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Our topic is the manufacture of a recombinant vaccine against the hepatitis B virus using micro-organisms.

- A transgene is a gene introduced into the plant or animal organism from the outside.

-Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by HBV, which is easily transmitted through sex and blood.

Indicateurs :Two hundred and fifty-seven million people worldwide live with the disease.

hepatitis B is in several ways:

- acute or asymptomatic

-fulminant with an accumulation of toxins in the blood

-chronic

the vaccine was created in nineteen-seventy-six by Phillipe Maupas.

this vaccine is recommended for

the vaccine is also recommended for travellers such as in Asia or sub-Saharan Africa

the organism inserted in the vaccine is a blood substance from a patient with hepatitis B. The component of the vaccine is called "anti-HBS antibody.

The vaccine was created to prevent infection but the vaccine does not cure the person with hepatitis B.

MONTRER LA VIDEO

Bepirovirsen is a drug created to recognise the RNA that the virus uses to show itself in infected cells.

Make proteins to facilitate the chronicity of the disease.

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Medicines are on Clinical Trials for Hepatitis B English  | Is Cure for Hepatitis B Coming Soon

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Transgenic mice come by micro-injection of cloned genes into the mouse egg It is used to transfer a gene from one organism to another and the transgene is inserted into the Zigote. Transgenesis is both the science and the set of operations consisting in obtaining transgenic organisms, or genetically modified organismse. And finally there are still organisms living in the transgenic mouse. GFP is the fluorecent protein used to make transfomation on animals (ex : jellyfish, mouse, pig …). During the transformation the transgenic mouse becomes fluorescent, this transformation was obtained thanks to micro-injection of cloned gene into the eggs of the mouse.

https://youtu.be/Z-l_e5_WEWM

in this video we can see how they proceed to put the protein in the eggs of mice.

over time we can see that the protein spreads throughout the body of the mouse so that it ends up fluorescent.

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Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels that, via regulation of flagellar function, enable single-celled motile algae to seek ambient light conditions suitable for photosynthesis and survival. These plant behavioral responses were initially investigated more than 150 years ago.

It just may be that Zhuo-Hua Pan invented optogenetics first. Even many neuroscientists have never heard of Pan. Pan, 60, is a vision scientist at Wayne State University in Detroit who began his research career in his home country of China. He moved to the United States in the 1980s to pursue his PhD and never left.

In standard optogenetic experiments, mice are trained in operant behavior and optogenetic testing is carried out in daily sessions to manipulate individual brain regions. This process is serial and slow, prohibiting comprehensive surveys of many brain regions during complex behaviors.4 mai 2021
Optogenetics offers techniques to modulate the activity of excitable cells using light, in a genetically specified manner. The method harnesses microbial proteins, known as opsins, which are light-activated proteins (channels or pumps) that permit transmembrane movement of ions.

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In April 2008 Scientists at a Chinese university said Monday they can use rice to make albumin, a protein found in human blood that is often used for treating burns, traumatic shock and liver disease. When extracted from rice seeds, the protein is "physically and chemically equivalent to blood-derived human serum albumin (HSA)," said the research in the US-published Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ( HSA) It is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma; it constitutes about half of serum protein. First, they genetically engineered rice seeds to produce high levels of HSA.The protein is often used in the manufacture of vaccines and drugs and is given to patients with serious burn injuries, hemorrhagic shock and liver disease, the researchers said.Hoping to come up with an artificial supply, previous researchers have attempted to draw human blood protein from potatoes, tobacco leaves and genetically engineered mouse milk. But grains would be more efficient, according to researchers.
Pros: -The protein is often used in the manufacture of vaccines and drugs and is given to patients with serious burn injuries, hemorrhagic shock and liver disease, the researchers said.
Cons : -Concerns have also been raised about the potential for the transmission of hepatitis and HIV, since the  protein comes from human blood.
Image: In this picture, we see an example of how albumin protein is created from a rice plant, from which we extract the rice protein powder that will subsequently produce the albumin protein

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Insulin production by bacteria or yeast

Insulin is a hormone produced by human cells.

Human beings produce a substance in their body, insulin, which allows them to regulate the amount of blood sugar.

