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After Scout has a difficult first day at school, Atticus teaches her an important lesson about empathy. He tells her, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” By this, Atticus is explaining that Scout should try to see the world from other people's perspectives, especially Miss Caroline, her teacher, who might be new to Maycomb and unaware of local customs. This helps Scout begin to understand that people may act in ways she doesn't initially understand, and it encourages her to be more tolerant and patient.

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Atticus defends Calpurnia after Aunt Alexandra suggests that they no longer need her. In Chapter 14, Aunt Alexandra argues that Calpurnia's services are no longer necessary since she is worried about her influence on the children. However, Atticus firmly disagrees, explaining how important Calpurnia is to their family. He acknowledges her role in raising Jem and Scout, emphasizing that she has been a positive and loving presence in their lives. Atticus' defense of Calpurnia highlights his ability to see things from her perspective and appreciate her contributions, despite the racial and social prejudices of the time. This moment shows Atticus’ deep sense of empathy, extending it even to those who others might dismiss or devalue.

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On the witness stand, Tom explains that he felt sorry for Mayella Ewell, a white woman from a poor and abusive household, which is a significant moment. Despite the racial divide and the danger of expressing sympathy for a white woman as a Black man in that era, Tom helps Mayella out of kindness, recognizing her loneliness and difficult situation. His empathy for Mayella shows his humanity, but it is tragically misunderstood by the jury and townspeople due to the entrenched racism in society.

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At the end of To Kill a Mockingbird, as Scout stands on the Radley porch in Chapter 31, she reflects on how much Boo Radley has silently observed and cared for her and Jem throughout the years. In this moment, Scout embodies the lesson of empathy that her father, Atticus, has taught her. She realizes that from Boo's perspective, the children were like his own entertainment and connection to the outside world, and he had been watching over them with a quiet, protective presence. Standing on his porch, Scout literally sees things from Boo's point of view, understanding how much he has done for them without expecting anything in return. This realization encapsulates the empathy theme in the novel, as Scout recognizes the importance of seeing the world through another's eyes, fully appreciating Boo’s kindness and humanity despite the fear and mystery that once surrounded him.

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In chapter 20 Mr Raymond was first intoduced to us as a alcoholic who drinks all day. But the truth is he is actually not drunk and he drinks coke instead of alcohol. This is because, he married a colored women and had multiracial children. People in Maycomb thinks that Mr Raymond's actions of marrying a colored women could be explained if he is an alcoholic. This can represent the theme of Courage to face Adversity since at that time period a white man marrying a colored man is not understanded by the majority and it takes great courage to defy what people think is unreasonable and forbidden. But although Dolphus Raymond has the courage to marry a coloured women, he still dont have enough power to go against the social challenges of that time.

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In chapters 5 to 6, Scout begins to experience the feeling of being ignored and scolded by the elder boys. Jem is an important character in Scout's life and he influences her behaviors in many ways. In fact, Scout behaves like a tomboy. Yet as the boys get older, they begin to detest what they used to like and turn to thrilling things, such as hanging around the Radley house. As Scout expresses her objection, her opinion is ignored and complaint since she is "acting like a girl". Scout is always trying to follow her brother Jem because his authority is important to her, which is something children seek when they are getting older.

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In these chapters, it mainly talks about the trial of Tom. Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell described Tom as a violent person, Mayella said he choked her and raped her. But in Tom's description of that night, he was the victim. After Atticus asked Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell, he had pictured the condition of their family and also their personality. These things can shows the truth----Tom was the victim, Mayella and her father were trying to lie. Unfortunately, even though Atticus had gave the truth to others, the people still decide that Tom is guilty, they didn't care what a black person said, they decided to believe the lies that told by two white people. Therefore, from this part of the novel we can see the theme of racial injustice, we can understand why racial injustice will cause Tom's death.

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In chapter 12, the description of the First Purchase African M.E. Church demonstrates the theme of racial injustice.

First Purchase Church is where "Negroes worshiped in it on Sundays and

white men gambled in it on weekdays" (63 PDF). The church should be a sacred place for believers to pray and worship their god. However, white men commit actions that are severely against the rule of Christianity - gambling. This juxtaposition shows situational irony, where sins were done in a holy place. This irony reveals how white people looked down on and ignored black people at that time - they didn't see black people's religion as anything worth respecting and being aware of.

