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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
ASD is a condition that can make it harder for people to talk with others, understand feelings, or behave like everyone else.

Helpful Therapies:

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy:

Learning New Skills: ABA therapy helps kids learn new things by breaking them into small steps and giving rewards for doing things right. For example, if a child is learning to follow directions, they practice step by step and get praise or a small treat when they do it correctly.

Understanding and Problem-Solving: It helps kids figure out how to solve problems and understand how things work. For instance, it might teach them how to solve a puzzle or understand cause and effect (like what happens when they press a button).

Getting Along with Others: ABA also helps kids learn how to interact with friends and understand social cues, like sharing toys or taking turns.

Focusing Better: It helps kids improve their attention and stay focused on tasks by practicing and getting rewards for staying on track.

Sensory Integration Therapy:

How it Helps with Learning:

Handling Sensory Stuff: Sensory Integration Therapy helps kids who get overwhelmed by sounds, lights, or textures. It helps them get used to these things so they can feel more comfortable and focus better.

Better Attention: When kids aren’t bothered by sensory issues, they can pay better attention and remember things more easily.

Coordination and Movement: It includes fun activities that help kids with their motor skills, like catching a ball or jumping. This helps with thinking skills too, like understanding space and solving problems.

Calming Down: It also teaches kids how to calm down when they feel overwhelmed, so they can stay focused and learn better.

References

Book:

Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.

Journal Article:

Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.3.403

For Sensory Integration Therapy:

Book:

Ayres, A. J. (2005). Sensory integration and the child: Understanding hidden sensory challenges (25th ed.). Western Psychological Services.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):

What is ADHD?

ADHD means some kids find it hard to pay attention, sit still, or control their actions.

Behavioral Interventions:

Rewards: Give small treats or praise when kids follow rules or finish tasks. This helps them stay focused.

Routines: Use a daily schedule to help kids know what will happen next and stay on track.

Classroom Accommodations:

Better Seating: Sit the child where they can focus better, away from distractions.

More Time for Tests: Give extra time on tests so they can think and work without feeling rushed.

These tips help kids with ADHD by making it easier for them to pay attention and learn.

References

Book:

Barkley, R. A. (2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.

Journal Article:

Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(5), 562-575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0083-1

For Behavioral Interventions:

Journal Article:

Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Coles, E. K., Chow, K., & Gnagy, E. M. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001

For Classroom Accommodations:

Book Chapter:

DuPaul, G. J., & Stoner, G. (2014). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

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NCMH (National Centre for Mental Health)

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Down Syndrome:

What is Down Syndrome?

Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person has an extra chromosome 21. This extra chromosome causes developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

Key Interventions:

1. Early Cognitive Stimulation:

Activities: Engage in activities that help boost learning and thinking skills, such as puzzles, games, and exercises designed to improve problem-solving abilities.

2. Speech Therapy:

Enhancement: Focuses on improving communication skills, including both speaking and understanding language.

References:

Book:

Davis, E., & Carter, C. (2017). Down syndrome: A guide for parents and professionals (3rd ed.). University Press.

For Early Cognitive Stimulation:

1. Journal Article:

Ylvisaker, M., & Feeney, T. (2008). Early cognitive stimulation for children with Down syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50(2), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.02146.x

2. For Speech Therapy:

Journal Article:

Chapman, R. S. (2010). Language development in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 12(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.3104/reports.2157