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Developed a curriculum to teach med students to be critical of biological essentialism they encounter in class and in the hospital

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While I was pursuing my MLS degree, I once had to come up with a proposal to stock a little free library, and I wanted to make sure I included works from authors of different backgrounds

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While I was pursuing my MLS degree, I once had to come up with a proposal to stock a little free library, and I wanted to make sure I included works from authors of different backgrounds

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So many dimensions of inclusion: literacy levels, languages, people with disabilities (not just sight/hearing but also info processing challenges like ADHD)

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So many dimensions of inclusion: literacy levels, languages, people with disabilities (not just sight/hearing but also info processing challenges like ADHD)

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Finding and using credible messengers has worked in some  instances. We have also tried to work with local institutions including libraries. 

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Finding and using credible messengers has worked in some  instances. We have also tried to work with local institutions including libraries. 

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When I was a public librarian I helped seniors find and use information related to COVID-specific health services. I'm not sure if this counts as designing inclusive instruction/interventions..?

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When I was a public librarian I helped seniors find and use information related to COVID-specific health services. I'm not sure if this counts as designing inclusive instruction/interventions..?

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Creation of "Race and Racism in Healthcare" (this continues to be updated on a biannual basis)

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Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

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Table of Contents

This list is not intended to be exhaustive or complete. We have attempted to bring together seminal works for those starting to understand systemic racism in healthcare. If you don't know where to start, these resources will help.

About this Page

The Race and Racism in Health Care page brings together resources for the purpose of educating and raising awareness on this important topic as it relates to health care. Additionally, we offer some useful tools and search tips for you to explore race in your own research.

This page was compiled by Cushing/Whitney Medical Library staff. We are a group of white, female librarians. While we have done our best to include perspectives of our Black, Brown, Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous community members, we recognize there may still be implicit bias. We would be much obliged for suggestions on how we can make improvements.

For recommendations on additional resources, questions, or concerns, contact Courtney Brombosz, Research and Education Librarian ( courtney.brombosz@yale.edu)

The Cushing/Whitney Medical Librarians aim to prioritize research and evidence synthesis focused on improving healthcare services for historically marginalized groups. By acting from a place of solidarity, we can come together to lift up the voices of those who are silenced.

Acknowledgements: Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako, MS, and Dr. Anna Reisman for providing the seed idea as well as suggesting links for this site.

Articles
View a larger list of citations concerning race and racism in medicine here. Addressing Racism in Health Care

Bell HS, Odumosu F, Martinez-Hume AC, Howard HA, & Hunt LM (2019). Racialized risk in clinical care: clinician vigilance and patient responsibility. Med Anthropol, 38(3), 224-238.

Cerdeña JP, Rehman T, & Hardeman RR. (2020). Why bias matters in medicine: qualitative insights from anonymous, online reports. Journal of the National Medical Association, 112(1), 6-14.

Shankar M, Cox J, Baratta J, De Leon G, Shaw JG, Israni ST, Zulman DM, Brown-Johnson CG. (2022). Nonmedical transdisciplinary perspectives of Black and racially and ethnically diverse individuals about antiracism practices: a qualitative study. JAMA Network Open, 5(2):e2147835.

Solnick RE, Peyton K, Kraft-Todd G, & Safdar B. (2020). Effect of physician gender and race on simulated patients' ratings and confidence in their physicians: a randomized trial. JAMA Network Open, 3(2), e1920511.

Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, Van Brakel W, Simbayi LC, Barré I, & Dovidio JF. (2019). The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Medicine, 17(1).

Walsh CC, Willen SS, Williamson AF (2022). Learning to see racism: perspective transformation among stakeholders in a regional health and equity initiative. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 28(Suppl 1):S82-S90.

Racism and Medical Education

Nawaz H & Brett AS (2009). Mentioning race at the beginning of clinical case presentations: a survey of US medical schools. Med Educ, 43(2), 146-154.

Phelan SM, Burke SE, Cunningham BA, Perry SP, Hardeman RR, Dovidio JF, ... van Ryn M. (2019). The effects of racism in medical education on students' decisions to practice in underserved or minority communities. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 94(8), 1178-1189.

