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"By 1850, the most prevalent female organization was the Ladies Benevolent Society, which had many of the same goals as the Female Assistance Society. Founded by the wives of prominent Protestant men of the time, this society provided aid and a foundation of Christian beliefs to those less fortunate, particularly widows and orphans. [Were managed entirely by women] were the early foundations of the women's rights movement that dominated a large part in the history of the early twentieth century. Although these women were not seeking independence from their husbands or any rights of their own, the way in which they organized entire societies on their own accord with little or no help from the men in their lives shows how women were able to take initiative to accomplish what they wanted on their own."
https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4093

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Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States

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Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States

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Along with the petetion, there was a letter. This helped influence people to follow with the petetion. It talked about how natives are nobole and can easily transition to different religions. She mentioned that by doing the indian removal act there land would slowly go away with them. Woman were following this because they wanted a voice in a poltical view point.

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well meaning and kindly;
(of an organization) serving a charitable rather than a profit-making purpose.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/benevolent

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Woman's Petition made by Catherine Beecher

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Woman's Petition made by Catherine Beecher

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The 'Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States' Written on December 25, 1829.

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Wrote against the indian removal act. It was one of the first times a female american became active on a political scale.

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The Ladies of Steubenville (Purpose of the Memorial of Steubenville)

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The Ladies of Steubenville (Purpose of the Memorial of Steubenville)

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Wrote a petition (the Memorial) against Indian Removal for the Natives that were being forced away from their 'native soil' and for the Indians that were injured; Made no difference.

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Why was Pennsylvania crossed out of the memorial?

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Why was Pennsylvania crossed out of the memorial?

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On the top of the Memorial, there was a crossed out word that said Pennsylvania

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The Indian Removal Act led to something called the Trail of Tears. Andrew Jackson went out of office in June 8, 1845, making the next president Martin Van Buren. President Martin Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott and 7,000 soldiers to speed up and accompany the Indians that were part of the Indian Removal process. Some of the Indians that were dying and got sick would be pushed to the back of the trail, leaving them to die. It is said that there was a bunch of dead people on both sides of the trail to Oklahoma. 3,500 of the 15,000 Creeks who set out for Oklahoma did not survive the trip, and an estimate of 5,000 Cherokee's died along the way.

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During the 18th century (1830) there was a thing called the Indian Removal Act. This was put in action by Andrew Jackson, the president at the time. The Indian Removal Act is where Andrew Jackson would negotiate land removal treaties with Native Americans (Indians). They could either agree or disagree to the removal treaty. If they disagreed, they would have to 'give up' being Indian and live life like an American, and if they agreed then they would have to move west to a place Andrew Jackson called Indian Territory which was located across the Mississippi river and near Oklahoma, thousands of miles away. Andrew Jackson noticed that no matter how many treaties he made, the Indians would still be in the way, so he started to send soldiers over to kill some of them. The Era of Good Feelings ended in 1825, but the Indian Removal Process continued until 1840.

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Andrew Jackson was already making treaties with the Indians for their land. Andrew Jackson kept on pushing them, but he realized that he was only postponing the problem, not getting rid of it. This led him to create the Indian Removal Act.

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Officially made on May 28, 1830, four months after the memorial of the ladies of Steubenville, Ohio.

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is also in Jefferson County

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A city that is right on the edge of Pennsylvania

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https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/memorial-from-the-ladies-of-steubenville-ohio-protesting-indian-removal

http://www.towncharts.com/Ohio/Demographics/Steubenville-city-OH-Demographics-data.html

http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears

http://www.teachushistory.org/indian-removal/resources/petition-ladies-steubenville-oh-against-indian-removal-0

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/indian_removal/removal_teacher.cfm

http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/08/14/andrew_jackson_and_indian_removal_when_women_s_petitions_tried_to_stop_indian.html

http://expostfacto.davidjvoelker.com/blog/early-american-republic/womens-petitions-against-indian-removal/

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Estimated Female Population of Steubenville 1830

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Estimated Female Population of Steubenville 1830

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242 Females out of 2,987 people
(Steubenville Ohio population in 1830 = 2,987; Female population percentage = 8.1%)

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Some sort of structure made in honor or to celebrate a person, place or thing.

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A written document made for a specifc request with the signiatures of other brought to the government.

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Frances Norton, Catharine Norton, Mary A. Norton, M. J. Hodge, Emily N. Page Rachel Mason, E. Anderson, S. Ashburn, A.Wilson, S. J. Walker, E. J. Porter, A.Cushener, M. J. Kelly, Frances P. Wilson, Eliza M. Rogers, Ann Eliza Wilson, Sarah Moodey, Mary Jenkinson, Jane Wilson, Editha Veirs, Mary Veirs, Nancy Fuston, Sarah Hoghland, Nancy Laremore, Nancy Wilson, Elizabeth Sheppard, Mary C. Green, Anna Woods, Anna Dike, Margaretta Woods, Margaret Larimore, Maria E. Larimore, Sarah S. Larimore, Martha E. Leslie, Catharine Slacke, W. D. Andrews, P. Lord, Eliza S. Wilson, Sarah Wells, Rebecca R. Morse, Hetty E. Beatty, Caroline S. Craig, Elizabeth Steenrod, Elloisa Lefflen, Lucy Whipple, N. Kilgore, C. Colwell, E. Brown, M. Patterson, R. Craig, J. M. Millan, Betsey Tappan, Margaret M. Andrews, Sarah Spencer, Mary Buchannan, do., Rebecca J. Buchannan, do., Hetty Collier, Eunice Collier, Elizabeth Beatty, Jane Beatty, Sarah Means, and Elizabeth Sage.

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I think that the petition was originally from all of  Pennsylvania but there wasn't enough signaures from all of Pennsylvania so they narrowed down the location to show that it was from Steubenville instead.

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Jefferson County right next to Pennsylvania and Steubenville was in Jefferson County

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All White? Black? Indians?

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Memorial/Petition

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A memorial/petition was written for the removal of the Indian removal Act.

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February 15, 1830

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Ladies of Stubenville

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Steubenville, Ohio