Next, the descriptions from Scout's angle about how this church is different than what she usually attend further reveal the injustice between the white and black. Scout discovered that the church is "unceiled and unpainted" (63 PDF) and has limited decorations. Plus, "There was no sign of piano, organ, hymn-books, church programs" (64 PDF). Her discoveries of how different and uncommon this church is implies white church that she attend is the opposite - well constructed, beautifully decorated, and full of all kinds of instruments. It shows the huge difference in the amount of opportunity and wealth that the black community and white communities have

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In chapter 27, Miss Gates said it’s not right to persecute anybody, and they’re a democracy society. However, considering the reality in Maycomb, it’s very ironic. Miss Gates told Miss Stephanie Crawford that “it’s time somebody taught ’em a lesson, they were gettin‘ way above themselves, an’ the next thing they think they can do is marry us.” From this, we can see that Miss Gates think that she, or “us”, have priority over some Maycomb folks. She believes that some Maycomb people aren’t on the same social level with her, for example, black people. This absolutely show the social hierarchy in Maycomb. Moreover, the view of Miss Gates also opposed “democracy”, which states that all people are equal and no one have privileges.

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Long after the mournful news of Tom Robinson's death, the Finches overheard Bob Ewell's attempt to harass and threaten Helen Robinson, Tom's widow. Not only that Mr. Ewell followed her on her way to home, he also "chunked at her" (132 pdf) when she tries to use the public road. Helen's fainthearted response towards the intense grudge from Bob Ewell contrast with Mayella's indulgence and recklessness in incriminating Tom Robinson. While Mayella, whose white, can accuse Tom Robinsom in court of raping without concerns for her superior race, Helen could only appeal to Mr. Link and beg him for help. This fully demonstrates the existence of racial injustice in the novel as the whites always have more credibility in their discourse compared to the black.

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Long after the mournful news of Tom Robinson's death, the Finches overheard Bob Ewell's attempt to harass and threaten Helen Robinson, Tom's widow. Not only that Mr. Ewell followed her on her way to home, he also "chunked at her" (132 pdf) when she tries to use the public road. Helen's fainthearted response towards the intense grudge from Bob Ewell contrasts with Mayella's indulgence and recklessness in incriminating Tom Robinson. While Mayella, who is white, can accuse Tom Robinsom in court of raping without concerns for her superior race, Helen could only appeal to Mr. Link and beg him for help. This fully demonstrates the existence of racial injustice in the novel as the whites always have more credibility in their discourse compared to the black.

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After Boo Radley saves Jem and knowing that Bob Ewell is dead, Atticus's anxious moment of forgetfulness, mixed with his deep concern for Jem, signifies his coming of age. His lines, “I guess the thing to do—good Lord, I’m losing my memory… Jem’s not quite thirteen… no, he’s already thirteen—I can’t remember. Anyway, it’ll come before county court” and “Of course it was clear-cut self-defense, but I’ll have to go to the office and hunt up—” reveals his belief that Jem may have killed Bob and his anxiety that it has overwhelmed him (Chapter 30).

This moment strengthened Atticus’s sense of responsibility as a father. Throughout the story, his nightly readings with Scout contrast with his less interactive relationship with Jem. This explains why Jem takes Atticus’s expectations so seriously, risking disappointment by going to the Radley house to retrieve his pants. Being a single father, Atticus often focuses on his busy work as a lawyer, which results him giving his children a lot of freedom, sometimes even letting them sneak out at night without worrying much about their safety. Furthermore, he somewhat overlooks Jem’s feelings after losing his mother and places the burden on him to look after Scout as a brother. While he brings Aunt Alexandra to live with them in the hopes that she will provide the family with maternal support, but he doesn't realize that her influence might not be what they actually need. This chapter highlights Atticus's recognition of his responsibility to protect Jem, even as he forgets his age. It signifies his growth and underscores his role as a father raising two children in a flawed world.

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After Tom's trial, Jem cries about the unfairness and injustice of the whole situation, saying "it ain't right" (284). This represents an important time in Jem's personal development, as it shows his confrontation with the harsh realities of racial injustice in Maycomb. He shows an emotional response because he sees that the verdict goes against the evidence presented and the principles of moral integrity his father cultivated in him and Scout, which caused him to feel sorrow for Tom's fate as well as anger and frustration for the People in Maycomb. His tears also mark his loss of childhood innocence, as he has a realization that the world is much more unjust and unfair than the imagined it to be. He sees the major flaws in the society, truly understands that they are living in an imperfect world, with people who show a lot of hate towards other people just because of race.

After the trial, we see Jem becoming more empathetic, realizing other things, including the fact that "there's just one kind of folks. Folks" and that Boo Radley didn't come out of his house because "he wants to stay inside" (304).

In conclusion, Jem's emotional reaction to the outcome of Tom's trial signifies him coming of age, transitioning from an innocent child unaware of the harsh realities in the world to a more mature and empathetic individual having seen the racial injustice and prejudice the white people in Maycomb have towards the black community.

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In Chapter 11 the character Mrs.Dubose is introduced. At the start of the chapter, we know her as a nasty and mean old lady. For example, she insults Scout and calls her an “ugly girl”(133). She also insults Atticus, she says to Jem “Your father’s no better than the n****** and trash he works for”(135). Later in the chapter we get to know that Mrs.Dubose dies as she has been ill for quite some time battling her morphine addiction. Thus, Mrs.Dubose is a round character, despite seeming very viscous, she still wants to use the situation where Jem destroys her flowers to teach Jem what real courage is. On the surface, she is nasty and disrespectful, but once we get to know her we can see her courage in the face of her adversity, battling her morphine addiction which causes her great pain and agony.

