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To execute this assignment successfully, we proudly chose two Native English Countries namely Australia and Scotland. Each country, we identified a suitable speaker for us to conduct research accordingly, specifically on their differences in linguistic features.

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We collectively agree that the Australian English dialect is one of the most beautiful English accents.

The Australian accent is well known for its vowel and diphthong sounds which makes it attractive and in fact, many people attempt to copy the accent.

Australians are also known for their slang and some of it has been used in global English.

The history of the country itself pulls us to learn about the dialect as many know that the land was actually used by the British as a place to keep their overflowed prisoners from all across England.

The jumble of accents between the settlers who were once the prisoners made up the current Australian accent that we love and are eager to learn today.

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We acknowledge that Scottish English dialect is very bizarre and unique.

The Scottish English shows that English language is flexible according to the culture. Scottish English has many uniqueness and one of if is rhotics.

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The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)

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The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)

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The speaker was born and raised in Adelaide, Australia.

The speaker is a male and the recording extracted from the Speech Accent Archive was recorded by him at the age of 23.

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Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these…

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The speaker was born in Glasgow, Scotland.

The speaker is male and the recording from The Speech Accent Archive was recorded when he was 34 years old.

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english69 Elicitation Paragraph:

Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these things into three red bags, and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train station.

Key:
blue = potential areas for this generalization
red = actual areas for this generalization

Phonetic Transcription:

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english69 Elicitation Paragraph: Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids.

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Scotland is part of the United Kingdom and occupies the northern portion of the British Isles.

Throughout its history, Scotland has witnessed tremendous expansion and change. It's a land that's been invaded and colonised numerous times and has made significant contributions to culture and society.

Scotland became one of Europe's commercial, intellectual, and industrial powerhouses during the enlightenment industrial revolution of the 18th century.

Philosophy, chemistry, geology, engineering, technology, poetry, medicine, economics, and history were all part of the intellectual drive to better comprehend the natural world and the human mind.

At the turn of the nineteenth century, industrial advancements and money amassed from the tobacco, sugar, and cotton trade usher in the birth of urban Scotland.

The country transitioned from agricultural to urban, with vast towns, industries, and heavy industry springing up.

With serious debates on Scottish independence and a referendum on leaving the British Union in 2014, nationalism has become a strong political topic since the 1950s.

The outcome was 45 percent in favour and 55 percent against. As a result, Scotland is still a part of the British Union.

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Scotland History In 5 Minutes - Animated

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As we all are well aware, the most widely spoken language in Scotland was not always English. Indeed, Scotland has had many languages over the centuries, one of which is Gaelic, which you may still hear, read, and experience today all over the country.

It's difficult not to observe Gaelic woven into everyday life in Scotland, as well as the culture that flows from it. The Gaelic language is as interesting as it is beautiful. There are dozens of Scottish place names with Gaelic roots.

As an example, Dundee in the east of Scotland gets its name from the Gaelic Dun De, which means Tay fort, and the city is on the banks of the River Tay, so it's a pretty appropriate name.

Other Celtic languages, such as Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Manx Gaelic, are closely related to Scottish Gaelic.

The language is centuries old, having crossed the Atlantic from Ireland around the 6th century AD. It became the mother tongue of the mediaeval kingdom of Alba after spreading across Scotland.

Cultural, religious, and population shifts influenced which languages were spoken over time. The construction of abbeys along the borders and along the east coast, as well as the expansion of industry in many lowland towns and villages, meant that other languages became more dominant, like as Scots and English.

By the late nineteenth century, English had become the dominant language in Scottish schools, churches, and communities.

Despite numerous hurdles, Gaelic and its vibrant, unique culture have persevered and are still very much a part of Scotland.

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Scotland has several different languages. Local English pronunciation has been impacted by native Scots and Gaelic languages. Local English pronunciation has been impacted by native Scots and Gaelic languages.

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The Sound of the Scots language/dialect (Numbers, Greetings, Words & Sample Text)

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Alkazwini, A. A. (2017). The History of Scottish English and A Brief Description of the Salient Linguistic Features That Characterize The Scots Dialect | A. Alkazwini | International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature. AIAC Journals. http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJALEL/article/view/3028

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Scots language | History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scots-language

ILoveLanguages! (2020, October 9). The Sound of the Scots language/dialect (Numbers, Greetings, Words & Sample Text). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mCC-o8SXng

Langfocus. (2017, June 11). The Scots Language (or Dialect?!). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X5zX3yVoiQ

Past To Future. (2019, April 3). Scotland History In 5 Minutes - Animated. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wd0Vzk6OBQk

VisitScotland. (2019, June 7). Scottish Gaelic: Explained. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROoWGPsyzFg

Vladimir Machan. (2013, October 9). HISTORY AND PRESENT POSITION OF ENGLISH IN SCOTLAND. (ISSN 1801-5336), 13. https://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/machan/mac-001.pdf

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Prosody is All aspects of language that contribute to acoustic and rhythmic influence are studied.

