# data[].attributes.body
-Genetics is the scientific study of where things come from

-Epistemology: concerned with the basic categories of thinking

# data[].attributes.body
-include a stage theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities

-Piaget showed that young children think in strikingly different ways compared to adults

-Children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based

# data[].attributes.body
-the way in
which fundamental concepts like the very idea of number, time, quantity, causality, justice, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
-Cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience. Children construct an understanding of the world around them, then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they
discover in their environment

Schemas

Adaptation processes that enable the transition from one stage to another: equilibrium, assimilation and accommodation

Stages of Cognitive Development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

# data[].attributes.body
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
2. Pre-operational stage (from age 2 to age 7)
3. Concrete operational stage (from age 7 to age 11)
4. Formal operational stage (age 11+ - adolescence and adulthood)

-Each child goes through the stages in the same order and child development is determined by biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Although no stage can be missed out there are individual differences in the rate at which children progress through stages, and some individuals may never attain the later stages.

# data[].attributes.body
-to explain how individual mental functioning is related to cultural, institutional, and historical context; hence, the focus of the sociocultural perspective is
on the roles that participation in social interactions and culturally organized activities play in influencing psychological development.

# data[].attributes.body
-theory of cognitive development: child constructs a mental model of the world

-became intrigued with reasons
children gave for their wrong answers to the questions that required logical thinking

believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children

-the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development

# data[].attributes.body
“The social
dimension of consciousness is primary in time and in fact. The individual dimension of consciousness is derivative and secondary"

-mental functioning of the individual is not simply derived from social interaction; but the specific structures and processes revealed by individuals can be traced to their interactions with others

# data[].attributes.body
: “Any
function of the child's cultural development appears on the stage twice, or on two planes, first the social, then the psychological, first between people as an intermental category, then within the
child as an intramental category”

# data[].attributes.body
He argued that to understand the
relationship between development and learning, two developmental levels must be distinguished: the actual and the potential levels of development. “The distance
between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in
collaboration with more capable peers”.

-regarded as a better, more dynamic
and relative indicator of cognitive development than what children accomplished alone.

# data[].attributes.body
-cognitive development occurs in a social
context, extending sociocultural theory beyond language-based dialogue. Importantly, guided participation builds on and extends Vygotsky's notion of ZPD.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sociocultural Theory Being Different  From Constructivist Theory

# data[].attributes.subject
Sociocultural Theory Being Different  From Constructivist Theory

# data[].attributes.body
-Constructivism emerged as a theory of knowledge in response to
behaviorism

-Both are concerned with the
activities that children engage in to learn. However, constructivist theory suggests one should attend to the learning and mental representations of the individual while sociocultural theory is more concerned with the ways in which learning is an act of enculturation