing the subject after the verb in some cases. For example, they may say "Up the mountain we went" instead of "We went up the mountain."

5. Use of different articles: Welsh English speakers may use different articles than standard English. For example, they may say "I'm going to hospital" instead of "I'm going to the hospital."

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Phonemic variations refers to changes in how speech sounds are generated and interpreted among dialects or languages. It relates to how various dialects or languages may have different phonemes, or discrete units of sound, for the same sound or group of sounds.

In English, for example, there are several phonemic variants for the "r" sound. Some dialects, such as those spoken in Scotland and parts of North America, produce the "r" sound with a distinct roll or trill of the tongue, whereas others, such as those spoken in England or Australia, produce the "r" sound with a simpler, non-trilled pronunciation.

Phonemic variation can also occur within a single language or dialect. For example, in American English, the vowel sound in the word "cot" may be pronounced differently in different regions, with some speakers using a more open "ah" sound and others using a more closed "aw" sound.

Overall, phonemic variation is an important aspect of linguistic diversity and can provide insight into the ways that language use and identity are intertwined.

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MUHAMMAD NUR NAZHIIM BIN ABDUL RAZAK
2022844856

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MUHAMMAD AIMAN RIDHWAN BIN MOHD SHARUL REDZWAN
2022498984

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MUHAMMAD AIMAN RIDHWAN BIN MOHD SHARUL REDZWAN

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MUHAMMAD AIMAN RIDHWAN BIN MOHD SHARUL REDZWAN

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- Great grammatical control
In general, the whole system and structure of the speaker's language is well constructed.

- The speaker follows the stanchird rules of grammar in her speech flawlessly.

- The arrangement of words and phrases In her speech form proper sentences that can easily be understand by those who listen.

- She follows the general rules to join words into meaningful sentences.

- There are few examples that speaker said:

The use of "-ed" for past tense, as in "checked" and "washed."

The use of the preposition "on" in the phrase "on her first morning," which she indicates a specific time.

The use of the article "a" before "bowl" in "ate a bowl of porridge," indicating a singular countable noun.

- These are just a few examples, but she show how Jamaican Creole uses inflectional morphology to indicate grammatical relationships.

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In Welsh English there is an emphasis on Rhoticity. In this case, the 'r' sounds are usually pronounced, so the word 'porridge' may have a more pronounced 'r' sound. Also, the 'r' sound can sometimes be trilled or rolled as the speaker rolled the "r" present in the word.

In Welsh English, the vowels may be pronounced differently, particularly the 'a' sound. It may be pronounced as a longer and more open vowel, almost like 'ay'. For instance, the word 'face' may be pronounced as 'f-ay-ce'. This may also apply to other vowels as well such as "o" where words are more rounded, so "porridge" may be pronounced as "paw-ridge". In IPA this is characterized as "ɒ" replacing "ɔ". So it ends up with "ˈpɒrɪdʒ" instead of "ˈpɔrɪdʒ".

Welsh English speakers often use a rising intonation at the end of statements, so the sentence may sound more like a question than a statement. They may also emphasize different words than standard English speakers, so "stressed" or "work" may be given more emphasis.

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Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed. She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry. Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

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Things Welsh People Say | Common Welsh Sayings

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This informative video is a practical time-saver that will enable you to get good at accents. Watch our bite-size tutorial on How To Speak With A Welsh Accent from one of Videojug's industry leaders. Subscribe! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=videojug Check Out Our Channel Page: http://www.youtube.com/user/videojug Like Us On Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/videojug Follow Us On Twitter!

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ˈivən soʊ, ɑn hɜr ˈfɝst ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi ˈeɪt ə boʊl ʌv ˈpɔrɪdʒ, ʧɛkt hɜrsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ənd wɑʃt hɜr feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri. ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɑn ə pleɪn ˈjɛloʊ drɛs ənd ə flis ˈʤækət, pɪkt ʌp hɜr kɪt ənd ˈhɛdɪd fɔr wɜrk.

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1. Welsh English exhibits unique linguistic features, such as the use of certain Welsh words and phrases, distinct pronunciation patterns, and variations in grammar and syntax. According to a study conducted by the University of South Wales, 55% of Welsh speakers reported using Welsh words and phrases in their English conversations.

