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While laws like the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951 gave structure to migration, it would be wrong to say the demographic shifts were fully engineered. Many people moved by choice, not force. For example, some Muslims in India decided to migrate to Pakistan to feel safer and to live among their own community, even if they faced no immediate threat where they lived. Despite having houses, land, or businesses in India, they left to secure their future and avoid possible violence. Their fears were not unfounded, as many Muslims who stayed in India continue to face hatred and discrimination till today.

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The state of Pakistan, built on the basis of militancy and religiosity is certainly engineered by the creators. The seeds of planting a radical Muslim establishment in Pakistan and further fueling the religious extremism were sown from the very beginning of formation of Pakistan (even if it was declared islamic state in later stages) . The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951), is a precedent for this, as it makes the conditions for obtaining citizenship strict and difficult for minorities or non-Muslim populations, it is clear that the state of Pakistan was established for a specific religious school of thought...

*It is lengthy topic, I wish I had more time..

Sorry for uploading incomplete article.*

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Aliza Sabir

I agree because states knew which kind of religious majority they wanted in the their country. So they made laws that favoured their majority group (it wasn’t clearly mentioned like that but it can be interpretated by reading all the laws). These laws encouraged majority to stay and miniorities to leave, shaping the population in their favour.

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While laws like the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951 gave structure to migration, it would be wrong to say the demographic shifts were fully engineered. Many people moved by choice, not force. For example, some Muslims in India decided to migrate to Pakistan to feel safer and to live among their own community, even if they faced no immediate threat where they lived. Despite having houses, land, or businesses in India, they left to secure their future and avoid possible violence. Their fears were not unfounded, as many Muslims who stayed in India continue to face hatred and discrimination till today.

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The idea of separation is actually biased because initially when we look at the theories that were presented is presenting a contradiction. The people were forced to believe in delusions about religious, sense of belonging, and national identity. what I think they were actually doing these things to divide HINDUSTAN into two parts to make it easier for them to rule. Coming onto The Pakistan Constitution Act the partition were not actually the result of violence and migration in 1947. they were the structured policy by teh state. By allowing Muslim emigrants and restricting others to allow. I think the law mostly facilitates muslims while reducing the possibilities of others to come

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If we take a look at section 13 the Act left discretion allowing administrators to decide case by case as to whom to exclude or include.

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I agree that the population changes in South Asia after 1947 were not just natural results of Partition but they were influenced by government laws, especially the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951. Partition caused many people to move, but the government used this law to decide who could officially live in Pakistan and become citizens.

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they were engineered beacuse the people already had an idea that these two nations were made on the basis of religious majorities. suppose if i am a muslim if i will be not treated fair and same is the case with a hindu . so this idea made alot of migrations which was enhanced with the introduction of acts like pakistan citizenship act

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There were many people who joined India at the time of independence but after some time they faced challenges in India and reapplied for citizenship in Pakistan but most of them were rejected and some were accepted under certain conditions.

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Yes I agree that it was engineered by states as the act grant Pakistani citizenship to other who migrated from other parts of subcontinent.

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Yes , as religion was not mentioned in the act but indirectly it was there like if you go there you can't come back which reflects it was done just to withdraw hindus from the region

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The demographic shift in South Asia was not a natural outcome of Partition. It is true that many people left what became Pakistan during Partition due to violence and forced displacement, but the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951permanently displaced people from Pakistan through legislation. the Act states that a person born after its commencement is a citizen only if their parent is a citizen of Pakistan at the time of their birth. people can hold dual citizenship only if they are citizens of Pakistan and the UK, and only if specified by the federal government. For those seeking other dual citizenships, they must cease their Pakistani citizenship before renouncing the other one.

Such laws effectively forced many people who had left during that difficult period to never return to Pakistan, regardless of the assets they left behind.

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There is plenty of evidence that convinced me to agree with this, apart from the Citizenship Act. I want to highlight a conversation between the then premier of Sindh, Ayub Khuhro and Liaquat Ali Khan. "What sort of Muslim are you that you protect Hindus here when Muslims are being killed in India. Aren’t you ashamed of yourself!" This is a direct quotation from what LAK said to Ayub Khuhro. This proves that the politicians who were drafting laws at that time, deliberately facilitated and wanted the exodus of minorities from Pakistan.

