# data[].attributes.body
Image remade for motivational concept

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Flannery, M. (2017). Self-determination theory: Intrinsic motivation and behavioral change. Oncology Nursing Forum, 44(2), 155–156. https://doi.org/10.1188/17.ONF.155-156

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European code of conduct 2023. ALLEA. (2023). https://allea.org/portfolio-item/european-code-of-conduct-2023/

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Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6

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Saturation for qualitative research with interviews

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Informed consent with participants

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Durdella, N. (2019). Qualitative dissertation methodology: a guide for research design and methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Generational trauma of first and second generation Germans

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de Groot, M., Schaafsma, J., Castelain, T., Malinowska, K., Mann, L., Ohtsubo, Y., Wulandari, M. T. A., Bataineh, R. F., Fry, D. P., Goudbeek, M., & Suryani, A. (2021). Group-based shame, guilt, and regret across cultures. European journal of social psychology, 51(7), 1198–1212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2808

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Davies, K. (2023, November 27). Volunteer work Germany 2019-2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1339096/volunteer-work-germany/#:~:text=People%20who%20do%20volunteer%20work%20in%20Germany,in%20Germany%20volunteered%20from%202019%20to%202023.

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Understanding reality in a perspective from society

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Crowe, S., Creswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

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Interview process, and reliability and validity.

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Coleman, P. (2021). Validity and reliability within qualitative research in the caring sciences. International Journal of Caring Sciences https://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/54_goleman_special_143.pdf

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Volunteers in Berline are motivated to help and engage in communities.

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Boulianne, S. (2023). Standby ties that mobilize: Social media platforms and civic engagement. Social Science Computer Review, 41(3), 1001-1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211067687

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Research of three families in Ukraine that had lived through genocides with Salin. Showed that fear-based survival mode decreases methylation in dna

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Online BAS site with information on volunteering in Berlin.

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Berlin Arrival Support. bevos. (2022). https://bevos.org/berlin-arrival-support/?lang=en

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The social theory of Banduras is that people will strive to have influence over their lives. There are four factors of behavior: behavior, environment, and persona.

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Universal Declaration of Ethical priniciples; American Psychologists Code of Ethics

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American Psychological Association. (2008). The Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles For Psychologists. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2008/10/gauthier

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Reconciliation between victims and perpetrators does not just happen. It is a collective identity between the past and the present that will heal both. Rituals, like public confessions of guilt provide the only way to maintain a national identity.

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Alexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J., & Sztompka, P. (2004). The trauma of perpetrators: The holocaust as the traumatic reference of German national identity. In Collective Trauma and Collective Identity (1st ed., pp. 112–154). University of California Press.

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Discussion on the resilency of collectivism left in german society and the connection to nationalism

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Starkweather, S. (2020). Collective identity in Germany: An assessment of national theories. James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal, 7(1), 36-48. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj/vol7/iss1/4

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Bezo, B., & Maggi, S. (2015). Living in “survival mode:” Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 134, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009

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Description of German culture.German food and beer, with celebrations of Oktoberfest. A traditional outfit known as Tracht, indicates a persons socialclass,and symbolizes the countries culture, and with art, dating back tomedieval gothic chubches. Composters that herald from Germany are Back,  Beethoven and Mozart.

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Team, G. B. (2023, May 4). Germany culture, customs, and traditions: GPI translation blog. Globalization Partners International. https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2023/05/04/germany-culture-customs-and-traditions/

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Generational trauma and the third generation with a greater influence

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Berger, A. L. (2010). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma and Identity in Third Generaton Writing about the Holocaust. Shofar, 28(3), 149-VII. https://tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/unclaimed-experience-trauma-identity-third/docview/250732145/se-2

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Harrison, C. (2022). Researching and transcribing traumatic experiences : a qualitative approach to studying survivors of genocide online. SAGE Publications, Ltd.

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In this study, volunteers motivation to continue to serve an NGO is identified through a self determined, collective action.

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Colangeli, R. (2020). Bound Together: How Psychoanalysis Diminishes Inter-generational DNA Trauma. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80(2), 196-218. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11231-020-09247-x

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van Schie, S., Güntert, S. T., Oostlander, J., & Wehner, T. (2015). How the Organizational Context Impacts Volunteers: A Differentiated Perspective on Self-determined Motivation. Voluntas (Manchester, England), 26(4), 1570–1590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9472-z

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Ruberg, W. (2021). Monica Black, A Demon-Haunted Land. Witches, Wonder Doctors, and the Ghosts of the Past in Post-WWII Germany. Tijdschrift Voor Sociale En Economische Geschiedenis, 18(3), 170–172. https://doi.org/10.52024/tseg.11096

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The adverse psychological effects of PTSD the result of the experienced by the victims. Support from local courts and community have sought for both victims and perpetrators reconciliation is necessary for peace (Eichhorn et al, 2015).

