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•Steamships on rivers
•Railroads expanded in the South, but not as expanded as the North

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•Large plantation owners controlled much of Southern society
•Traditional and conservative
•Family was important

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•Heavily based on agriculture
•Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo were cash crops
•Agriculture supported by slave labor
• The cotton gin made cotton "king"

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•Most lived on farms in spread out communities
•Small towns along rivers and coasts
•A few large cities for trade
•Plantations were self-sufficient

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•Population of 12 million in 1860
•3.5 people enslaved in 1860
• 1/4 of Southerners owned slaves

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•Many navigable rivers
•Rich, fertile soil
•Good farmland

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•Warm summers, lots of rain, mild winters