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A region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape.

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Black holes are made of matter packed so tightly that gravity overwhelms all other forces.

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A supernova is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.

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A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion.

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 A strong, rapid increase in the brightness of a star. 

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The word comes from the latin for "new star," because often a star previously too dim to be seen with the naked eye can become the brightest object in the sky (besides the sun and the moon) when it becomes a nova.

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A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence star of the same surface temperature.

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They lie above the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III.

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Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars.

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May have a diameter several hundred times that of the Sun and a luminosity nearly 1,000,000 times as great.

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What stars like the Sun become after they have exhausted their nuclear fuel.

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A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to the Sun's, while its volume is comparable to Earth's.

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Any star that has a hot, dense core which fuses hydrogen into helium to produce energy.

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Massive hydrogen-burning stars are blue-white, the Sun is yellow, and low-mass stars are orange and red.

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A scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities and their stellar classifications or effective temperatures.

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Stars are ranked from bottom to top in order of decreasing magnitude (increasing brightness) and from right to left by increasing temperature (spectral class).

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A cloud of gas and dust in space that's often associated with star formation.

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The birthplace of stars. Diffuse nebula is the clouds of material formed from the explosions of Population Three, Population Two stars, and the leftover hydrogen and helium from the Big Bang.

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The structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. 

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The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion.

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A region of cosmic gas and dust formed from the cast-off outer layers of a dying star.

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The term "planetary nebula" is a misnomer because they are unrelated to planets.

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Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula.