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Explanation: I just thought that it was interesting that both the Pope and Saladin wanted to take Jerusalem to not only expand their empires, but to unite the people of their nations.

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Definition: An Egyptian Leader

Significance: Saladin wanted to expand his empire by taking Jerusalem, which he eventually achieved. This victory sparked another European crusade to attempt to regain Jerusalem.

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Definition: To be urged to do something based on your faith

Significance: The soldiers participating in the crusade thought that they were preserving true Christianity.

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Definition: Head of the Catholic Church from 1088-1099 AD

Significance: The First Crusade began with a call to arms by the Pope in 1095 AD because he wanted to unite Europe. Urban called on his knights and lords to help the Byzantines. He claimed the crusade to be a pilgrimage with only necessary warring.

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Definition: A person of Turkish decent (mainly Muslim)

Significance: The Turks took over the holy land, sacked the cities, and made it much more difficult for Christians to make pilgrimages.

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Definition: A journey to a respected place.

Significance: Christian's pilgrimage business was great for the Islamic Empire's economy.

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The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?: Crash Course World History #15

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Question #2: What are the main impacts of the Crusades on Jerusalem, the Middle East, and the world?

Answer: Although Christian Crusaders only retained Jerusalem for 90 years, they left behind traces of European architecture. Crusaders who stayed in the Holy Land also began to adapt to the ways of life in the middle east, with their clothes and houses beginning to resemble those of the Muslims. The now-local Crusaders set aside chapels for their Muslim neighbors and created truces with them, which demonstrates the growing tolerance between Muslims and the crusaders who had stayed in Jerusalem for a long while. The new crusaders who would come often from Europe with the sole purpose of killing Muslims would break the truces made between the two groups and return home, leaving the local crusaders to brace the retaliations made by the Muslims. Meanwhile, Europe was greatly benefiting from the Crusades. The economy was stimulated, trade increased when the Crusade states were created, and interactions between the east and west cause Arabian forms of art, literature, architecture, etc. to be transferred to Europe.

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Question #1: What are the causes of the Crusades? What basically happened?

Answer: The Crusades were the Catholic churches attempt at regaining power in the Middle East that was currently under Muslim rule. Christians were not allowed to visit the Holy lands. The church convinced citizens to rally behind the Crusade by promising remission for their sins and protection of their lands. They were attempting to seize Jerusalem, an important city in religious and historical aspects. Some would argue that the crusades were simply done to keep excess Christian soldiers occupied The crusades were essentially a holy war between Muslims and Christians.

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Objective #7: Outline the causes, events, and results of the Crusades and their impact on Europe, the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire, and our world today

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Outline: Give a summary

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Definition: A piece of uncultivated land

Significance: When peasants farmed land, They always kept one section of their land fallow so that it would retain its nutrients and they could farm on that half next season

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Definition: An estate, or section of land

Significance: The king gave each Noble (Lord) a fief that they were in charge of controlling.

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Definition: The group one step below a certain other group

Significance: For example, a Lord's vassal is a knight and a knight's vassal is a peasant.

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Definition: A peasant

Significance: Serfs lived on the manor and were self sufficient. They also provided the Lord with food and money.

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Definition: One pays 1/10 of income to the church

Significance: This made sure that the church retained power and that peasants did not have enough money to challenge the local lord.

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Explanation: Both the knights and the Spartans were experienced, well trained fighters, although for different reasons. Spartans learned to fight so they could go and conquer new lands to add to their empire. Knights learned to fight to protect their lords and kings.

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Uploaded by GlobalRegents9 on 2010-12-30.

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The first in a series of movies on feudalism in Medieval Europe

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Definition: A war declared or waged in support of a religious cause.

Significance: A Holy War occurred between the Christian Franks and the Muslim Moors for many years.

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Definition: A member of a Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century and controlled much of western Europe for several centuries afterward.

Significance: With strong Christian leaders such as Charlemagne, Charles Martel, and Clovis, the Frankish kingdom expanded and spread Christianity into its conquered lands.

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Definition: Northwestern African Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent.

Significance: The Crusades were often to keep the Moors at bay to "defend Christianity"

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Definition: Seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of Northwestern Europe.

Significance: The Vikings were known for their incredibly long ships that gave vikings an incredible advantage at sea. Vikings would raid towns in Europe and steal from the Monasteries. The vikings eventually settled and created their own kingdom- Russia.

