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Traditional systems had used different letters of the alphabet to represent numbers or cumbersome Roman numerals. It was created in Spain in 825

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The most important of the Baghdad hospitals was that established in 982 (372 H) by the ruler `Adud al-Dawla. When it was founded it had 25 doctors, including oculists, surgeons, and bonesetters. It was created in Baghdad in the 9th century.

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It improved sailing which, until then, relied on orientation by the sun or by stars and was limited to sea travel between October and April. It was created in Europe in the 12th century

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Excision of tumours on the surface of the body, and removal of stones from the urinary bladder had helped to firmly establish surgery in the medical curriculum. It was made in Europe in 1236

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The long-term effects of China’s policy became evident in 1793 when Britain sent a mission to China to establish official diplomatic and trade relations. The head of the mission was Lord George Macartney. It was created in Asia in 1434

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The printing press was a large stamp with letters that could be moved. Ink was put on the letters and stamped onto paper. It was created in Germany in 1440.

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Navigation of the ocean. It was created in America in 1700

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A 24-inch bore and four-foot stroke drove two 15-foot-diameter side paddle wheels; it consumed oak and pine fuel. It was created in Paris in 1807

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More than two millennia ago in China or India, someone noticed that people who suffered and recovered from certain diseases never became reinfected. In a leap of logic, the person who noticed the connection tried to prevent the disease by inoculating themselves (or perhaps someone else) with a bit of infected matter. It was created in China or India and in 1796

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Rubber could be used to manufacture shoes, waterproof clothing, life jackets, balls, hats, umbrellas, rafts... and one day. It was created in Brazil in 1844

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Invented a multi-barreled, rotating gun operated by a hand crank that could fire up to 200 rounds a minute. It was created Indianapolis, Indiana in 1862

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A thin filament with high electrical resistance would make a lamp practical because it would require only a little current to make it glow. It was created in New Jersey in 1879

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First fully automatic machine gun (q.v.), developed by engineer and inventor Hiram Maxim in about 1884. It was created in England in 1884

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Ford installed moving lines for bits and pieces of the manufacturing process: For instance, workers built motors and transmissions on rope-and-pulley powered conveyor belts. It was created in Chicago on December 1st 1913