Speaking ability; spoken language type of communication.

There are two sorts of speech that can make sounds: segmentals and suprasegmentals. Segmentals are the individual units of speech while Suprasegmentals or prosthetic features of speech on the other hand are speech features that acompany or are added over a segmental.

Under segmentals, we have vowels, consonants and diphthongs. Whilst under suprasegmentals or prosodic features are stress, pitch and intonation and juncture.

Stress

1.  A syllable's or word's degree of force or prominence.

2. A certain syllable or word is given extra volume.

3. The emphasis is on a single syllable or word.

Pitch

1. Highness or lowness of a tone or a voice

2. There are four basic intonation patterns under pitch which are; low, normal, high, extra high).

Intonation

1. Variation of pitch in the spoken language.

2. There are two basic intonation patterns which are; the rising-falling intonation and the rising intonation

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Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Macrobius believed that there are undiscovered land in the Southern hemisphere of the globe.

The theory accelerates the search of Terra Australis Incognito – which directly means the unknown southern land – during the age of discovery.

Australia was first inhabited by the indigenious group of Australians known as the Aborigines.

It was estimated that 300,000 to 700,000 population of Aborigines inhabit the land.

The land was first named New Holland by the Dutch in 1644.

The east coast part of the land was later divided and changed to New South Wales when the British arrived in 1788.

In 1896, the land was officially named Australia after most of the colonists were granted with self-governing status and unanimously unite as a country.

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The History of Australian English Dialect

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The History of Australian English Dialect

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The British colonisation in Australia had influenced the accent that the Australians have today.

Back in 1788, the British had come to Australian land with 11 ships containing prisoners from all across England.

The variation of the origin of the people created a communication problem in which they were unable to understand one another's dialect.

Dialect levelling was then introduced to resolve the problem.

This process includes the removal of words that only exist in one dialect, and words that were pronounced differently in certain dialects were levelled down to fit to only one pronunciation.

After 50 years since the settlement, only then the Australian English accent was fully used by the people on the land.

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Where Did The Australian Accent Come From?

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Australians often speak with slur and shortened words which are often regarded as the lazy speech type.

Non-rhotic is one of the Australian speech styles to which the ‘r’ sound at the end of a word is replaced with a short ‘a’ or /a:/.

Another uniqueness of the dialect is the twist of vowel sounds. We often hear the little difference of pronunciation between the British or American English with the Australian English where the ‘e’ sound is changed to ‘i’, the ‘i’ is changed to ‘oi’, the ‘a’ becomes either ‘i’ or ‘eh’, and ‘oo’ is changed to ‘ew’.

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Name Explain. (2021, April 9). Where Did The Australian Accent Come From? YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixpB-JqzY4M

Suihbne. (2019, January 25). The Animated History of Australia. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIDDIDS2Tjk

Wilson, G. (2015, March 15). The story behind 'Australian English': why we talk the way we do. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-16/the-story-behind-australian-english/6315078

Wilson, G. (2015, March 15). The story behind 'Australian English': why we talk the way we do. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-16/the-story-behind-australian-english/6315078

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Native Australian English speakers tend to link vowels together with other vowels that come after it with either three ways which is by using the ‘r’, ‘y’, or the ‘w’ sound.

Words that end with the [iː], [æɪ], [æ], and [oɪ] will use the ‘y’ sound to link with the word after it that starts with a vowel. For example, ‘she ate the food’ is pronounced as ‘she-y-ate the food’.

As for words that end with the [uː], [əu], and [æɔ] will use the ‘w’ sound as link to the next word. For example, ‘ciao, everyone’ is pronounced as ‘ciao-w-everyone’.

Lastly, words that end with a vowel sound and the next word after it also starts with a vowel will use the ‘r’ sound as a linking sound. For example, ‘her offer’. The word ‘her’ does not end with a vowel, however Australian English tends to dismiss the ‘r’ sound as they are non-rhotic. Therefore, the word ‘her’ is pronounced as /həː/ and the phrase ‘her offer’ will be pronounced as /hə/-r-/ˈɒfə’/.

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SPEAK Like an AUSTRALIAN: Linking VOWEL SOUNDS With W or Y or R?

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Australian Question Intonation (AQI) is a dialect feature of making a statement sound like a question by raising voice pitch at the end of a sentence.

This language feature is also known as the high-rise terminal (HRT). This feature changes the intonation of a declarative sentence by raising the pitch at the end of a sentence, making it sound like a question.