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Explanation: Constantine and Clovis were both the first rulers in their empires to convert to Christianity. Constantine, an emperor of Rome, was losing a battle when he cried to God for a sign. He and many of his army saw a cross appear in the sky. Constantine instructed his soldiers to put the cross on their shields, which won them the battle. He became the first Christian Roman Emperor. Clovis was the first Germanic King to convert to Christianity. Like Constantine, in the midst of an important battle, Clovis promised that if he won the battle, he would convert to Christianity.

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Definition: Make changes in order to improve something.

Significance: Frankish king Charlemagne is known for his reforms in education, law, and many other aspects of his new empire.

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Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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Question #2: Who held the power after the Fall of Rome and why?

Answer: One group that held power after the fall of Rome were the Vikings. Vikings were ruthless and in a golden age in their culture. Europe could hardly compete with them as the Vikings pillaged villages and stole riches from the monasteries.The Byzantine Empire also gained a large amount of power in Europe. During the reign of Justinian, the Byzantine Empire expanded to encompass all of the Mediterranean region. The Byzantines believed God commanded their state to preserve true Christian faith. All Byzantine leaders were bound together in service to this spiritual ideal, which created a strong sense of leadership in the Empire. Another group that gained power was the Frankish Kingdom. With strong Christian leaders such as Charlemagne, Charles Martel, and Clovis, the Frankish kingdom expanded and spread Christianity into its conquered lands.

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Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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Question #1: Who were some notable conquerors/kings in Europe in the period following the fall of Rome, and what were each's story and significance (at least 3 people)?

Answer:

Clovis : Clovis was the first Germanic King to turn to Christianity. In the midst of an important battle, he said if they won he would get baptized and become Christian. He kept his word. Clovis united the west and north Europeans under Christianity and gained many loyal followers because of his new faith. He also created the Ordeal. This was where a prisoner would be "judged by God". Officials would put the prisoner through tests by nature, where God would supposedly act through nature. If the prisoner healed, then they were innocent. If the prisoner did not heal well, then they were guilty.

Charles "The Hammer" Martel : In 732 AD, a holy war between Christian Franks and Muslim Moors was occurring. The Moors wanted to expand their empire and religion, while the Christians needed to defend their territory. The Moors conquered the south of France. Once they had stolen all of the riches from Monasteries, they advanced to the North of France where Frankish general Charles "The Hammer" Martel awaited them. Martel convinced farmers to train for the army and used money and property from the church to train the men to withstand the Moors. When the Moors arrived and saw the Franks awaiting them on a high wooded ridge, they knew they had underestimated the Franks. The armies waited 6 days for the other to strike, and on the 7th, the Muslim general ordered attack. Martel's cavalry was as sturdy as a wall, making the fighting long and difficult for the Moors. As fighting pursued, Martel was orchestrating a covert operation. A few Frankish troops went into the Muslim camp behind enemy lines where all of their wealth was kept and took the camp. This caused many Muslim fighters to return from the front lines back to camp to defend their treasures. This convinced other soldiers that a general retreat had been called. As the Muslim general attempted to re-rally his forces, he was surrounded and killed by the Frankish infantry. The Moors withdrew. It was this victory that earned Martel the nickname "The Hammer" and was credited as the savior of Christianity in Europe.

Charlemagne : After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe fell into a dark age. All of the continent were raiders and disorder. King Charlemagne of the Franks wanted to put an end to the disorder. Charlemagne was the grandson of Charles "The Hammer" Martel. When Martel died, his kingdom split between Charlemagne and his brother Carlomagne. Carlomagne's mysterious death in 771 AD left his brother as sole ruler over the Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne is known for his many achievements in battle. When a rebellion against the Pope raised, Charlemagne assisted him and provided aid. He crushed the rebellion and became known as "Defender of the Pope and Christianity". Charlemagne launched his own campaign against the barbaric lands of Saxony in Germany. His troops moved from town to town, massacring and deporting Saxon civilians. Charlemagne defeated the Saxons and christianed Saxony. He is also known for his defeat of the Frisians and Bavarians, two major Germanic tribes, and his attempts at driving the Moors out of Spain. He gained many Christian followers from the lands he conquered. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope in 780 AD, the first emperor in the west since the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne is also known for his many reforms, including rebuilding Roman roads and infrastructure, developing trade routes all over his empire, rebuilding old cities, creating new laws, cleansing western Europe of raiders and thieves, building schools, and reintroducing art and philosophy. Because of Charlemagne's reforms, western civilization re-emerged as he unified Europe.