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In chapter 30, the plot of Boo Radley killing Bob Ewell to protect Scout and Jem emphasizes the theme of courage in the face of adversity.

Throughout the novel, Boo has been hiding in his home, isolated with the outside world. This may partly because of how the town of Maycomb sees him as a mysterious, almost terrifying figure due to his pass and gossip. Despite his withdrawn personality, when he saw Bob Ewell attacked two innocent children, he stepped forward. Boo could have gone into hiding and doing nothing, but he chose to take action, even if it meant exposing himself to a environment that had long been misunderstood and feared him. His decision to protect children shows that he values justice and the protection of the vulnerable, rather than his own desire to remain in hidden from others. It may also prove his determination to protect the two friends he had for a short time. His courage is especially important because it help Boo to step out of his “comfort zone” in which he has been isolated from the town by not only the town people but also himself. He was misunderstood and judged by society, and he was confined to his home due to his own fears and his family's efforts to try to hide him from public attention and avoid him contact with the outside world. Still, when the moment comes, he overcomes personal adversity – his unfamiliarity of the outside world, the possible punishment from his family and his negative perception of him – and takes decisive action to save Scout and Jem.

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Chapters 1-8 are basically what happened before the main racial injustice event about Tom Robison. Most of the contents in chapters 1-8 are totally just the daily life of the Finch family. However, even though there is not a single specific event that has related to racial injustice, we can still observe some unimpressive racial distinctions through people’s daily lives at Maycomb.

For example, as a black person cook, Calpurnia normally eats at the kitchen, but not eat with the Finch family at the table. Even in the house of Atticus who can be considered to be a ‘fairly’ person and always shows respect to everyone, however, no one in this house has ever realised that distinction is just happening in this room. Apparently, it was absolutely normal and common for blacks and whites to be separated while eating. It’s so normal that Atticus and Calpurnia herself couldn't even notice anything was wrong.

This unimpressive event shows the segregation between whites and blacks and how discrimination deeply affects people which they can’t even realized its wrong at that time.

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In chapter 28 to 30, the plot of Boo Radley killing Bob Ewell to protect Scout and Jem emphasizes the theme of courage in the face of adversity.

Throughout the novel, Boo has remained secluded in his family, avoiding contact with the outside world. The town of Maycomb seen him as a mysterious, almost frightening figure due to his past and the gossip surrounding him. Despite his withdrawn personality, when he saw Bob Ewell attack two innocent children, he stepped forward. Boo could have retreated further into hiding and done nothing, but he chose to take action, even though it meant exposing himself to an environment that had long misunderstood and feared him. After saving Jem and Scout, he was full of His decision to protect the children demonstrates that he values justice and the protection of the vulnerable over his own desire to remain hidden from others. It also reveals his determination to protect the two children, his friends for a brief time. His courage is particularly significant because it helps Boo step out of his “comfort zone,” in which he has been isolated from the town by not only the townspeople but also by himself. He was misunderstood and judged by society, and he was confined to his home due to his own fears and his family’s efforts to shield him from public attention and prevent contact with the outside world. Yet, when the moment came, he overcame personal adversity—his unfamiliarity with the outside world and society’s negative perception of him—and took decisive action to save Scout and Jem.

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Social class and inequality is highlighted especially in the Tom Robinson trial in chapter 17. The trial revealed that the Ewells were the lowest white class members in Maycomb and the black community has even lower status. The Ewell’s testimony was filled with ignorance and superiority, they believe of themselves as superior to “Negroes” like Tom Robinson. The cases is a significant representation of injustice and social class in Maycomb bases on the fact that even with impeccable defends and evidence, they still weren’t able to exonerate Tom due to the inequality of social status to black people in that period of time. To add on, all of the jury and judge were white and will lean towards the Ewells since they are white people, this makes the situation a lot more difficult for Tom. Lastly, the fact that people of Maycomb automatically assume that Mayella is innocent reflects the inequity of social classes, a black’s words of truth worths less than a white girl’s lie.

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In chapter 16, the idea of social inequality is reinforced through the portrayal of the First purchase church. In Chapter 12, Scout and Jem accompany Calpurnia to her Black church, where they witness the separation between the Black and white communities. Despite Calpurnia’s respected position in the Finch household, she is still segregated in public life, reflecting the social inequality of colored people. When Lula confronts Calpurnia saying "You ain't got no business bringin' white chillun here — they got their church, we got our'n," it shows the hostility between the races. The author juxtaposes the church by showing how different races of people treated this church differently. Where white people gambled and black people symbolize the church as the legacy of slavery. This sarcasm furhter implicate the inequality between race and believes.