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Eichhorn, S., Stammel, N., Glaesmer, H., Klauer, T., Freyberger, H. J., Knaevelsrud, C., & Kuwert, P. (2015). Readiness to reconcile and post-traumatic distress in German survivors of wartime rapes in 1945. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(5), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002695

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The aprarthied and forgiveness to political human rights

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Adonis, C. K. (2015). Generational forgiveness and historical injustices: perspectives of descendants of victims of Apartheid-era gross human rights violations in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1007594

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Gobodo-Madikizela, P. (2002). Remorse, Forgiveness, and Rehumanization: Stories from South Africa. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(1), 7-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167802421002

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A learner consciousness is the ability to think of different ways of being human, responding to the challenges in life and thinking in terms of not only as it is, but as what it might be. We cannot simply separate our own needs from that ofhers, because of the interconnections of economics, evnironments and cultures.

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Jonas, K. J., & Morton, T. A. (2012). Restoring civil societies the psychology of intervention and engagement following crisis. Wiley-Blackwell.

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Reported number of raped women after WWII 1.4 to 1.9 million

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Johr B. (1995 ). Die Ereignisse in Zahlen . In BeFreier und Befreite: Krieg, Vergewaltigung, Kinder (pp. 46 -73 ). Frankfort/Main : Fischer .

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Philosophical assumptions affect how a researcher chooses betwee qualitative and quanitative research. Either seeking to uncover new information experienced in natural settings, or discovering new information with simplication of the subject. Research questons may influence. The way the problem is described and research questions influence the research sought.

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O’Dwyer, & Bernauer, J. A. (2014). Quantitative research for the qualitative researcher. SAGE.

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Lowest volunteerism is in Bulgaria and previous soviet bloc countries, surround countries have highest rate/expending the US.

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UNHCR Situation Ukraine refugee situation. UNHCR Data Portal. (2024). https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine

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After WWII, Germany was left in shambles because of the war crimes comitted by the Nazis. In this book, the silence following the end of the war, left people searching for solace. They were told to be silent and to work hard. Believing in the supernatural and leaning on religous convictions for forgiveness. Unfortunately, the silence led to generational trauma.

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Black, M. (2022). A demon-haunted land: Witches, wonder doctors, and the ghosts of the past in post-WWII Germany. Metropolitan books.

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Motivation behind volunteering as a functional approach

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Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1516–1530.

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Functional approach:

Values, understanding, career,social,enhancement, protective

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Güntert, S. T., Wehner, T., & Mieg, H. A. (2022). Volunteer Work as a Matter of Motivation. In Organizational, Motivational, and Cultural Contexts of Volunteering. Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92817-9_2

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Volunteering is lower in ex communist countries, but is becoming stronger. In the past it was thought to be a western idealogy.

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Voicu, M., & Voicu, B. (2009). Dobrovoľníčky/ci a dobrovoľníctvo v strednej a východnej Európe. Sociológia, 6, 539–563.

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The center for Diseasse Control and Prevention state that Epignentics are reversabile when changes include behavior or the surroundings. Although Colangeli (2020) shares that psychoanalysis will change the effect of generational trauma, it eludes the idea that changing the environment or behavior is key to recovery.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 4). Public health genomics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm

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War and conflict triggers epignetic changes. Offspring generationally have an increase in mortality. In ancestors of the Holocaust, survivors with PTSD showed not connection to psychiatric disorders. A decrease in cortisol appears in the offspring, but for only those of paternal sides. The lack of cortisol may lead to immune system and health.( Raza et al., 2023).

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Raza, Z., Hussain, S. F., Foster, V. S., Wall, J., Coffey, P. J., Martin, J. F., & Gomes, R. S. M. (2023). Exposure to war and conflict: The individual and inherited epigenetic effects on health, with a focus on post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in Epidemiology (Online), 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fepid.2023.1066158

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Many of the volunteers receive the role as not prioritized and most who participate are marinalized themselves, e.g. migrant workers, urban women).  Recognition programs for volunteers is helpful.

When most of the volunteer status is measured it focuses on organization-based, rather than the volunteering that is conducted by people in their communities, like those helping the Ukraine refugees.