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 Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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 Objective #4: Trace the development of Early European kingdoms following the Fall of Rome

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Trace: Discover by investigation

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Map of the Byzantine Empire under the Reign of Justinian

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Map of the Byzantine Empire under the Reign of Justinian

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Short overview on the beliefs of the Eastern Orthodox Church

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Short overview on the beliefs of the Eastern Orthodox Church

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The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?: Crash Course World History #15

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Question #3: Describe daily life for the average person in the Middle Ages in Europe.

Answer: Up to 15-30 families lived in the village on the manor, though most were serfs that produced all they needed. The families had to pay many taxes, such as taxes on grain ground in the Lord's mill, marriage taxes, and church taxes. Marriages had to have the consent of the local Lord in order to be official. Strong extended family would not be allowed to marry because it could be a threat to the lord. Church taxes consisted of tithe. There were dirty and crowded living conditions and poor diet and health in the villages.

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Question #2: Describe Manorialism in Europe. What role did it play?

Answer: Manorialism was the economic system of the middle ages based on self-sufficiency. In the Middle Ages, people would live on Manors, where everything one needed (such as food) was on the Manor. There was very limited long distance trade in the early middle ages because people hardly traveled far from their self-sufficient manor. A Lord's house, church, and workshops were all located on the Manor.

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe

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Question #1: Describe Feudalism in Europe. What role did it play?

Answer: Feudalism was the political and social order. When vikings came, people turned to aristocrats. The king divided land into fiefs and put his lords in charge of a fief each. Power struggles were often occur. The social structure was based on protection and promises. For example, the king might promise the lords land, lords might provide knights with fiefs, and knights provide protection for the lords and king.

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Connection: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

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Connection: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

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Explanation: The Roman Catholic Church was once a part of the Eastern Orthodox Church before it split. There are many small differences between the two churches that distinguish one from the other. These include ages of First Communion, the extent to which they worship (RC church worships infant Jesus as well as Resurrected Jesus, while EO Church only recognizes the Resurrected Jesus as Christ), and most importantly the leaders (RC Church leader is a Pope while EO Church leader is a Patriarch).

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Definition: The Crusades were religious wars between Muslim and Christian states.

Significance: The crusades were an organized attempt at self defense by the Christian armies against the constant invasions by Muslim forces

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Definition: A monotheistic religion revealed by a prophet Muhammad.

Significance: Islam unified Arab groups and created a powerful new force that swept through the ERE and created conflict between Muslim and Christian forces.

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Definition: The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Significance: It is important to note that although Patriarchs are technically the leaders of the Church, some would argue that Jesus Christ is the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Definition: The collection into one body of the principles of a system of law

Significance: The codification of the law by Justinian simplified the majority of legal materials. This created a code of laws that was the basis for much of the legal system in Europe.

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Definition: The Christian Church of the Byzantine Empire

Significance: Eastern Orthodox Christianity was (and remains) the most followed religion in the Byzantine Empire, as it was formed in the Empire. Today it has gained over 225 million followers.

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ERE= Eastern Roman Empire

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Question #2: Who was Justinian, what did he do, and why is he significant to the Byzantine Empire?

Answer: Justinian wanted to establish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean once again. By 552, his empire included Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria. 3 years after Justinian's death, the Lombards conquered Italy and other areas were also lost. His most important contribution was his codification of law. Justinian simplified the majority of legal materials and created a code of laws that was the basis for much of the legal system in Europe. He is also known for building the Hagia Sophia.

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Question #1: What exactly is the Byzantine Empire, and how did it come to be?

Answer: The Byzantine Empire was another name for the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople was in the Byzantine Empire. When Rome split, the Eastern Roman Empire was renamed the Byzantine Empire. Islam unified Arab groups and created a powerful new force that swept through the ERE. Islamic forces defeated the ERE's army at Yarmuk in 636, causing the ERE to lose Syria and Palestine. In the north, Bulgars took the lower Danube Valley creating a strong Bulgarian kingdom. By the beginning of the 8th century, the ERE consisted of eastern Balleras, and Asia Minor. This was what the Byzantine Empire consisted of. The Byzantine Empire was a Greek and Christian state. The official language was Greek and the Christian church of the Empire became the Eastern Orthodox Church. The emperor was a crucial position in the state, believed to be "Chosen by God." His power was absolute and he appointed the head of the Church (Patriarch), so the emperor controlled the state and the church. The Byzantines thought God commanded their state to preserve true Christian faith. All of the leaders in the Empire were bound together in service to this spiritual ideal. Justinian's conquest left the Byzantine Empire with problems. There was too much territory, an empty treasury, a low population due to plague, and many threats at their frontiers.

