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Comparison of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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Comparison of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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-one angiosperm phylum: Anthophyta
-innovations include flowers and fruit
-flowers increased sperm transport
-fruits increased seed dispersal
-endosperm: product of double fertilization.
-Flowers allowed reproduction with far away plants
-Sessile
-Not able to attract own species to mate
-Use third party to get to male gamete
-Animals led to the disversification of this phylum because they act as pollinators/ or perform sexual duties for land plants
-Anthophyta divided into 2

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-out of the 4 this is most similar to angiosperms
- cones look like flowers
-double fertilization
-same vascular tissue as angiosperms

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-one extant species: Gingko biloba
-either male or female
-seeds of females are surrouned by aril which is a tissue
-seeds smell like vomit
-dichotomous branching: where the vascular tissue/veins branch in pairs of 2

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-One of the earliest of seed baring plants
-may be male or female
-Pollen grains contain sperm

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Moss showing Sporophyte and Gametophyte generation

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Moss showing Sporophyte and Gametophyte generation

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**Coniferophyta which is specificed in the booklet is under the phylum Gynosperms per instructed by the assignments directions**
Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta

-broken up into 4 phylum cycadophyta, ginkophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta
-after the evolution of seedless vascular plants a lot of carbon dioxide was removed form the air this caused cooling.
-no longer depends on water for reproduction
-naked seeds
sporophyte dominant (2n)
- Sporophytes kept their spores these spores then grew into gametophyte
-Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte
-Heterospory: male/female spores created
-male gameophyte: pollen grain (packaged sperm)
-female gametophyte: ovule (immature seed)
-sperm packed in pollen transported by wind or by pollinators

-seed: ovuliferous scale, not protected
-MEGAsporangia->MEGAspores(n)->Female gametophyte (n)->Ovule
-MICROsporangia->MICROspores (n)-> MALE gametophyte(n)-> Pollen

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*Phylum Moniophyta is covered under Pterifophytes as instructed under the assignments directions***

Pterifophytes Phyla: Lycophytes, Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

-Ferns
-Sporophyte dominant (2n)
-Independent
-Vascular Seedless (true roots/stems/leaves)
-sperm have flagella
-reproduction relies on water
-First Tracheophytes
-contains lignified tissue
-these tissues help w/water transport and strengthening
-xylem transports waters and minerals
-phloem transports sugars
-Dominant stage of their life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte
-Sporophtye and gametophyte stages are independent of one another
-more information on their life cycle can be seen in the life cycle picture

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Timeline of the Evolution of Plant Phylums

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Timeline of the Evolution of Plant Phylums

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-Bryophyta sporophytes are unbranched and produce sporangium

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-flowering parts: usually in four or fives
-pollen grains: three furrows or pores
-leaf venation: usually netted
-vascular bundles in stem cross section: arranged in a circle (ring)
-roots: taproot system
-seeds: embryo with two cotyledons
-secondary growth (wood and bark): often present

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-flowering parts: usually in 3s
-pollen grains: one furrow or pore
-leaf venation: usually parallel
-vascular bundles in stem cross section: usually scattered or more complex arrangement
-roots: fibrous root system
-seeds: embryo with one cotyledon
-secondary growth(wood and bark): absent

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-examples include pine and redwood trees
-make female and male cones
- female cones are large and woody, two ovules will be produced per ovuliferous scale
-Male cones are smaller and pollen grains
-can produce a lot of spore baring leaves

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Byrophyta Phyla: Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

-The earliest colonizers
-nonvascular
-450 mya first emerged
-lack vascular tissue
-diffusion to transport
-Gametophyte is both dominant and independent
-Sperm needs to swim to reach the egg reliant on water (archegonium)
-true roots stems and leaves not present instead of roots bryophyta have
rhizoids which store moisture and anchor the gametophyte to the substrate they are growing on
-rhizoids are simple structures that are rows of cells stacked end to end

- gametophyte will produce either eggs/sperm in an archegonium (egg house)/antheridium (sperm house)
-fertilization
-zygote: diplod fertilized egg
-plant sheltered by gametophyte
-placenta transports nutrients to sporophyte
-sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte
-mitosis into a multicelled diploid embryo
-when sporophyte is mature rise from archegonium as sporangium (2n)
-more details about the life cycle is included below in the life cycle photo