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The significant attributes that healthcare professionals require when working in various healthcare situations are highlighted within Competency Standard 12. The foundations of successful and sympathetic nursing are cultural sensitivity, reflection, and self-awareness. After some thought, I've realised that these traits are crucial to establishing trust, understanding, and improved patient outcomes rather than just having care to provide. A person's lifelong journey involves accepting cultural variety, thinking about one's own views and boundaries, and always going after growth in these areas. This requirement serves as a reminder that therapists who are sincerely devoted to their work must continuously develop and enhance their ability to treat patients from diverse cultural origins with deference, sensitivity, and cultural humility.

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Health to me is being in a state of physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing that allows me to be happy and healthy.

Physically, it means to be able to nourish my body with healthy foods, staying active, and getting enough rest.

Mentally, health means maintaining a positive mindset, and managing stress. It's about staying mentally resilient and adaptable in life's challenges.

Emotionally, it's about growing deep connections with people who make me happy, and being in tune with my emotions. It's also about being able to seeking help when needed and offering support to others.

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McNamara, D. (Ed.). (n.d.). Tough Job of Stars, Stripes & Tricolour Flags from USA to Australia. In David McNamara. https://davidmcnamara.com.au/news/tough-job-

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Rt Hon Sir Edmund Barton, the first Australian prime minister, announced a worldwide search to choose a flag for Australia after the federation in 1901. Of the 32,823 entries, five similar designs that received equal first place awards.

Ivor Evans, a 14-year-old schoolboy from Melbourne whose father owned a flag-making business, Leslie Hawkins, a teenager from Leichhardt in New South Wales, Egbert Nuttall, from Prahran in Victoria, and William Stevens, First Officer in the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, were the winners who shared the prise money of £200.

On September 3, 1901, the Australian flag was flown for the first time
(Australian National Flag, 2023)

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MACLAUGHLIN , S. (2016). Did indigenous Australians invent bread? Author claims Aboriginal people started making loaves 15,000 years before the Egyptians. In Da

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What is Damper ?

Australia traditional bread called damper, also known as bush bread, is bread baked on hot coals or in the oven. (Benayoun, 2020)

A memoir published by Barron Field, who was a judge in the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1817 to 1824, is where Damper first appears. The term is taken from a Lancashire word that means "something that damps the appetite" in the Australian Dictiornary Centre. (O’Connell, n.d.)

In the Sydney Morning Herald in 1946, Bill Beatty wrote the following recipe:

'Take 1 lb of flour, water and a pinch of salt. Mix it into a stiff dough and knead for at least one hour, not continuously, but the longer it is kneaded the better the damper. Press with the hands into a flat cake and cook it in at least a foot of hot ashes.

There are other methods of cooking.  The dough can be wrapped around a stick, which is suspended over the fire. A neater method, and one that’s commonly used today, is to cook the damper in an iron camp oven, avoiding the need to brush off the ashes before eating.' (O’Connell, n.d.)

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SMYTH, A. (n.d.). HOW TO MAKE DAMPER [Cooker and a Looker]. https://cookerandalooker.com/how-to-make-damper/

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How to make Damper

Ingredients

·       4 cups all-purpose flour

·       1 teaspoon salt

·       2 teaspoons baking powder

·       1 cup lukewarm water or milk (or more, at 36°C)

Instructions

1. Add the flour and baking powder in a bowl.

2. Start mixing with a spoon and slowly add in the water (or milk).

3. Add the salt and mix with the hands until all the flour is well moistened, and it begins to form a ball. If necessary, add water (or milk) or flour to adjust the texture.

4. Remove the dough from the bowl and place it on a lightly floured surface, fold it, turn it over and knead it briefly until it is smooth. However, do not knead the dough too much as this will make the damper heavy.

5. Preheat the oven to 200°C.

6. Heat a cast iron pot or Dutch oven in the oven for 5 minutes. Dust the pot with flour and add the dough in it. Flatten the ball of dough to the edges.

7. Bake the damper for about 45 minutes or until the top is lightly browned.

8. The bread will swell during baking.

9. Shake the pot from time to time during baking to ensure even browning.

10. The bread is baked when a knife inserted in the centre of it comes out clean. The bread should offer a hollow sound when tapped in the centre

11. Let the damper sit for 5 to 10 minutes before serving. (SMYTH, n.d.)

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Millions of individuals find themselves leaving their homes each year in search of safety. Since the Second World War, Australia has welcomed more over 900,000 refugees under its Refugee and Humanitarian Programme, with about 13,000 spots reserved for 2021–2022 (Coalition, 2021).

Unemployment and job insecurity

Despite having the legal right to work in Australia, many refugees have trouble finding jobs. Many immigrants have said that the working skills they brought with them to Australia are difficult to find jobs with. Lack of work experience in Australia and non-recognition of educational and professional achievements are further obstacles to finding employment. Asylum seekers also frequently have job limitations on their temporary visas, which makes it challenging for them to obtain employment (Coalition, 2021).