2. Welsh English has been shaped by centuries of contact and interaction between the Welsh and English languages. For example, according to the 2011 census, the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales was 19%, indicating a significant historical and cultural influence on the development of Welsh English.

3. Welsh English exhibits regional variation within Wales, with different accents and dialects across different areas of the country. According to a study by Cardiff University, there are five main dialect regions in Wales, each with its own unique features and characteristics.

4. Welsh English reflects the unique cultural diversity of Wales, with its distinct history and linguistic traditions. For example, Welsh English may incorporate certain words or phrases from the Welsh language, such as "cwtch" (meaning a cozy hug or cuddle).

5. The use of Welsh English may be influenced by sociolinguistic factors, such as social class, gender, and age. For example, according to the 2011 census, Welsh speakers were more likely to be female than male, with a gender split of 51% female and 49% male.

6. Wales has more castles per square mile than any other country in Europe, with over 600 castles and castle ruins to explore. The use of Welsh English can also vary depending on the region and proximity to these historic landmarks, as local cultural and linguistic influences may play a role in shaping the language spoken in these areas.

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[ˈiːvən səʊ, ɔn hɛr fɜːst ˈmɔːnɪŋ, ʃiː fɛlt strɛst. ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl əv ˈpɒrɪdʒ, tʃɛkt hɜrsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ənd wɒʃt hɜr feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri. ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɔn ə pleɪn ˈjɛloʊ drɛs ənd ə flis ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜr kɪt ənd ˈhɛdɪd fɔr wɜrk.]

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Demographic of speaker of speaker from Wales, Europe.

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Demographic of speaker of speaker from Wales, Europe.

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The Speaker was born in Wrexham, Wales.

Their ethnicity is Caucasian.

The recording was done on 12th April 2023.

They are currently unemployed.

The speaker is 22 years old at the time of recording.

Their siblings are fluent in Welsh as well.

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Prosodic variation refers to the changes in the rhythm, stress, intonation, and tone of speech that occur within a language.  These variances can express a variety of ideas and feelings, as well as represent geographical or cultural distinctions. For example, a speaker from New York City may have different stress and intonation patterns than a speaker from London, and these variances might alter how the listener perceives the message. Prosodic variety is an essential feature of language and communication because it influences the interpretation and effect of the message.

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According to World Atlas, Wales is situated in the southwest region of The United Kingdom and its borders are shared with England to the east, and the Irish Sea to the north and west. Its total area spans around 8,023 square miles, and the country's varied and splendid geographical terrain entices travelers from all over the globe.

In terms of geography, Wales can be divided into three main regions: the coastal plains, the uplands, and the mountains.

Wales is home to many historic castles, including Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, and Cardiff Castle. These castles were built in the Middle Ages to protect the country from invasion.

The River Severn, which is the longest river in the United Kingdom, runs through Wales and forms part of the border between England and Wales.

Wales has a strong agricultural industry, with sheep farming being particularly important. The country is famous for its Welsh lamb and Welsh beef.

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- The "a" sound in "face" is pronounced with a longer and more open "a" sound from the speaker than in Standard English. So, when we hear it, it  sounds more like "fayce" (feis).

- When she said "fleece", it actually sound "flee" (flis). This is because she silenced the consonant "c" sound from that word and the "flee" sound heard.

-The word "jacket" was actually heard as "jakket" ( ʤakɪt) when she siad the word. This is due to the consonant "c" sound is converted to letter "k" that make the sound more stress on the "k" that caused to the letter "c" undetected.

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The English have been present in Jamaica since the advent of the British in the 17th century. The English conquered the island in 1655, and it became a major centre for the transatlantic slave traffic during the next two years.

The English language was introduced to Jamaica by British colonisers, who brought a variety of English dialects from various regions of England with them. The early immigrants and plantation owners were mostly from the south and east of England, and they spoke a variety of English highly affected by the London dialect.

However, the colonisers' English was not the only language spoken in Jamaica. The island also housed a huge number of enslaved Africans transported to Jamaica to labour on the plantations. These Africans spoke a range of African languages and dialects, which affected Jamaican Creole's development.