It is claimed that the AQI has been detected in Australian English since the 1960s (Manns, 2014).

This language feature could indicate that the speaker is trying to sound polite while asking a question or a confirmation.

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Australian English often exhibits stress in pronouncing initial syllables. It is estimated that about 80% of the initial words are stressed while the remaining 20% are stress realisation on long vowels (Babinski & Bowern, n.d.)

To compare, speakers of American English tend to stress the final syllable of a word. For example, the word ‘cliche’ is pronounced as /kli:‘ʃeɪ / in American English whereas in Australian English, the initial vowel is stressed (/’kli:.ʃeɪ /).

Another example for the word 'ballet':

American English: /’bæl. eɪ /
Australian English: / bæl ‘eɪ/

Rather than saying words separately, Australian speakers tend to link words that start or end with vowels together with the word before or after it.

For  example, “The documents are printed” is pronounced as /ˈdɒkjʊm(ə)nzɑː/ rather than separating the words.

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A prime feature of Australian English that almost everyone could agree with is their love of word abbreviation.

Australian speakers tend to use shortened words when speaking which also highly related to their ‘lazy’ style of speaking.

Australian English is famous for its slang and most slang words that we have heard today derived from the country.

In fact, the legendary word ‘selfie’ was also created by an Australian named Nathan Hope which later was added to the Oxford Dictionary in 2013.

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Scottish English is a dialect of British English, yet its pronunciation differs so much from Standard English that British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) sound nearly identical. Nonetheless, like in the rest of Britain, people speak a variety of dialects ranging from pure Scottish dialect to pure Standard English. In rural places, a strong Scottish accent is more common.

As there are so many various forms of Scottish dialects, there is no such thing as a standard Scottish accent (BeautyCreep, 2016).

According to Oxford English Dictionary (2022), Scottish English morphologies, in particular, present an additional barrier in that there is frequently significant variety in both the spelling and pronunciation of a word. It is completely possible that a word's spelling does not precisely match its pronunciation, but it would be impractical to reflect all such possibilities and combinations. Instead, the 'Scottish English' pronunciation(s) follow the headword's specific spelling, and significant variant pronunciations associated to other spellings may be specified in other sections of the item (not in the primary pronunciation section).

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Despite having differing morphological make-ups, the stressed syllables in greed and agreed, brood and brewed, side and sighed are pronounced in the same way in most English accents.

However, in Scotland, these two words are not homophonous: the monomorphemic term has a shorter vowel, whereas the morphologically complicated word has a longer vowel.

The Scottish Vowel Length Rule, or Aitken's Law, is illustrated by these minimal pairings from the PAC wordlist.

According to the Scottish Vowel Length Rule (SVLR) there will occur;
Short vowel: /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /l/
Long vowel: /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /r/

Hence, the vowel sound in troop, shot, spook, tube, rude, Krug, smooch, gigantic, hoof, tooth, loose, bush, room, rune, rule is much shorter than in move, smooth, lost, rouge. The vowel has its longer version at the end of the word (even if a so-called 'weak' suffix is appended and the vowel is no longer word-final), for example, brew, blue, brewed, blueness.

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Australian Grammar & Syntactic Variation

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Australian Grammar & Syntactic Variation

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Another differences in prepositions usage includes:

Australian English: I haven’t been home for years!
American English: I haven’t been home in years!

Australian English: See you at the weekend!
American English: See you on the weekend!

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British English Pronunciation – The Scottish Accent

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The highlight of Scottish English that majority could agree with is their unique morphologies to describe object, subject, noun or adjective.

Scottish English speakers tend to speak with their mouth not openly wide because of the cold weather thus affects the Scottish English lexical.

Scottish English is a unique for its slang.

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Scottish English Grammar and Syntactic Variation

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Scottish English Grammar and Syntactic Variation

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In Scottish Gaelic, as in many other languages, "pitch accent" is linked to syllable count not only historically, but also synchronically.

Pitch and glottal activity differences are the phonetic representation of a difference in prosodic structure resulting from underlying contrasts.

Celtic has both the underlying prosodic structure and the representation of lexical prosodic structure in terms of pitch.

As a result, while there is no required historical link between "pitch accents" in Scottish and North Germanic, it cannot be ruled out.