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The research included interviews with from each prosocial venture. The studies showed that there are two specific groups that begin the community prosocial movement, one out of compassion and the other more self serving in the future. The compassion driven sector engaged with refugees immediately, first hand. The self serving venture offered help through supporting with collected items, apartments and supplies.

Previous studies on the response to crisis by volunteers show the importance of addressing those that are hurting. Community is needed to face the future of continuing crisis.

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Mittermaier, A., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2021). Motivating prosocial venturing in response to a humanitarian crisis: Building theory from the refugee crisis in Germany. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211025233

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Colangeli (2020) argues that psychoanalysis can adequately treat generational trauma for individuals. Discussed was intergenerational trauma and how memories can be transferred to other generations. Cautioned was the ethcial reasons in behavioral epignetcs that changes the blood, saliva and brain. Treatments and pscyhalaysis is presented as changeable DNA. Not mentioned is the use of western psychology instead of indigenous psychology in collective trauma.

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In unerstaning how stress affects the humnan brain; new research finds that stress also increases reslsiency and found in those that can withstand the unavoidable circumstances in life. Genes are not changed through the process of stress, changing how they are expressed,by the attachementth  methyl groups with proteins.

The mark on the brain of stress, can begin in DNA or prior to birth. Researchers quest to find ways to encourage resliency, or reversing the stressors in life. In the means of reversing the effect, the author suggests meditaiton, yoga and exercise. He also suggests that pharmaceuticals.

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King, A. (2016). Rise of resilience. Nature, Suppl.OUTLOOK: COGNITIVE HEALTH, 531(7592), S18-S19. https://tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/rise-resilience/docview/1770384628/se-2

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The word Epignetics carries a unsavory connotation to those of Jewish descent; as experiments were performed during wwII.

The study of Epignetics involves cellular variations that are a result of circumstances, and trauma. These are genes that do not make changes in expression genetically, but is noted on the result of trauma with generations in the future.

Epignetics involve changes in the DNA without affecting the DNA sequence.  The research observes these changes

Genes are capable of a change in behavior, as eptignetics is in search of membory. Strong occurences that include both the DNA and DNA-protein.

DNA can remmber past occurences of tragic events, DNA methylation in an a parent that has experienced trauma, and show up in bheaviors of generations to come Krippner

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Krippner, S., & Barrett, D. (2019). Transgenerational Trauma: The Role of Epigenetics. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 40(1), 53–62.

# data[].attributes.body
Many of the volunteers receive the role as not prioritized and most who participate are marinalized themselves, e.g. migrant workers, urban women).  Recognition programs for volunteers is helpful.

When most of the volunteer status is measured it focuses on organization-based, rather than the volunteering that is conducted by people in their communities, like those helping the Ukraine refugees.

# data[].attributes.body
Joachim C. Häberlen. (2016). Making Friends: Refugees and Volunteers in Germany. German Politics and Society, 34(3), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340303

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Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Pieta, M., Karlsen, M., Backus, H., Florek, W., Lisowska, K., Pankowski, D., & Szumial, S. (2020). Knowledge about traumatic World War II experiences among ancestors and subjective well-being of young adults: A person-centred perspective. PLoS ONE, 15(8), e0237859. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A633404656/HWRC?u=dall6191&sid=bookmark-HWRC&xid=6c35e783

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A learner consciousness is the ability to think of different ways of being human, responding to the challenges in life and thinking in terms of not only as it is, but as what it might be. We cannot simply separate our own needs from that ofhers, because of the interconnections of economics, evnironments and cultures.

Happiness or well being, is immeasurable. People who learn to think differently can in trun live differently.As Plato taught, people learn how to be free,when they are aware of the shackles that bind them internally and externally. Seeing the world differently is to move beyond ones existences of familiarily in see the world in a new way (Slimbach, 2020).

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Slimbach, R. (2020). The art of world learning : community engagement for a sustainable planet (First edition.). Stylus Publishing.

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Slimbach, R. (2020). The art of world learning : community engagement for a sustainable planet (First edition.). Stylus Publishing.

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Social constructivism cautions on making assumptions about human beings is critical. In the form of action and behavior,understanding of the world takes place (Burr, 2003).  Learning takes place when social interactions transform to a belief through interactions, negotiation and collaborations (Palincsar, 1998). Human emotions are found in the cultural process as culture influences how we develop from childhood (Levenson et al.)

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Burr, V., (2003). What is social constructionism? Social Constructionism (pp. 1-27). New York, NY: Routledge.