Jamaican Creole developed as a unique language throughout time, influenced by both English and African languages. It was largely used by the enslaved population and was seen as an indication of low social standing.

As Jamaica transitioned from slavery to freedom in the nineteenth century, there was a growing awareness of the importance of education and the need to develop a standard form of English. This resulted in the formation of schools and the use of English as a medium of teaching.

Today, English is Jamaica's official language and is widely spoken throughout the country. However, Jamaican Creole remains a vibrant and important part of the culture, with the majority of the population speaking it as a first or second language.

https://www.grin.com/document/71333

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. A brief linguistic history of Jamaica

3. Standard Jamaican English (JamE)
3.1. The Role of Standard Jamaican English
3.2. Linguistic Features of Standard Jamaican English

4. Jamaican Creole (JC)
4.1. The role of Jamaican Creole
4.2. Linguistic Features of Jamaican Creole

5. The Post-Creole Continuum

6. Conclusion

Appendix

Books of Reference and Further Reading:
Primary Sources:
Websites:
Literary Aids:

1. Introduction

Throughout the last centuries the English language spread all over the world first and foremost due to the colonial politic of its motherland: Great Britain.

Especially in the Caribbean the British empire had a lot of colonies in the past - one, in fact the biggest one, of these was Jamaica. Being one of the world's many English-speaking countries it is worth studying especially from a linguistic point of view because it is one of the few Caribbean countries in which a standard English and an English-based creole have been employed almost since its colonization. To get a precise picture of what English is like in Jamaica one has to consider the history of the Jamaican languages as well as the present situation. As a standard variety and a creole coexist in Jamaica, one has to look at both of them in isolation and at how they influence each other. Therefore it will not only be of interest to examine the function and some of the linguistic features of Jamaican English and the Jamaican creole but also the post-creole continuum.

First of all, a look at the history will make clear how the English language developed in Jamaica. The following chapters will deal with Standard Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole in particular and, finally, the examination of the post-creole continuum will make the consequences of the mutual influence of these two languages clear.

David L. Lawton's text "English in the Caribbean" and the book Linguistic Variation in Jamaica: A Corpus-Based Study of Radio and Newspaper Usage by Andrea Sand will form a useful basis for the study of the English language in Jamaica and will be completed by other subject-relevant literature.

The aim of this term paper is to provide an insight into the linguistic diversity in Jamaica and thus to illustrate how a standard variety like Standard Jamaican English and a creole like Jamaican Creole coexist. This text does, however, not aim at completeness with regard to the linguistic features of these languages, which is not least due to the fact that the linguistic situation is not completely explored yet, but it shall serve as some kind of introductory description of the English language in Jamaica and thus contribute to a basic understanding of the subject.

2. A brief linguistic history of Jamaica

Jamaica is the biggest English-speaking island in the Caribbean sea. During its history the languages on this island have undergone many different influences that had a great impact on them.

The first inhabitants of Jamaica were Arawaks who spoke Taino, which can thus be considered to be the indigenous language in Jamaica (www-user.tu-chemnitz.de). When the Spanish began to settle there, Spanish became the first European language in Jamaica and the first Spanish-based pidgin[1] languages came into being because they were needed for the communication between the Spanish settlers and the Arawaks. The Spanish settlers also brought the first African slaves to Jamaica. Having been a Spanish colony for many years the island became a British one in 1655. The conquest of Jamaica caused the immigration of many English settlers who used the island for the cultivation of sugar cane on huge plantations. With them they brought not only the early Modern English language but also slaves from West Africa who worked for them on their plantations and who brought their different African tribal languages with them as well. Due to the need for a common language to communicate English-based pidgins were created (Viereck 2002: 191). While the number of speakers of the Spanish-based pidgins decreased steadily and only a small community that was called Maroon was left, the speech community that used the English-based pidgin grew (www-user.tu-chemnitz.de). According to Viereck (2002: 193) the number of slaves in Jamaica increased from year to year till in 1734 92% of the Jamaican population were African slaves. This figure underlines the huge influence of African languages on the languages in Jamaica. The pidgin developed into the Jamaican Creole[2] (JC) in the 18th century, which can basically be described as a mixture of African languages and Standard British English (Lawton 1984: 255). Siegel (2002: 336/337) mentions that the Jamaican creole might have already been developed before a stable pidgin existed. He also makes clear that there are two possible origins of the lexical and grammatical features of Jamaican Creole: the lexifier[3] language or the West African languages. Furthermore other Caribbean creoles and Guinea Coast Creole English had an impact on JC because slaves and settlers from those regions made a valuable contribution to the linguistic development on the island (Viereck 2002: 194). The slave trade of the British colony stopped in the beginning of the 19th century and thus put an end to the direct influence of African languages (www-user.tu-chemnitz.de). As a consequence the number of pidgin speakers decreased as Jamaica became steadily creolised and thus JC was more and more spread. Jamaica remained a British colony until it reached its independence in 1962 (Lawton 1984: 255), which is a fact that underlines the direct, long-term influence of the British language, and the former Standard British English of the settlers developed, through constant influence of the Jamaican Creole, into the Jamaican English that is the official language in Jamaica until the present. Nowadays there are two major languages that are spoken in Jamaica: Standard Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole with English as its lexifier. Both have and still do influence each other as they coexist and thus are in close contact with each other. Hence there can be found many different varieties of Jamaican Creole, which will be dealt with in one of the following chapters.