In some people, this gene does not work properly: these people do not make.
therefore no insulin, and fall ill: this is called diabetes
Diabetics can easily be treated, but insulin is only made by humans in his pancreas.
You just have to give them an injection of insulin, which is possible with
transgenesis.Insulin, discovered in 1921 through the legendary collaboration of Banting, Best and MacLeod, worked wonders. Around the world, it has saved millions of people from certain death.
Before this groundbreaking discovery, people who lived with diabetes were doomed to die. They can only survive three to four years at most, following a strict dietwe are looking, in man, for the gene that allows him to make
insulin, we put it in a bacterium or yeast. Thanks to the injected human gene, these bacteria have become
capable, just like humans, of producing human insulin. THIS OMG CAN CURE THE SICK

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GMO : riboflavin production by bacillus subtilis

The riboflavin is a vitamin B2 who come from the human body, he product the vitamin himself

the bacillus subtilis is a gram-positif bacterium found in the ground, sometimes in the foodstuffs.

Riboflavin is a key component of coenzymes involved with the growth of cells, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications.

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In April 2008 Scientists at a Chinese university said Monday they can use rice to make albumin, a protein found in human blood that is often used for treating burns, traumatic shock and liver disease. When extracted from rice seeds, the protein is "physically and chemically equivalent to blood-derived human serum albumin (HSA)," said the research in the US-published Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ( HSA) It is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma; it constitutes about half of serum protein. First, they genetically engineered rice seeds to produce high levels of HSA.The protein is often used in the manufacture of vaccines and drugs and is given to patients with serious burn injuries, hemorrhagic shock and liver disease, the researchers said.Hoping to come up with an artificial supply, previous researchers have attempted to draw human blood protein from potatoes, tobacco leaves and genetically engineered mouse milk. But grains would be more efficient, according to researchers.
Pros: -The protein is often used in the manufacture of vaccines and drugs and is given to patients with serious burn injuries, hemorrhagic shock and liver disease, the researchers said.
Cons : -Concerns have also been raised about the potential for the transmission of hepatitis and HIV, since the  protein comes from human blood.

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOES

Mosquitoes are some of the most deadly creatures on the planet. They carry viruses, bacteria and parasites, which they transmit through bites, infecting some 700 million people and killing more than 1 million each year.

A fter a decade of fighting for regulatory approval and public acceptance, a biotechnology firm has released genetically engineered mosquitoes into the open air in the United States for the first time. The experiment, — tests a method for suppressing populations of wild Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which can carry diseases such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.

How do you make a GM mosquito?

To feed the mosquitoes, Oxitec scientists put blood on a plate, then a heating pad on top. The heat attracts the mosquitoes to the plate and they begin to feed. Three days later, the insects will lay genetically modified eggs, which will be shipped around to dengue hotspots to be released in the wild.

Experiment launched

Aedes aegypti makes up about 4% of the mosquito population in the Keys, a chain of tropical islands off the southern tip of Florida. But it is responsible for practically all mosquito-borne disease transmitted to humans in the region, according to the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District (FKMCD), which is working closely with Oxitec on the project. Researchers and technicians working on the project will release bioengineered male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which don’t bite, to mate with the wild female population, responsible for biting prey and transmitting disease. The genetically engineered males carry a gene that passes to their offspring and kills female progeny in early larval stages. Male offspring won’t die but instead will become carriers of the gene and pass it to future generations. As more females die, the Aedes aegypti population should dwindle.

FKMCD in 2010 approached Oxitec about testing its approach in the Keys, because Florida was — and still is — experiencing an increase in mosquito-borne disease. In 2009, the state began seeing cases of locally transmitted dengue, and, a few years later, locally transmitted Zika.

In late April of this year, project researchers placed boxes containing Oxitec’s mosquito eggs at six locations in three areas of the Keys. The first males are expected to emerge within the first two weeks of May. About 12,000 males will exit the boxes each week over the next 12 weeks. In a second phase later this year, intended to collect even more data, nearly 20 million mosquitoes will emerge over a period of about 16 weeks, according to Oxitec.

Genetically engineered mosquitoes are an alternative to insecticides, which are used heavily in the United States to control insect populations. This has resulted in the evolution of mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides.