Rosario C, Al Amin S, Parker C. (2022). [Un]Forgetting history: preparing public health professionals to address structural racism. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 28(Suppl 1):S74-S81.

Sabin J, Guenther G, Ornelas IJ, Patterson DG, Andrilla CHA, Morales L, Gurjal K, Frogner BK. (2022). Brief online implicit bias education increases bias awareness among clinical teaching faculty. Medical Education Online, 27(1):2025307.

Sandoval RS, Afolabi T, Said J, Dunleavy S, Chatterjee A, & Ölveczky D. (2020). Building a Tool Kit for Medical and Dental Students: Addressing Microaggressions and Discrimination on the Wards. MedEdPORTAL, 16, 10893.

Simpson T, Evans J, Goepfert A, Elopre L. (2022). Implementing a graduate medical education anti-racism workshop at an academic university in the Southern USA. Med. educ. online, 27(1):1981803.

Racial health care disparities

Callahan CL, Schwartz K, Corley DA, Ruterbusch JJ, Zhao WK, Shuch B, Hofmann JN. (2020). Understanding racial disparities in renal cell carcinoma incidence: estimates of population attributable risk in two US populations. Cancer Causes and Control, 31(1), 85-93.

Erving CL (2020). Gendered tri-racial stratification and health disparities. Social Science Research.

Gomez LE (2022). Anti-Latino racism, the racial state, and revising approaches to "racial disparities". Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 28(Suppl 1):S9-S14.

Johnson CD (2022). Conquering the health disparities of structural racism. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 28(Suppl 1):S15-S17.

Mehra R, Keene DE, Kershaw TS, Ickovics JR, & Warren JL. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Differences by racial residential segregation. SSM - Population Health, 8.

O'Brien R, Neman T, Seltzer N, Evans L, & Venkataramani A. (2020). Structural racism, economic opportunity and racial health disparities: Evidence from U.S. counties. SSM - Population Health, 11.

Rhee TG, Marottoli RA, Van Ness PH, & Levy BR. (2019). Impact of perceived racism on healthcare access among older minority adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(4), 580-585.

Siden JY, Carver AR, Mmeje OO, Townsel CD. (2022). Reducing implicit bias in maternity care: a framework for action. Womens Health Issues. 32(1):3-8.

Vince RA Jr, Eyrich NW, Mahal BA, Stensland K, Schaeffer EM, Spratt DE. (2022). Reporting of racial health disparities research: are we making progress? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(1):8-11.

Clinical research involving race and ethnicity

Chaney C, Lopez M, Wiley KS, Meyer C, & Valeggia C. (2019). Systematic review of chronic discrimination and changes in biology during pregnancy among African American women. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 6(6), 1208-1217.

Li Y, Lu Q, Wang Y, & Ma S. (2020). Racial differences in testicular cancer in the United States: descriptive epidemiology. BMC Cancer, 20(1).

Liu P, Ross JS, Ioannidis JPA, Dhruva SS, Vasiliou V, & Wallach JD. (2020). Prevalence and significance of race and ethnicity subgroup analyses in Cochrane intervention reviews. Clinical Trials, 17(2), 231-234.

Lydecker JA, Gueorguieva R, Masheb R, White MA, & Grilo CM. (2019). Examining race as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcomes for binge-eating disorder: Analysis of aggregated randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(6), 530-540.

Miyares LC, Falcone GJ, Leasure A, Adeoye O, Shi FD, Kittner SJ, ... Woo D. (2020). Race/ethnicity influences outcomes in young adults with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 94(12), e1271-e1280.

Searching the Literature

About to start a research or evidence synthesis project? We have brought together some helpful tips and tools when searching the literature. Consider these terms when building your search. Not all terms or tips will be applicable to every research project. Ask yourself who am I searching for, what needs to be included in my results, and how can I best describe each concept?

Searching Specific Populations

This can be challenging when searching the literature. Consider using relevant terms from the NIH Population Health Search Strategy. If you would like further assistance with using these suggested terms, please reach out to your Personal or Departmental Librarian.