Housing, basic amenities and the environment

While refugees have the right to work in Australia, many struggle to find employment (Coalition, 2021). This can make it changeling for refugees to afford basic amenities. The competitive market in Australia often makes it difficult for these refugees to find affordable housing.

Food insecurity

Evidence from research studies indicates that between 35% and 90% of refugees and asylum seekers suffer food insecurity, with 11% to 40% of individuals reporting extreme hunger. This degree of food insecurity for the Australian population ranges from 4% to 18%. (Coalition, 2021)
To help refugees with these challenges, it is essential to provide them with support in the form of food assistance programs, and education on affordable and nutritious food options (Membership, 2023).

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National anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair (lyrics). (2016, September 5). Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yl8eKxI-zeU&t=1s

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Peter Dodds McCormick's 1878 song Advance Australia Fair was chosen as Australia's national anthem on April 19, 1984. At events in Australia attended by members of the Royal family, the song God Save the Queen continued to be performed as the royal anthem.

In order to determine which "unofficial" Australian anthem the Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted a public opinion survey in February 1974. Advance Australia Fair, Waltzing Matilda, and Song of Australia, the Australian were the three song the public was able to vote for. Waltzing Matilda came in second to Advance Australia Fair in the poll of the 60 000 participants. The Australian people chose Advance Australia Fair as their new national song (Fact Sheet Australia’s National Anthem 251, n.d.).

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National anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair (lyrics)

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Health issue refugees may have when coming to Australia 

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Health issue refugees may have when coming to Australia 

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Mental Health Challenges: A study of Iraqi refugees immigrating in Western countries, found that rates of PTSD ranged from 8% to 37.2%, and depression from 28.3% to 75%. These rates are extremely higher than the 12-month prevalence rates for PTSD (6.4%) and depression of (4.1%) in the Australian population. (Slewa-Younan et al., 2019)

Tuberculosis : WHO Tuberculosis ProfileExternal states that, Iraq reported 8,664 new cases of tuberculosis in 2012 and a prevalence of 73 cases per 100,000 population.

From 2008 to 2013, 0.2% of Iraqi refugees arrived in the US with a TB class B1 which is fully treated using a 6-month course of 4 antibiotics drugs that are provided with education, and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer (Tuberculosis, n.d.)(Iraqi Refugee Health Profile | CDC, 2023).

Cancer : Breast cancer was the most common cause of cancer death among Iraqi refugee women screened outside of Iraq. (Iraqi Refugee Health Profile | CDC, 2023)

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Australian National Flag. (2023). Pmc.gov.au. https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-national-symbols/australian-national-flag#:~:text=The%20Australian%20Flag%20was%20flown

Benayoun, M. (2020, January 18). Damper. 196 Flavors. https://www.196flavors.com/australia-damper/

Coalition, A. R. T. F. (2021, June 23). Food insecurity in refugees and asylum seekers: Australia’s Right to Food Coalition. Right to Food Coalition. https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/

Fact sheet Australia’s national anthem 251. (n.d.). https://www.naa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/fs-251-australias-national-anthem.pdf

Iraqi Refugee Health Profile | CDC. (2023, February 23). Www.cdc.gov. https://cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/profiles/iraqi/index.html#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20International%20Rescue

MACLAUGHLIN , S. (2016). Did indigenous Australians invent bread? Author claims Aboriginal people started making loaves 15,000 years before the Egyptians. In Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/~/article-3779482/index.html?ito=link_share_article-image-share#i-4a6194c1d94b3314

McNamara, D. (Ed.). (n.d.). Tough Job of Stars, Stripes & Tricolour Flags from USA to Australia. In David McNamara. https://davidmcnamara.com.au/news/tough-job-of-stars-stripes-tricolour-flags-from-usa-to-australia/

Membership. (2023). Australian Red Cross . https://www.redcross.org.au/membership/?utm_medium=paid_search&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=grant&utm_term=membership&utm_content=grant&gclid=Cj0KCQjwj5mpBhDJARIsAOVjBdrXhlIh_Yr5LmQAUcyhKO2SLGZs0VotO9xPuaE8UHWRo3goUIlpL4caArz1EALw_wcB

National anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair (lyrics). (2016, September 5). Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yl8eKxI-zeU&t=1s

O’Connell, J. (n.d.). 1825 Australian “damper” first mentioned. Australian Food History Timeline. https://australianfoodtimeline.com.au/australian-damper/

Slewa-Younan, S., Rioseco, P., Guajardo, M. G. U., & Mond, J. (2019). Predictors of professional help-seeking for emotional problems in Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Australia: findings from the Building a New Life in Australia Database. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7673-5

SMYTH, A. (n.d.). HOW TO MAKE DAMPER [Cooker and a Looker]. https://cookerandalooker.com/how-to-make-damper/

Tuberculosis. (n.d.). Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis#:~:text=Active%2C%20drug%2Dsensitive%20TB%20disease

(n.d.). In Mint Press News.

(2019). In SAMS USA . https://www.sams-usa.net/2019/02/14/womens-health-services-lacking-for-syrian-refugees/