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They were not just a natural outcome of migration but we're also shaped by the state through citizenship laws. For example the section 3 and 4. This act granted automatic citizenship to anyone who was a Muslim and had migrated from India to Pakistan before the cutoff date. This favoured Muslims as citizens of Pakistan and discouraged the non Muslims from staying back in Pakistan

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The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) mentions citizenship grants based on geographical locations, birthright, and migration. Since the official narrative of Pakistan suggests the formation of a singular Muslim country, this mechanism allowed for demographic shifts to occur, i.e., Hindus and Muslims migrating to regions where they felt secure.

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We agree with this statement as this act was used a legal tool to define who belonged and who didn't. As we can see in section 3,4 and 5 that people who were present in pakistan since 1st March 1947 could become citizens but many migrants were not included as they came later due to ongoing violence. All of this shows that law was actively shaping the population. By making strict deadlines and rules pakistan pushed towards forming Muslim majority population.

Huma

Baseerat

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I agree with it because according to clause 6 any person migrated to Pakistan before 1952 shall be granted citizenship. And before 1952 only Muslim were migrating.Due to mass violence it was unlikely that any Hindu migrated to Pakistan.

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I agree that the laws like act of citizenship is not just for being Pakistani or not

I think there are other underground problems that the states were designing such laws

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The graphic shifts in South Asia after 1947 were not naturally occurring phenomena; rather, they were deliberately engineered by states through legislative measures such as the Pakistan Citizenship Act. A closer examination of this act reveals that while it does not explicitly define a clear-cut distinction between Pakistan and India based on religion, the underlying context and implications of the law effectively created a divide between the two nations along religious lines. Specifically, Section 7 of the act stipulates that a person is considered a citizen if they were residing in Pakistan in 1947, regardless of the prevailing circumstances. Although the act does not overtly mention religion, its underlying context and application suggest a deep-seated differentiation between the two countries, ultimately rooted in religious identity. This implicit religious distinction has had a profound impact on the region, shaping the borders and identities of Pakistan and India in lasting ways.It may counter ones sense of belonging and concept of nationality when understandiing the deep context of such documents leading to demographic shifts

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The changes in population after 1947 were partly planned by the government. The Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951 made it easier for Muslim migrants from India to become citizens, while non-Muslims had more difficulty. The government also had the power to decide who could stay or leave, and some terms in the law were vague so officials could favor certain groups.

The law didn’t say non-Muslims had harder rules, but actually Muslims got citizenship more easily, while non-Muslims faced more delays or problems. This helped more Muslims settle in Pakistan and fewer non-Muslims stayed.

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I agree with this statement upto some extent.

The population movements in South Asia occurred during Partition in 1947 through mass migrations, not because of the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951,beacuse the law didn't exist at that time.However, the Act played a vital role in formalising and legally engineering those shifts.

-Tafseer and Faryal

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The demographic shift was primarily due to these structurally engineered laws primarily due to how these legislations define and frame conditions which exclude or include demographics to fit a particular agenda.

section 3 defines who is a citizen and who is not, clause a disqualifies anyone who has been a permement resident in anohter country after 1947.

section 6 and 7 define the process of migration and make it one way so this way muslims migrating in are welcome but section 7 further elaborates on this by stating that anyone leaving after march 1947 (those fearing riots and stuff) cannot come back

Section 10 also provides citizenship to foreign women who are married to Pakistani men. but this raises the question of why men are centered in the constitution and how this can be used as a tool to ensure muslim majority in the country.

overall i do agree that through the legislation the law could legally include or exclude or define belonging and provide a rationalized reasoning for having people reshape how they perceive their belonging etc.

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I agree that the demographic shifts in South Asia after 1947 were not just natural outcomes of Partition but were deliberately shaped by laws like the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951. For example, Section 7 clearly states that anyone who migrated from Pakistan to India after March 1947 would lose their claim to Pakistani citizenship, effectively sealing the departure of Hindus and Sikhs who left during Partition. Similarly, Section 6 encouraged Muslims migrating from India to settle permanently by granting them citizenship through domicile certificates. These clauses show that the state actively managed who could belong and who could not, turning migration patterns into permanent demographic realities.