3. Standard Jamaican English (JamE)

3.1. The Role of Standard Jamaican English

Standard Jamaican English is the official language of Jamaica and used in all domains of public life. It is not only the language of the government, the law and the media but also used for education and for almost all kinds of written communication (Sand 1999: 70).

It derived from British English but has undergone a long development with constant influences of other languages, such as West African languages, other European languages or Jamaican Creole for instance, since it came into being. It was this development that created the standard English that is spoken in Jamaica nowadays and which caused that JamE came off of the British model but became an independent standard variety[4]. In fact, today's JamE shows many influences not only of JC but also of American English, which can be explained with the close geographical situation and tourism (Viereck 2002: 195).

In comparison to the Jamaican creole, JamE has a much higher prestige, which means that it is higher valued by the Jamaican society probably due to its status as an official language, the fact that it is on the contrary to Jamaican Creole a standardised language and maybe because of the Jamaican past in which it, as the language of the settlers, was considered to be superior to the creole, the language of the slaves.

3.2. Linguistic Features of Standard Jamaican English

JamE has many features in common with the language it derived from, namely British English.

With regard to phonology, Lawton (1984: 255 ff.) points out that there is no substantial difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation[5] and thus makes clear that JamE is a non-rhotic[6] language like British English and shows similar features like, for instance, the intrusive [r][7]. He also makes clear that both languages have the same consonants and vowels that are similarly realised.

Despite these similarities he describes the prosody of these languages as being different from each other by mentioning that JamE has a syllable timed rhythm[8] while British English has a stressed timed rhythm[9].
[...]
[1] A pidgin is a language developed for certain purposes such as trade and thus works as a contact language between people with different linguistic background who do not know each others languages and thus have to create a new one to communicate. This implies that a pidgin does not have native speakers (Yule 1996: 233 ff.). A pidgin has only a little lexicon and very simple grammatical structures (Siegel 2002: 336).

[2] A creole is the first language or mother tongue of a child of a pidgin speaker and thus has native speakers. The grammar is more complex than the grammar of the pidgin. (Yule 1996: 234)

[3] A lexifier is the language from which the majority of the lexicon of a creole derived. (Siegel 2002: 335)

[4] A standard variety is the language of education and the media of a certain country. It has a standardised grammar, spelling and lexicon to which the inhabitants of that country stick to and it is used at least for written communication. (Yule 1996: 227)

[5] Received Pronunciation (RP) refers to one particular dialect of British English that is not attributed to a certain region of Britain and thus understood throughout the whole nation (Davis 1998: 41/42) and does not allow any conclusion concerning the origin of the speaker. This pronunciation is often considered to be highly prestigious.(Viereck 2002: 20)

[6] In rhotic dialects the /r/ is always pronounced when it occurs in the spelling of a word whereas it is not dominant or even not pronounced before a consonant or at the end of a word in a non-rhotic dialect. (Davis 1998: 105)

[7] The intrusive /r/ is a special feature of RP and means that a /r/ is pronounced at the end of a word although the word does not have a final r but a shwa [ә]. This is only done when the next word starts with a vowel. Thus a glottal stop is avoided. (Davis 1998: 110)

[8] The term syllable timed rhythm refers to the fact that each syllable within a sentence is equally stressed and so the rhythm is influenced by the numbers of syllables. (Viereck 2002: 195)

[9] According to Viereck (2002: 195) the rhythm of Standard British English is determined by the number of stressed syllables within a sentence that occur in regular intervals.

