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~Representative gov:
-dates back to the eleventh century, when a council of religious leaders and nobles formed to advise the king
-towns and villages began to send their own representatives to participate in council
-the council eventually evolved into a Parliament that consisted of a two chamber legislature
-nobles made up the upper house, or House of Lords
-lesser officials & local representatives participated in the House of Commons, which was the lower house
-Parliament worked to limit the power of the English Monarchs

~Limited gov:
-dates back to the year 1215, when English nobles forced King John to sign Magna Carta
-The Magna Carta was a big change from the "rule of man" to the "rule of law"

~Individual Rights:
-freedom of the people arose in 1628 when England's legislature made King Charles I sign the Petition of Right

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On June 30, 1787, Roger Sherman of Connecticut rose to present a plan he and a group of fellow delegates had devised The Connecticut compromise or the Great Compromise. It combined elements from the Virginia and New Jersey plans. Sherman’s plan solved the delima over representation to the satisfaction of large and small states alike. This granted small states equal representation. Members of the senste would be selected by state legislature.

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Three fifths of the enslaved people ins state would count when determining a states population. This helped determine the number of representatives a state would have. People believed slave trade was inhumane. Northern delegates wanted to ban slave trade, but not slavery itself. Increasing states population would increase its power.

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• The articles have congress the power to act on matters of common interest to the states
• The powers to declare war make peace, and conduct foreign policy were also given to congress by the articles
• The states retained all powers not specifically given to congress by the Articles

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• Without a separate executive branch, the national government lacked the means to carry out congress’s law
• Without a national court system, congress had to rely on the states courts to apply national laws
• Congress lacked the authority to regulate commerce, or trade, between the states

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Delegates negotiated another compromise to settle how to elect the president. Some delegates believed the president should be chosen directly by the people. Some wanted the president to be chosen by state or national legislature. The framers made a system where the president would be chosen by state electors. Number of electors matched the number of state representatives. If no presidential candidate recieved a majority of electoral votes from the states, the House of Representatives would choose the president.

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~Structure of Government
•The king had most power while there was no executive office or a national court system
• Had a one-house congress
• Each state had one vote
•Any change to the article requires approval from all of the 13 states

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Even though anti-federalists recognized the need for a stronger national government, they believed that the constitution betrayed Democratic ideas of the American Revolution. The Federalists were enthusiastic supporters of a powerful and vigorous national government. Anti-federalists strongest criticism was that the United States lacked a Bill of Rights. Federalists believed the constitution would give the country a strong, orderly National Government that the Articles of Confederation failed to delivered. The video below summarises how the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists threw away the Articles of Confederation which was illegal in order to ratify the new Constitution at the constitution convention of 1787 even though the groups didn’t agree with eachothers beliefs on how the country should run its government. The resolution was the Bill of Rights!

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Federalists vs Anti-Federalists in Five Minutes

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• In september 1786 a small band of Massachusetts farmers rebelled at the prospect of losing their land
• Led by former Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays
• The rebellion ranks increased by about 2,500
•the rebellion showed just how feeble the confederation congress was.

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Federalists - People who believed in having a vigorous, and strong National Government. Believed that seperation of powers in the Constitution put limits on Government power.
Wanted a powerful government so that the country can be defended from foreign enemys, regulate trade, and settle in country disputes.
Anti-Federalists- Believed that a representative government could only wxist in a small territory. They saw the constitution as an assault on state sovereignty.

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• States having their own money & currency
• The Northwest ordinance creates a system for admitting new states to the union
• It banned slavery in the territory
• It includes a bull of rights that guaranteed representative government, religious freedom, trail by jury
• The Northwest Territory included Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin

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~Petition of Right:
-Required monarchs to obtain Parliament’s approval before creating new taxes
-Sais that monarchs could no longer unlawfully imprison people, force citizens to house soldiers, or establish military rule during times of peace

~English Bill of Rights:
-monarchs could no longer enact laws, raise taxes, or keep anatomy without Parliament’s consent
-guaranteed Parliament the privilege of free speech and gave all people protection from cruel unusual punishment

~Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
-laws that limited the power of government
-gave all free men the right to choose people to serve as judges

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The Federalists wanted the government to be the overall highest and strongest power in the nation.
The Anti-Federalists wanted the government to be the high point of the nation, but it should have limited power.

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Federalists wanted a superior government because they thought it would regulate trade, give us a stronger union, and maintain order in the country.
Anti-Federalists wanted a limited government because they were scared that their rights such as the amendments would be violated if the government was to strong.

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• Ability to collect taxes
• Enforce national laws
• to contribute funds to the national government

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~Virginia Plan
• Apparent to them what was needed was not a revision but an entirely different government
• On the 4th day of the convention, Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph presented the groups proposal to the Philadelphia convention
• Virginia’s proposal called for a central government divided into three branches — legislative, executive, and judicial
~ New Jersey Plan
• called for a string central government made up of three branches
• they wanted to stick close to the Article of Confederation
• it reprised a unicameral legislature
• each state would have one vote, giving equal representation to every state regardless of its population
• after three days of debating, the convention voted on the New Jersey Plan
• Even with the support of smaller states, the plan was ultimately rejected

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-the French and Indian War left Great Britain with massive debts
-to accommodate those debts, Parliament enforced trade restrictions and imposed a series of taxes designed to releave Britain’s debt
-no colonists had a place in government, so they resented basing taxes without their consent

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~Proprietary Colony
-based on a grant of land by the English monarchs to a proprietor, an individual or group who financed the start of the colony
-The proprietor represented the crown and could appoint all officials and make laws for the colony

~Royal Colonies:
-directly controlled by the king through an appointed governor
-members of the lower house were elected, but the king appointed members to the upper house

~Charter Colonies:
-enjoyed the most independence from the crown
-had elected legislature that made laws for the colony and appointed the colony’s governor

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~The Stamp Act of 1765:
-required government tax stamp on paper goods and all legal documents
-it raged colonists who responded with organized protests
-the Sons of Liberty, secret colonial societies, became common across the colonies
-their goal was to intimidate the stamp agents charged with collecting Parliament’s taxes
-many agents were forced out of office by mobs

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-John Adams
-Benjamin Franklin
-Robert Livingston
-Roger Sherman
-Thomas Jefferson

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~Thomas Jefferson:
-His inspiration came from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was inspired by John Locke’s view of the Social Contract Theory
-Echoing Locke’s views on natural rights, Jefferson’s Declaration states that people have rights to “Life, Liberty, and Persuit of Happiness.”
-And that no government can take away those things because they are granted by “their creator,” or God.