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The theory helds that living things could originate from nonliving matter, this processes were regular to happen.

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The Greek philosopher and botanist Theophrastus (374-287 b.C.) reported that a plant called Silphium had sprung up from soil where it was not previously present and described this as an example of spontaneous generation

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The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) wrote about insects being formed from the dew falling on leaves or from the hair, flesh or faeces of animals.

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In the 16th century the German-Swiss botanist and astrologer Paracelsus quoted observations of spontaneous generation of mice, frogs and eels from water, air or decaying matter

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From the 17th century onwards biologists carried out experiments to test the theory that life could arise from non-living matter.

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Francesco Redi showed that maggots only developed in rotting meat if flies were allowed to come into contact with it.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled soup in eight containers, then sealed four of them and left the others open to the air. Organisms grew in the containers left open but not in the others.

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Louis Pasteur designed experiments with swan-necked asks, which established beyond reasonable doubt that spontaneous generation of life does not now occur

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The most famous of Pasteur’s experiments involved the use of swan-necked flasks. He placed samples of broth in flasks with long necks and then melted the glass of the necks and bent it into a variety of shapes.

Pasteur then boiled the broth in some of the flasks to kill any organisms present but left others unboiled as controls. Fungi and other organisms soon appeared in the unboiled flasks but not in the boiled ones, even after long periods of time. The broth in the flasks was in contact with air, which it had been suggested was needed for spontaneous generation, yet no spontaneous generation occurred. Pasteur snapped the necks of some of the flasks to leave a shorter vertical neck. Organisms were soon apparent in these flasks and decomposed the broth.

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In 1905, the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski first proposed symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory.

The theory of endosymbiosis helps to explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells. It states that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotic organisms that had developed the process of aerobic cell respiration. Larger prokaryotes took them in by endocytosis and instead of killing the smaller prokaryotes they allowed them to continue to live in their cytoplasm. As long as the smaller prokaryotes grew as the larger ones, they could persist indefinitely inside the larger cells. According to the theory of endosymbiosis they have persisted over hundreds of millions of years of evolution to become the mitochondria inside eukaryotic cells today.

The Origin of Eukaryotes: Where Science and Pop Culture Collide. (n.d.). ASM.org. https://asm.org/Articles/2018/May/the-origin-of-eukaryotes-where-science-and-pop-cul#:~:text=In%201905%2C%20the%20Russian%20botanist,beneficial%20relationship%20between%20individual%20prokaryotes.

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Origin of the first cell from non living matter

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Origin of the first cell from non living matter

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Unless cells arrived on Earth from somewhere
else in the universe, they must have arisen from non-living material. There are hypotheses for how some of the main
stages could have occurred:
1. Production of carbon compounds such as sugars and amino acids.
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey passed steam through a mixture of methane, hydrogen and ammonia. They found that amino acids and other
carbon compounds needed for life were produced.
2. Assembly of carbon compounds into polymers.
3. Formation of membranes.
4. Development of a mechanism for inheritance.

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Assembly of carbon compounds into polymers

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Assembly of carbon compounds into polymers

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The origin of the first carbon compounds is around deep-sea vents. These vents are characterized by gushing hot water carrying reduced inorganic chemicals that represent a source of energy for the assembly of these carbon compounds into polymers.