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GRIN - English in Jamaica: The Coexistence of Standard Jamaican English and the English-based Jamaican Creole

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1. Introduction 2. A brief linguistic history of Jamaica 3. Standard Jamaican English (JamE) 3.1. The Role of Standard Jamaican English 3.2. Linguistic Features of Standard Jamaican English 4. Jamaican Creole (JC) 4.1. The role of Jamaican Creole 4.2. Linguistic Features of Jamaican Creole 5. The Post-Creole Continuum 6.

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1. Stress: In Welsh English, there is a tendency to stress words differently from standard English. For example, the word "even" may be stressed on the second syllable ("EE-ven"), while in standard English it is typically stressed on the first syllable ("E-ven"). Similarly, the word "morning" may be stressed on the second syllable ("MOR-ning") in Welsh English, while in standard English it is typically stressed on the first syllable ("MORN-ing"). This difference in stress can give the sentence a different rhythm and emphasis.

2. Intonation: Welsh English often uses rising and falling intonation patterns that differ from standard English. For example, the rising intonation at the end of "stressed" may be more pronounced in Welsh English, making it sound like a question rather than a statement. Similarly, the rising intonation at the end of "work" may be more pronounced in Welsh English, emphasizing the speaker's uncertainty or doubt.

3. Tempo: Welsh English often has a slightly slower tempo than standard English, with a more relaxed and deliberate pace. This can give the sentence a more laid-back, conversational feel.

4. Pitch: Welsh English often uses a higher pitch than standard English, particularly in women's voices. This can give the sentence a more melodious and musical quality, with a greater range of pitch variation.

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ivn so, ɑn ɑn hɑ fɔst mɔrnin, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi iet ə boul ɑv pɔrij, ʧɛkt hɛrself in di mɪrər ən wɑʃ hɛr feis in ə ori. Ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɑn ə plen yelo drɛs ən ə flis ʤakɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɛr kɪt ən ɛdɪd fɔr wɜrk.

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1. First and foremost, Jamaica has its own English accent. Jamaican English is a separate dialect of English, with its own syntax, vocabulary, and accent. Exploring this dialect might help us better grasp the English language's diversity and how it has evolved in different locations.

2.  Following that, Jamaica has a rich cultural history that has had an impact on the development of Jamaican English. Jamaica's history is mirrored in its language and accent, from its African roots through its colonial past.

3. Aside from that, Jamaican music, particularly reggae and dancehall, has had a significant impact on popular culture worldwide. These musical genres are distinguished by the usage of Jamaican English and the capacity to communicate political and social issues via music.

4. Furthermore, Jamaica has a distinct language policy that recognises Jamaican Creole as a distinct language and encourages its use in education and other official settings. Exploring this policy and its repercussions can give insights into the problems and prospects of multilingual language policy.

5.  Last but not least, they have Usain Bolt, the world's fastest man. He is phenomenal. Nobody could dispute his Olympic record. Even at his pinnacle, he was a generous guy. This man provided additional intriguing facts about Jamaica.

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The speaker was born at Connors, Saint Catherine Parish

Her ethnicity is African-Jamaican

The speaker was 23 years old at the time of the recording

Her English were well understand

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1. Stress:  Stress in English refers to the emphasis placed on specific syllables in a word or on specific words in a phrase. The word "morning" is pronounced in the above phrase with emphasis on the second syllable (mor-NING), which differs from the standard English pronunciation (MORN-ing). This is an example of stress variation in Jamaican English, which can deviate from conventional English stress patterns.

2. Intonation: The rising and falling pitch patterns employed in speaking are referred to as intonation. The overall tone of the provided statement is slightly different from standard English. The statement concludes with a slightly rising tone, which may imply an inquiry or doubt. This is an example of intonation variance in Jamaican English, which can deviate from normal English intonation patterns.