Citation Chaining
What is Citation Chaining?
This practice involves exploring the citations within a piece of research but also looking at who has cited the research you're reading. Essentially, you are creating a breadcrumb trail of citations backwards and forwards in time to add depth and breadth to your search.

When you find an article of interest, open the record page and locate the right-side navigation bar. Find "Cited by" to look at who has cited your article in their own research.
Web of Science
There are a couple of places you can do this. When viewing your search results, you can look at the right of a record and click the number next time "Times Cited." From inside the record, you can click on both "Times Cited" (forward) and "Cited By" (backward) numbers to view relevant citations.

When looking at your search results, you can locate the number of "Cited by" in the far right column. Those numbers can be clicked to quickly navigate to the list of article that have cited that particular article. Similarly, you can do the same thing within the article while also accessing article metrics for further investigation.

Keywords and Controlled Vocabulary

It can be difficult to pull apart an incredibly intersectional issue like racism when conducting research. Here are a list of keywords and controlled vocabulary to start your research. Remember, this is a starting point and by no means exhaustive or complete. Please reach out to your Personal or Departmental Librarian for support with developing a complete search strategy.

Keywords: racism; racist; racial bias; racial prejudice; racial discrimination; covert racism; white supremacy; white privilege; bigot; implicit bias; implicit racial bias; implicit ethnic bias; antiracist; anti-racist; anti racist; antiracism; ethnicity; racial discrimination; racial inequities; systemic racism; unconscious bias; race-related racial bias

Controlled Vocab: racism; social discrimination; social justice; prejudice

Healthcare
Keywords: hospitals; clinics; telemedicine; health care system; medical system; public health; health service utilisation; healthcare outcomes; healthcare providers

Controlled Vocab: minority health; delivery of healthcare; health personnel; health services; attitude of health personnel

Health Education
Keywords: medical education; medical student; medical students; nursing students; pa students; physician assistant students; PGY1 OR PGY2 OR PGY3 OR PGY4; postgraduate OR post-graduate; residency OR resident OR residents; house staff OR housestaff; intern OR interns OR internships; trainee OR trainees

Controlled Vocab: education, medical; schools, medical; students, medical; students, public health; students, premedical; students, pharmacy; students, nursing; students, health occupations; students, dental

Health Disparities
Keywords: disparities; inequity; equity

Controlled Vocab: MEDLINE®/PubMed® Health Disparities and Minority Health Search Strategy; social responsibility; health status disparities

Guidelines

Using bias-free language to talk about racial and ethnic identity with inclusivity and respect from APA Style

Implementation guidance on data collection standards for race, ethnicity, sex, primary language and disability status from the US Department of Health and Human Services

Ghidei L, Murray A, Singer J. (2019) Race, research, and women's health: best practice guidelines for investigators. Obstet Gynecol, 133(4), 815‐818.

Books
Racism & Health Care Biography/Autobiography Racism and Technology
Data Sources

Yale Voices

Web Resources

Media

Podcasts

Lectures

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Table of Contents This list is not intended to be exhaustive or complete. We have attempted to bring together seminal works for those starting to understand systemic racism in healthcare. If you don't know where to start, these resources will help.

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My principal experience has been working on HIV/AIDS prevention and care in rural Mozambique where written materials had to be crafted at exceedingly basic levels.  Women had only 2 years formal education and men only 4  years.  So "literacy" was very much based on demonstration rather than written instructions.  Even in urban Zambia, this was the case, though the population was better educated.

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if you don't already know details about population subgroups in your community, American Community Survey data/reports could help

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if you don't already know details about population subgroups in your community, American Community Survey data/reports could help

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Promote diverse texts and publishers.

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I collaborated with advocates + PH professionals to create simple instructions about CO2 monitors + ventilation

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I collaborated with advocates + PH professionals to create simple instructions about CO2 monitors + ventilation

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Changes the examples to be sure that they are diverse and inclusive (names, scenarios, etc.)

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Changes the examples to be sure that they are diverse and inclusive (names, scenarios, etc.)