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6.                                             Thames water ring and barriers

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6.                                             Thames water ring and barriers

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The London water supply system or Thames water ring is one of the most modern water supply systems in the world. It was built two years ahead of schedule; the system cost about $ 375 million. The oldest London Central water supply was built in 1838. Forty years later, in the poorer parts of the city, people still carried buckets of water to the public Parking lot.
In each well, the pump is controlled by a separate computer, the cost of its operation is minimal due to cheap electricity during quiet hours. The main computers in the Hamptons, West London, run the entire network. A fiber-optic cable runs through the pipeline, which sends data to computers, and they transmit it over a closed network.
Water quality is checked daily, weekly and monthly. "Quality control includes 60 mandatory checks for 120 substances. The water is checked for the content of, for example, nitrates, trace elements, pesticides and other chemical compounds," the times newspaper explains. Measurements are now made automatically and transmitted to the main computer control for decoding and taking action, if necessary. Tasters also periodically check the water quality.
The Thames water ring provides residents of Greater London (an area of 1,500 square kilometers) with 583 million liters of drinking water per day. Operating at full capacity, the miracle will meet current needs by about half, offloading other water sources.

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5.	Transport used above and on the river

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5.	Transport used above and on the river

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There is public water transport on the Thames. The city's water route system is known as London River Services. Some routes are aimed at tourists and walking, while others are more often used by Londoners themselves as regular public transport, such as commuting to work.

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"Oxford-Cambridge "(English. The Boat Race, literally - "Boat race" — is a boat regatta on the Thames between the teams of the boat clubs of the University of Oxford and Cambridge.
This competition is the oldest and most prestigious in the world of rowing. The first race was held on June 10, 1829, at the initiative of Cambridge students Charles Merivel and Oxford students Charles Wordsworth. [1] Since 1856, the regatta has been held annually, with the exception of a few years during the world wars. [2] In 2020, the regatta was canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic.
The regatta is traditionally held on the last Saturday in March or the first Saturday in April. The race distance is 4 miles 374 yards (6779 meters)[3]. Start-near Putney bridge, finish-in Mortlake at Chiswick bridge, the race goes upstream. Teams compete in swing eights — eight rowers and one coxswain. The race time in the last few decades is 16-20 minutes (the record in 1998 was set by the Cambridge crew-16 minutes 19 seconds). The Cambridge team goes to the start in blue suits, Oxford — in dark blue.

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4.	                                 Places of festivals and sports

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4.	                                 Places of festivals and sports

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The Thames festival is a celebration of London's greatest natural heritage, organized by people for people. everything creates a festive mood: whether it is walking along the riverbank, singing or dancing, making flowers for a General sculpture, or expressing your opinion about the Thames and its future. let me take you to the Thames!The annual Thames river Festival is an exciting, free-to-view, open-to-all-comers spectacle with an amazing weekend program. It takes place in the heart of London, in parks and squares between Westminster bridge and tower bridge. Held for the first time in 1997 on the initiative of the mayor of London, it became a notable event in the cultural life of the city. In 2005, the festival was attended by half a million people.

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3.2.                                                                                                                New time and modernity

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3.2.                                                                                                                New time and modernity

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However, this was not enough to resolve the difficulties in the operation of the ports. Therefore, in the nineteenth century, the British Parliament approved the construction of the world's largest system of covered wharves, which were to be built in the lowlands along both banks of the Thames. In the early 1800s, Surrey commercial port, London port, and others were built. Then in 1855 the Royal Victoria Port was built, and in 1880 the Royal albert Port was built.

In 1843, two engineers, father and son, Marc and Isambard Brunel, connected the banks of the Thames, completing the construction of the world's first underwater tunnel[en] with a length of 459 meters. Today it is part of the Greater London underground. In 1894, the construction of tower bridge — one of the attractions of London-was completed. The drawbridges open to 76 meters, and large ships pass between the two towers.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, the London port system was well established and began to serve an increasing number of huge ships. When the last port named after king George V was completed in 1921, London became "the largest and richest port system in the world".

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William the Conqueror, after his coronation at Westminster in 1066, built a fortress on the territory of the once Roman city, known as the tower of London. He wanted to strengthen his power and promote trade, as well as control the approaches to the port. Trade flourished again, and the population of London swelled to tens of thousands.
About 35 kilometers West of London, on limestone rock, William the Conqueror built another fortress-Windsor. Later it became the residence of the English kings. Today, the castle is a favorite place for tourists.
In 1209, a stone bridge over the Thames was completed in London. The construction lasted for 30 years. This unusual structure housed shops, houses, and even a chapel. The bridge also had two drawbridges, and on the South side was the Southwark tower for defense.
In the following centuries, active trade on the banks of the Thames increased so much that the river could not pass so many ships. As a result of this accumulation, theft of cargo has become a serious problem. To solve this problem, the world's first river police was created in London, which still operates today.

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3.                                    Historical information

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3.                                    Historical information

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Roman era

In the era of the Roman conquest, the Roman legions repeatedly came to Britain. Julius Caesar made his first military campaign in Britain in 55 BC. a year Later, he returned there, but he was prevented from moving further by the river, which he called Thamesis. But the Romans were able to subdue the Britons only after 90 years under the Emperor Claudius.

At that time, the land near the Thames was impenetrable coniferous and deciduous forests, interspersed with swamps. Later, 50 kilometers from the mouth of the river, the Romans built a wooden bridge-just to the point where the sea water reaches at high tide. It was at this point, on the North Bank of the river, that the Romans built a port city called Londinium, which means, according to some historians and linguists, a city or fortress on the lake.

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2.                            Origin of the river name

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2.                            Origin of the river name

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The hydronym Thames comes from the Celtic name of this river — Tamesas, written in Latin as Tamesis and reflected in the modern Welsh Tafwys "Thames". The name presumably means "dark" and is compared to IRL. teimheal, wall. tywyll "dark", cf. - IRL. teimen "dark gray", "dark", etc. - Indus. tamas.
Other hypotheses ascribe the name of the river to an unknown pre-Indo-European substratum (possibly related to the Pictish language), or to the pre - Celtic Indo — European root *tã - "melt"[6] (hence Thames-letters. "Talaya", compare the numerous names of rivers like Talitsa).

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1.	           Geographical location and river data

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1.	           Geographical location and river data

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The Thames is a river in the South of great Britain.
It is 330 km long and has a catchment area of 14,250 km2. The average water consumption at the Tiddington-Kingston hydrological station is 78.5 m3/s.
It originates on the Cotswold hills at an altitude of 108.5 m and flows within the city of London, flows into the North sea, forming an estuary. The width of the river in London is 200-250 m, the width of the estuary is from 650 m (near the Eastern edge of London) to 16 km (near the mouth). Food is rain-fed. The average water consumption in the lower reaches is 260 m3/s, the maximum in winter.