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe 

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Objective #3: Summarize the origins, basic principles, and terminology associated with Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe 

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Summarize: Give a brief statement of the main points

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Objective #2: Explore the accomplishments of Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome

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Explore: To inquire into or discuss thoroughly.

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http://www.csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs2c/middle.html

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Critics of the Church in the Late Middle Ages

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Critics of the Church in the Late Middle Ages

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Medieval Europe: Religion In Medieval Europe

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Medieval Europe: Religion In Medieval Europe

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Medieval Europe: Religion In Medieval Europe

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Check out this video to learn the role of the Catholic Church in the Medieval Period.

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Connection: Eastern Orthodox vs. Catholic and Shia vs. Sunni

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Connection: Eastern Orthodox vs. Catholic and Shia vs. Sunni

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Explanation: Although Christianity and Islam have many different beliefs, both have two competing branches. Obviously, when the population is split between two branches of a religion, there will bring conflict. Both Christian churches excommunicated the other, causing a schism between them. The Shia and the Sunni have a more modern, violent conflict, as shown in the CNN article below.

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Why Sunni-Shia conflict is worsening | CNN

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Behind the growing tension in the Muslim world is the enmity between members of the Sunni and Shia sects, writes Geneive Abdo

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Definition: Saint Benedict was an Italian monk.

Significance: Saint Benedict established the basic for of monastic life, which is very structured and all revolving around becoming closer to God.

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Definition: Peter, also known as "Saint Peter", was an apostle of Jesus Christ.

Significance: Peter is known by some as the "First Pope" and spread the idea of each town having a bishop.

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Definition: The office or authority of the pope.

Significance: The Papacy was a very important part of the catholic church. Popes were the head of church and state.

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Definition: to take away another's right of church membership.

Significance: The Catholic and Orthodox churches both excommunicated the other; this created the schism between them.

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Definition: Italian Pope

Significance: Gregory the First is known for his spiritual leadership as a saint and "Doctor of the Church." He is also known for strengthening the Papacy.

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Question #3: What are the differences between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic?

Answer: The head of the Byzantine church was called a Patriarch. The head of the Roman Catholic Church was the Pope. Both churches excommunicated each other, causing a schism between them. A few differences between the two is that in the Byzantine church service, the Patriarch faces away from the people and in the Roman Catholic church service, the Pope faces the people. Easter also falls on a different day for both churches.

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Question #2: What role did Monks play in middle-ages Europe?

Answer: Monks retreat from society and live in Monasteries. They pursue total dedication to God. Saint Benedict established the basic form of Monastic life, which is very structured with Monks praying more than five times a day and attending multiple church services. Monks were some of the only literate people in the empire. They read and wrote, which made them very important. Something to note is that writings are probably biased since Monks were strictly Christian. Monasteries played the roles of school, hospital, and church. Monks spread Christianity through their advice to others.

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Question #1: Why did the Fall of Rome leave a power vacuum in Europe and what filled it? How?

Answer:

"One of the most interesting aspects of history is the rise and fall of empires, many historical events and developments have been the result of power shifts and death and rebirth of dominant powers, when an empire collapses the power vacuum it leaves behind is soon filled up by another civilization which causes enormous changes in the flow of history; the new empire may be located in another area which will improve that area's economy, trade, and military power, sometimes it also causes changes in social development, language, and culture." -http://www.geocities.ws/reginheim/romanfall.html

When the downfall of Rome occurred, it left a power vacuum in the Roman area. Many different empires and tribes wanted Roman land to fill the power gap and take the now-empty "throne of the Mediterranean." The church also wanted to have control of the Roman land. Peter, an apostle, spread the idea of each town having a bishop. Each bishop eventually becomes a pope. Gregory I is known for strengthening the papacy. The Church ultimately filled the power vacuum Rome had left behind.

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the
growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Objective #1: Analyze the reasons for and result of the
growing power of the Church during the European Middle Ages

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Analyze: To examine methodically.