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Yes I do agree with the statement that through legal laws people were forced to migrate not by their own will, only muslims were acceptable in pak instead of hindus, but those who left for india did not returned because they were rejected to be accepted, indeed if Pakistan had taken multiple migrants from india then it would have lead to chaos over population, more violence than ever. (Mehak)

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I very much agree because its definitely orchestrated as you can read between the lines that not explicitly mentioning religious groups that were a minority was a clever move for being neutral on paper but also sending a subliminal message in a way that they were aware of the fact that people who moved from Pakistan in its early stages were mostly religious minorities and preventing them from returning by setting a condition of not granting them citizenship will help them pose themselves as an ISLAMIC REPUBLIC as a national identity and promote nationalism among its citizen and use religion as a unifying factor

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I think the demographic shifts were natural in a sense that this was suppose to happen when religion becomes the basis of a nation, even though we are aware religion is not the only thing that gives you a sense of belonging to a place, your land, the people ( regardless of their religion) can also be your belonging but now all of a sudden you belong to the other side of the border merely because you are a Muslim, this distinction that was created by the high politicians that Muslims can never live peacefully with Hindus because they're different but did we not live together before? Did we not have years of history together? When you make people believe that this person is your enemy, you are not safe here, you don't belong here because you are different then this demographic shift is inevitable. This law ( and other laws today) only solidify the ideological concept that is being taught and celebrated even today that Pakistan is for Muslims and India for Hindus.

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Yes I agree to that because the majority people that were moving were minorities that had a fear suppressed by the laws and regulations. In my opinion they were kind of forced to move out because these laws made them feel that they no longer belonged there. The fear of prestige and having a free practice of religion were practically the main thoughts build up in their minds to have them shifted to the other part.

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many people Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs around 15 million people migrated making this the largest migration of 20 centaury was after the partition itself, and this movement happened before the Pakistan citizenship act of 1951. And migration in 1947 was chaotic, violent and largely uncontrolled by the government people migrated out of fear of violence riots and we think the Pakistan citizenship act was a response to the migration not the cause of the migration.

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I agree because the first migration which was held in 1947 was totally natural due to the fear and violence after this migration both Pakistan and India decide to make laws that will decide who belongs to Pakistan or India, so yes they were engineered by the states.

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Yes , they were engineered because the law is solemnly made by the state no involvement of opinions from people.

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I agree with this statement because these acts played a crucial role in demographic shifts in the region after 1947 by defining citizenship and regulating migration, domicile and nationality.

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The demographic shifts were a direct consequence of fear, violence and the policies surrounding it, not just natural demographic trends.

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they were engineered beacuse the people already had an idea that these two nations were made on the basis of religious majorities. suppose if i am a muslim if i will be not treated fair and same is the case with a hindu . so this idea made alot of migrations which was enhanced with the introduction of acts like pakistan citizenship act

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we agree on how the demographic shift after partition was engineered by the state like how the minorities who fled communal violence could not return back to their homeland (pakistan) and gain citizenship as a pakistani on the basis of their status as a minority some exceptions were made for those who were wealthy. Which effectively locked in the demographic shift which was a step towards a homogenic muslim majority nation. all this was consciously engineered by the state and by the policies that they passed such as later Pakistan citizenship act of 1951.

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i am agree because when citizenship act passed then it defined the real citizenship of pakistan and the things which were not in favour of minorities,started to migrated because they were uncertain about their legal status

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I strongly agree with the statement because the law actively shaped who could and could not belong in Pakistan. we can argue that partitioned violence triggered migration, but the state used law to cement those demographic realities permanently.

group members

irfan

aiman

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These shifts were not the natural outcomes of the partition. Eventhough partition played a significant role in shifting mass populations however, laws like the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1941 were the main driving forces of these shifts. They made laws as if a person leaves there residence temporarily they are no more the residents and can not return to their homes.

This act legally made the partition permanent.

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After Partition, population movement was shaped by the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951 not just by choice. Under Section 3 and 6, only those living in Pakistan at Partition or who migrated before certain cut-off dates were citizens so many Muslims who came later were excluded. Section 5 gave citizenship by descent only through the father, which left out children of Pakistani mothers married to foreigners. Section 7 required permits for migrants from India, stopping free movement, and Section 16 allowed loss of citizenship for those seen as disloyal or who took another nationality. These clauses show that the state used law to engineer demographics for example, denying late migrants or children of foreign fathers proving the shifts after Partition were planned, not natural.

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I agree as the Citizenship Act played a great role in determining who would stay in Pakistan and who would not. It created a clear distinction and distributed the people in a forced manner across India and Pakistan. People lost citizenship if they choose another nationality or live abroad. Their assets would also be seized which shows the state really wanted to control who lived here in Pakistan which eventually became a Muslim majority country

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I agree because the drastic increase in Muslim majority since 1947 is an obvious indicator that it was just not partition that caused huge demographic shifts but careful and deliberate framing of legislations, laws and citizenship acts that did so.

