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Kanem empire
Located in northeast

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Oyo Empire
- Religion: Yoruba Religion, Islam, Christianity
- It grew to become the largest Yoruba- speaking state and rose through the outstanding organizational and administrative skills of the Yoruba people, wealth gained from trade, and a powerful cavalry

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Bornu Empire => Kanem Bornu empire
Religion: Animism, later Islam
- It was a state in what is now northeastern Nigeria, in time becoming even larger than Kanem, incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad, Niger, Sudan and Cameroon

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Hausa- Fulani kingdoms
Religion: Islam
- Some of the Hausa civilizations were able to work with iron which helped with tool and weapon making
- they also showed a vast advancement in cultural expression which was rare for civilizations in the area around that time

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Portuguese navigators reach Nigerian coast

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Igbo kingdom of Onitsha
Located in Southeast Africa

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Nigerians were forcibly sent to the Americas due to Portuguese, Dutch and British slave-trading companies and Atlantic Slave Trade in the 18th century

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Annexation of Lagos by the British Empire and the beginning of colonisation
- British interests include; trading, minerals/ raw materials and expansion of territory

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The Berlin Conference (Congo Conference) - the official beginning of the colonial race
- The European powers distribute African territories within themselves
- Disparity between the borders and ethnic groups/cultures
=> future conflicts

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Launch of the Royal Niger Company
- fulfilled Britain's economic desires in West Africa;
- many international trading partners, new contacts, progress in trade system
-> provides the infrastructure of present- day Nigeria

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First use of Indirect Rule in Nigeria
- Traditional leaders were dragged into governing the people under the guidance and control of the British government officials

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Cameroon (German colony) is added to Nigeria

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A series of conferences taking place to negotiate their freedom from the colonial rule and their independence

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Shell became the first oil extracting company in Nigeria

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Nigeria was granted independence under a parliamentary government led by prime Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

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- Nigeria became a Federal Republic and joined the Commonwealth of Nations
- Nnamdi Azikwe became the first president

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- Mr Balewa killed in a coup
- Maj-Gen Johnson Aguiyi- Ironsi forms military government

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The Biafra War
- Civil war breaks out due to a conflict over the possible secession of the Biafra territory in South East Nigeria

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Biafran leaders surrender

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Restoration of democratic rule

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Formation of SARS ( Special Anti Robbery Squad) - a brutal police force responsible for assaults, killings and harassment in Nigeria as well as violating the freedom of expression
- finally disbanded in 2020 after #EndSARS

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Adoption of Islamic Sharia law by several northern states
=> More tension and clashes between Christians and Muslims

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Around 100 people killed in Lagos in clashes between Hausas (Muslim) and Yorubas (Christian)

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Boko Haram attacks against police, armed forces and civilians - especially against non-muslims
- 2014: Boko Haram kidnaps more than 200 girls from a boarding school and kills over 6,600 people

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Muhammad Buhari is elected president

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Federal Republic of Nigeria with Buhari as president