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Human blood proteins produced by rice plants

def : Transgenesis is the intentional transformation of the "natural" or "wild" genetics of a species to create so-called transgenic populations of genetically modified organisms (GMO)

fonction : The principle of transgenesis. Once introduced into the genome of the recipient species, the transgene is expressed, which leads to the production of a new protein by the transgenic organism.

Ou : Present in all the cells of a GMP, the transgene inserted in a plant is therefore also present in the pollen

pourquoi : In the first place, GMOs were invented to increase agricultural production on a surface, with less work

avantages : GMOs allow the plant itself to fight insects by producing a protein that kills them. Thus, farmers have less need for chemicals

inconvenients : GMO plants risk to transfer their genetic material to non-GMO plants non-GMO plants in the surrounding fields and thus contaminate them

Genetically modified brown rice seeds can produce a cost-effective and easily stored supply of human serum albumin

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Roseline, Lucile et Camille                                                

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Roseline, Lucile et Camille                                                

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Transgenic papaya resistant to the PRSV virus

The papaya from the Americas and the SunUp papaya was created by Cornell University scientist

They decides to sequence the transgenic papaya, because they really wanted to help their farmer get through the regulatory proccess according to Maqsudul Alam

. The orange-fleshed papaya ranks number one among fruits for vitamin A, folate, and riboflavin. The enzyme papain has also been used in medicine and even as a meat tenderizer.

The benefit of the papaya

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Rice was chosen as the source of vitamin A because it is widely grown and is the first source of food in regions suffering from vitamin A deficiencies. It also has the advantage, as a cereal, of keeping much better and long as vegetebales

Golden Rice is a Cambodia-based company specializing in the Processing, milling and sale of fragrant rice

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Transgenetic rice resistant

Rice plants accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavors or produce human proteins.

Scientists at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) have developed strains of rice that are resistant to drought in real-world situations.

The transgenic rice modified with a gene from the Arabidopsis plant yield more rice than unmodified rice when subjected to stress brought by natural drought.Galactinol synthase (GolS) is an enzyme needed to produce one these important sugars called galactinol. In previous work, RIKEN scientists showed that Arabidopsis plants express the AtGolS2 gene in response to drought and salinity stress.

The results were very promising. First, they grew the different rice lines in greenhouse conditions and showed that the modified Brazilian and African rice did indeed show higher levels of galactinol than the unmodified control rice. Next, they tested tolerance to drought during the seedling growth period because this period often overlaps with seasonal drought.

Finally, they tested the transgenic rice over a three-year period in different natural environments. Again, several of the transgenic strains showed higher grain yield under mild and severe natural drought.

https://youtu.be/L05d0_tkR_s

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Golden Rice

Golden rice is a transgenic rice developed by the biotechnology industry. It has been genetically modified to contain provitamin A. Rice accounts for up to 80% of the daily energy intake for more than 3 billion people.

Inserted into the genome of a temperate strain of rice. Golden Rice, created 20 years ago and intended as an additional intervention tocombat vitamin A deficiency, is closer to being released for cultivation and human consumption.

International Rice Research Institute, there is no evidence that golden rice is a solution to vitamin A deficiency, golden rice is not a good GMO because for countries in poverty, the diet will not be diversified. So golden rice is not a good thing.

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In groups, choose a transgenic product, talk about it. Say where the genes come from, how it is made

Talk about the benefits, the risks and the fears linked to this product.

Talk for about 1m30-2m each

No notes

You can use a powerpoint if you DON’T READ(don’t write on the powerpoint, just pictures). You can show a very short video.

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Write all your firstnames(not surnames) and your topic.Prepare a short presentation about DISABILITIES or any chapter of the book that you like. Make groups of 2 or 3 people and talk about different aspects of the topic that you have chosen.

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Write all your firstnames(not surnames) and your topic.Prepare a short presentation about DISABILITIES or any chapter of the book that you like. Make groups of 2 or 3 people and talk about different aspects of the topic that you have chosen.

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Add a picture or a video if you can. For the video click on the link symbol(the third one). for the picture, add it to the document(first icon).