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From an  indigenous psychology view, mutuality and understanding is shared as a group (Kim et al., 2006).  As an International psychologist, improving psychology in other countries…

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Kim, U., Yang, K. & Park, Y. (2006). The scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology: The transactional approach. In Kim, U., Yang, K., Hwang, K. (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology (pp. 27-48).

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Learning takes place when social interactions transform to a belief through interactions, negotiation and collaborations (Palincsar, 1998).

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Palincsar, A. (1998). Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 345–375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.345

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Indigenous psychology is helpful in  understanding of the phenomenon (understanding of the human being) in both situational and opportunity for the International Psychologist. (Allwood & Berry, 2006).

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Allwood, C. M., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Origins and development of indigenous psychologies: An international analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590544000013

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The sense of well being from unpaid volunteer work helping others is about giving rather than receiving.

A large portion of research has focused on older adult volunteers. In this case, informal volunteering is not helpful to negative symptoms; depression and loneliness. Research on the subject is primarily U.S. data, not indicating the differences between nations.The lowest rates of volunteerism is in Bulgaria, and then followed by Poland, Russia, Estonia and Hungry showing 20% of the population patricipation. Switzerland, Austria and Norway have high levels of participation of 50% with Switzerland at 67%, of the population that volunteers at least once in a year.

East Germany, after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, was at their lowest for volunteers. The findings were simply that happier people gave of their time. In view of the lack of volunteers in the eastern Europe is due to not being motivated. Either due to the Soviet Union and forced volunteering. (Plagnol et al., 2010).

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Plagnol, A. C., & Huppert, F. A. (2010). Happy to Help? Exploring the Factors Associated with Variations in Rates of Volunteering Across Europe. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9494-x

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Evidence from behavioral genetics show that individual behaviors, decisions and energy for social interest for is genetically effect. These epignetic expressions interact when a certain condition is experienced. These are changes that may be transmitted to generations, affecting positive behaivor (Smith)

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United Nations. (n.d.). What is not counted does not count: Global volunteering estimates. In State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2022. essay. 

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Smith, D. Horton., Stebbins, R. A., & Grotz, Jurgen. (Eds.). (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations (1st ed. 2016.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9

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The State of the Worlds Volunteerism report noted that Formal volunteering through organizations and groups is ongoing, while informal volunteering is between an individual and their community and not moderated by an organization. Globally out of a population of 862,378,600, Asian and the Pacific overwhelming have 563,946,000 volunteers with Africa following with 109,192,500. Formal volunteering is 6.5% of this accumulation with informal volunteering 14.3% (U.N., 2022).

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United Nations. (n.d.). What is not counted does not count: Global volunteering estimates. In State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2022. essay.

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Social identity theory that a person acknowledges that they belong to a certain social group with emotionsla and value to them as a member of the group.

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Hogg, M. A. (2016). Social Identity theory. Peace Psychology Book Series, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_1

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According to the UN Volunteers the community with common background but not a part of strategic plan.

The UN agenda for 2030 is a commitment globally, is people driven. Resilience of these volunteers and outcome depends on those in government and agencies to support (UN, 2022).

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Feldman, M., Mouchenik, Y., & Moro, M.-R. (2008). Jewish children hidden in France during world war II traumatic traces which remain visible more than sixty years later. La Psychiatrie de l’enfant, 51(2), 481–513. https://doi.org/10.3917/psye.512.0481

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Jewish children of the Holocaust experienced pictures of their family being discarded, and events silenced. Children were mistreated for being Jewish and as a strategy for existing in the world became hiding  their identity. (Feldman et al., 2008).

Both groups of children carry trauma from generations of the past, similar in the feelings from the past (Feldman et al., 2008).

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Germany after WWII was thought of as a perpetrator nation, with children growing up after WWII known as “children of the enemy”. These children grew up seeking a type of reconciliation although these “haunting”’ memories are buried deeply as amnesia from the Holacaust (Schwab, 2004).

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Schwab, G. (2004). Haunting legacies: trauma in children of perpetrators. Postcolonial Studies, 7(2), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368879042000278861

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Wir Helfen Geflüchteten Menschen in Berlin! Berlin Arrival Support (BAS). (2022, September

24). https://arrivalsupport.berlin/

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(2021, April 29). Qualitative data analysis with max. Qualitative data analysis with MaxQDA. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://suco2.com/2021/03/12/qualitative-data-analysis-with-maxqda/

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Silke,Wiegand-Grefe & Möller, Birgit (2012). The transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences of the second world war over three generations--a psychoanalytical perspective. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 61(8), 610–622