3. Tempo: Tempo is the rate at which words are uttered. The speaker's speed in the provided statement is somewhat quicker than normal English, with a little rushed air to the delivery. This is an example of tempo variation in Jamaican English, which can differ from standard English tempo.

4. Pitch: The pitch of a person's voice relates to how high or low it is. The pitch of the speaker's voice changes during the phrase, with some words pronounced at a higher pitch than others. This change in pitch might emphasise the statement or express a distinct emotional tone. This is an example of pitch variation in Jamaican English, which can differ from standard English pitch patterns.

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Lets learn a bit of Jamaican (patois) accent

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Lets learn a bit of Jamaican (patois) accent

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How to do an authentic JAMAICAN ACCENT for NEWBIES!!!!!!!

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WorldAtlas. (2023, April 18). Wales Maps & Facts. WorldAtlas. Retrieved May 5, 2023, from https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/united-kingdom/wales

Castles in Wales. Wales. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2023, from https://www.wales.com/about/culture/castles

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Jamaican English (Patois) Tense and Aspect

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Jamaican English (Patois) Tense and Aspect

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When compared to Standard English, Jamaican Patois, like other creole languages, has a simplified tense and aspect system. Here are a couple such examples:

1. Present tense:
The present tense in Jamaican Patois is commonly indicated by the use of the auxiliary word "a" or "deh" before the main verb. The choice of auxiliary is determined by the dialect of the speaker.

Example:

Mi a wok. (I am working.)

Him deh a school. (He is at school.)

2. Past tense:
The particle "did" before the main verb indicates the past tense in Jamaican Patois.

Example:

Mi did wok yesterday. (I worked yesterday.)

Him did deh a school yesterday. (He was at school yesterday.)

3. Perfect aspect:
In Jamaican Patois, the perfect aspect is frequently indicated by the use of the auxiliary verb "have" or "ha" before the main verb's past participle.

Example:

Mi have wok hard. (I have worked hard.)

Him ha pass di test. (He has passed the test.)

4. Progressive aspect:
The progressive aspect is frequently expressed in Jamaican Patois by the use of the auxiliary verb "a" or "deh" before the main verb, and the particle "ing" at the end of the main verb.

Example:

Mi a wok hard. (I am working hard.)

Him deh read di book. (He is reading the book.)

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GRIN Verlag. (2007). Jamaican English - the evolution of pidgin to a Creole. GRIN Publishing. https://www.grin.com/document/71333

Nations Online. (2023 May 5). Jamaica - Administrative Map. https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/jamaica-administrative-map.htm

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Visit Jamaica. (n.d.). Home - Visit Jamaica. https://www.visitjamaica.com/

Olympics. (n.d.). Usain Bolt. Olympics.com. Retrieved May 5, 2023, from https://olympics.com/en/athletes/usain-bolt

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Liu, Z. (2018). Phonetics of Southern Welsh stress - University College London. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/sites/pals/files/uclwpl_2018.pdf

Smith, J. (2019). Phonemic variation in Jamaican English [PowerPoint slides].  https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455114/

BBC News. (2021, April 30). Jamaica's sprint factory: The legacy of Usain Bolt and a need for speed [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/5DUCCSepMbs

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Williams, Meinir & Cooper, Sarah. (2021). Adult New Speakers of Welsh: Accent, Pronunciation and Language Experience in South Wales. Researchgate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351582896_Adult_New_Speakers_of_Welsh_Accent_Pronunciation_and_Language_Experience_in_South_Wales

The British Library Board. (n.d.). Wales 7. British Library Sounds, https://www.dialectsarchive.com/wales-7

How to speak with a welsh accent. Videojug, YouTube. (2011, April 12), from https://youtu.be/cq-mEejECcU

Minto, PJ. ( 2021 Mac 8) How to do an aunthentic JAMAICAN ACCENT for NEWBIES!!!. PJ MINTO Youtube. https://youtu.be/8QM5S9QsLYo

The British Library Board. (n.d.). Jamaica 12. British Library Sounds, https://www.dialectsarchive.com/jamaica-12

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Jumieka Langwij Aatlas. (n.d.). Grama. http://www.jumieka.com/grama.html.

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