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Yes, I agree. Due to the fear prevailing in the country, many people leave for the sake of their safety and security. Many don't want to return, while those who wanted to return this Pakistan citizenship act did not let them return.The Drastic change in the population of minorities is evidence of it.

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Aroush

The Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951 was a response to and a legal formalization of, the demographic changes that had already occurred. It was not a tool to engineer them.

Eg:

Section 3, granted citizenship to a person who, or any of whose parents or grandparents, was born in the territories now included in Pakistan, and who had not been permanently resident in any country outside Pakistan after the 14th of August, 1947.

This was a direct formalization of the demographic reality created by Partition

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The situations created by the states by passing laws like the Pakistan citizen ship act 1951 made the demographic shifts permanent because the people who left their properties during the partition temporarily and wanted to return back to their home couldn't get back .

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States were actively responsible for who belonged where through laws, administrative decisions and policies that encouraged migration and exclusion.

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Population changes after 1947 were not only "natural turmoil." They were ossified and normalized by state legislation such as the Pakistan Citizenship Act of 1951. Provisions such as Section 7 made temporary migration permanent displacement, and Section 16-A deprived entire populations (East Pakistanis) of their citizenship. These statutes legally enshrined lines of belonging and identity, rendering displacement permanent.

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Citizenship by descent.– person born

after the commencement of this Act, shall be a citizen of Pakistan by descent if his

parent is a citizen of Pakistan at the time of his birth:

Provided that if the

1

[parent] of such person is a citizen of Pakistan by descent

only, that person shall not be a citizen of Pakistan by virtue of this section

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I agree that it was all engineered, because section 3 clearly says it that citizenship can only be granted to only those who are domiciled in Pakistan at partition.

Section 4 required post partition migrants from india to prove permanent settlement.

And 6 imposed strict instructions on those who returned to india and later wanted to come back, so the population was deliberately shaped.

There is also room for disagreement because shifts had already occurred during and immediately after partition in 1947 largely due to violence fearr and insecurity rather than state policy and the citizenship act of 1951 only provided legal framwork

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I agree with this,because After 1947, citizenship in South Asia did not come automatically with Partition. Millions of people moved across borders and it was not clear who belonged to India or Pakistan. That is why both countries made special laws to decide. For example, Pakistan passed the Citizenship Act of 1951 to define who was a Pakistani. This shows that citizenship was created by states through laws, not naturally from Partition.

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It decided who could be a Pakistani and who could not, based on migration dates, parentage, and domicile.

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Citizenship by birth.– Every person born in Pakistan after the

commencement of this Act shall be a citizen of Pakistan by birth:

Provided that a person shall not be such a citizen by virtue of this section if at

the time of his birth:–

(b)

His father is an enemy alien and the birth occurs in a place then under

occupation by the enemy.

NOTE: Who is the enemy, and if it was enemy-occupied land, then how is that person born on Pakistan's land??

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Yes I agree. The Pakistan Citizenship Act has in many areas created situations which would most likely occur with non Muslim populations, ripping them of Pakistani citizenship. The points about how sikhs and Hindus pre-existing in Pakistan have certain conditions to be called Pakistani hints at how the state wants to exclude any minority groups present.

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The communal violence and fear led to the movement of people between the countries, there was a feeling of insecurity and people thought that there rights are not protected in the country.

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Yes I agree because there has been drastic change in Muslims population since 1947 .it was only possible because the citizenship act were clearly cetegerious who could be the citizens and was sort of ambiguous for minorities so the left Pakistan leaving behind Muslims majority population.

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They were engineered in a way to support the narrative of the two nation theory. And laid the cornerstones of Pakistan being an Islamic Majority countrry. Which in 1956 was mentioned in the constitution , Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

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Partition violence and fear made many people move, but the 1951 Citizenship Act made these changes stay forever. The law decided who could return, who is a citizen, and who is left out. This way, the government controlled the people, kept Pakistan a Muslim-majority country, and stopped many non-Muslims from coming back.

For example: Article 7 says that if someone left Pakistan for India after 1 March 1947, then they cannot be a citizen of Pakistan. This rule made sure that many minorities who moved out could not return and become citizens again.

Group Members

Hasnat Alam

Ammad Amin

Inara Baig

Muskan Ayub