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accent.gmu.edu. (n.d.). speech accent archive: browse. The Speech Accent Archive. http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=131

accent.gmu.edu. (n.d.). speech accent archive: browse. The Speech Accent Archive. http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=144

International Phonetic Association Organisation. (2015). Full IPA Chart. International Phonetic Association. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/full-ipa-chart

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accent.gmu.edu. (n.d.). speech accent archive: browse. The Speech Accent Archive. http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=131

accent.gmu.edu. (n.d.). speech accent archive: browse. The Speech Accent Archive. http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=144

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Babinski, S., & Bowern, C. (n.d.). PHONETIC VARIATION ACROSS AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES. International Phonetic Association. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_2774.pdf

Bell, P. (2019). SCOTTISH ENGLISH, SCOTTISH ACCENTS - ppt download. SlidePlayer. https://slideplayer.com/slide/15732522/

British, Australian and American pronunciation for multi-syllable words- Don't get confused. (n.d.). speakmoreclearly.com. https://www.speakmoreclearly.com/english-pronunciation-tips/british-australian-and-american-pronunciation-for-multi-syllable-words-dont-get-confused/

Jauriberry, T. (n.d.). Phonetic variation in Standard Scottish English: Rhotics in Dundee. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/13285145/Phonetic_variation_in_Standard_Scottish_English_Rhotics_in_Dundee

Key, H. (2014, January 13). Want a promotion? Don't speak like an AUSSIE: Rising in pitch at the end of sentences make you sound 'insecure'. Daily Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2538554/Want-promotion-Dont-speak-like-AUSSIE-Rising-pitch-end-sentences-make-sound-insecure.html

Manns, H. (2014, January 20). Australian question intonation? No good in Britain? Mate, really? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/australian-question-intonation-no-good-in-britain-mate-really-21755

Nordquist, R. (2018, March 8). Speech Patterns: Uptalking. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/uptalk-high-rising-terminal-1692574

Phonetics: Scottish English –. (n.d.). Multimedia-English. https://multimedia-english.com/phonetics/scottish-english

WorldAtlas. (2021, May 13). Scotland Maps & Facts. World Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/united-kingdom/scotland

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Aussie English. (2019, March 10). SPEAK Like an AUSTRALIAN: Linking VOWEL SOUNDS With W or Y or R? YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL906C3Ceu8

Cariaga, J. C. (2021, January 30). Prosodic Features of Speech. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6l7wDcdtRA

English Jade - Learn English. (2020, March 3). Learn about the SCOTTISH accent, dialect, and slang! YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6oH1e_Z1PA

Hilpert, M. (2020, June 26). Englishes around the World - Language variation. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iup1gJq0dsE

Lean English Pronunciation. (2022, January 14). British English Pronunciation – The Scottish Accent. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsjGaXZgMc0&t=220s

Maul, A. (n.d.). The Aussie Accent | Learn How To Speak Australian! Base Backpackers. https://www.stayatbase.com/general/aussie-accent/

What are the key features of an Australian Accent? (n.d.). Voice Science. https://thevoicescience.com/australian-accent/

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Gwynn, M. (2015, April 27). What Australian slang has given the world. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150427-pervs-greenies-and-ratbags

Lette, K. (2014, June 11). The rise and fall of Australian slang. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27805070

Oxford English Directory. (n.d.). Pronunciation model: Scottish English. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-pronunciation/pronunciations-for-world-englishes/pronunciation-model-scottish-english/

Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Key to pronunciation: Scottish English. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-pronunciation/pronunciations-for-world-englishes/key-to-pronunciation-scottish-english/

Pukli, M., & Jauriberry, T. (2020, April 27). Recherches Anglaises et Nord Americaines. Language change in action – Variation in Scottish English, 22. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02499025/document

SCOTTISH ENGLISH, SCOTTISH ACCENTS - ppt download. (n.d.). SlidePlayer. https://slideplayer.com/slide/15732522/

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Australian English: Everything You Need To Know | Lingoda. (2022, February 22). The Lingoda Blog. https://blog.lingoda.com/en/a-guide-to-australian-english/

Barron, C., & Sangster, M. (n.d.). Features of Scots. cloudfront.net. https://d3lmsxlb5aor5x.cloudfront.net/library/document/Grammatical%20Features%20of%20Scots.pdf

Grammatical Differences: Australian vs. American English. (2019, July 7). Australia's Best Proofreading And Editing Services | Proofed. https://getproofed.com.au/writing-tips/grammatical-differences-australian-vs-american-english/

Iosad, P. (n.d.). “Pitch accent” and prosodic structure in Scottish Gaelic: historical implications. https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/10015114/icngl11.handout.pdf

Pukli, M. (2020, June 11). Scottish English and the Scottish Vowel Length Rule: An empirical study of Ayrshire speakers. Archive ouverte HAL. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02865760/document

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Nurislyana Binti Mohd Yussoff's Individual Reflection

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Nurislyana Binti Mohd Yussoff's Individual Reflection

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Farhanah Binti Mohsin's Individual Reflection

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Farhanah Binti Mohsin's Individual Reflection