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1. What do hox genes control? determining the general body plan, such as the number of body segments of an animal, the number and placement of appendages, and animal head-tail directionality.
2. What were Lamarck’s ideas about evolution? living things evolved in a continuously upward direction, from dead matter, through simple to more complex forms, toward human "perfection."
3. Describe how Darwin’s ideas about Natural Selection explain how some animals have similar appearances. They have a common ancestor or need the same traits to survive.
4. Describe the Principle of Common Descent. All species are descended from ancient common ancestors.

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1. Evolution- process of change over time
2. Fossils- preserved remains/traces of ancient organisms
3. Deep time- idea that our planet's history stretches back over such a long time that it's difficult for us to comprehend
4. Uniformitarianism- idea that geological processes we see in action today must be the same ones that shaped Earth millions of years ago
5. Acquired characteristics- traits altered by an individual organism during its life
6. Artificial selection- a process in which nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful
7. Adaptations- any heritable characteristics that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
8. Fitness- describes how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
9. Natural selection- process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring
10. Principle of common descent- all species (living and extinct) are descended from ancient common ancestors

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Charles Darwin- born in 1809 and developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
Hox genes- help determine the head to tail axis in embryonic development

Darwin's theory of natural selection acts only on inherited traits

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This chapter is extremely important in showing how scientists have learned to understand the scientific history of the world around us. Darwin's theory of evolution led to more and more research on the ancestors of the organisms of today. Fossils also helped us to discover more about their past ancestors, which may link some organisms to others that we didn't know they were related to. Theories of natural and artificial selection teach us more and more about the constant evolution and adaptation of life on our planet.

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Darwin and Natural Selection: Crash Course History of Science #22