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“Could we survive prolonged space travel?” by Lisa Nip

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Could we survive prolonged space travel? - Lisa Nip

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Prolonged space travel plays a severe toll on the human body: microgravity impairs muscle and bone growth, and high doses of radiation cause irreversible mutations. As we seriously consider the human species becoming space-faring, a big question stands: even if we do break free f…

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World War II has 8 ratings and 3 reviews. Janet said: Interesting series of books for young people (it gives an age range of 7-10) wanting to learn about...

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The Atomic Bomb: A History Just for Kids

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The Atomic Bomb: A History Just for Kids

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The Atomic Bomb has 4 ratings and 1 review. Now, from time to time you might hear the term "nuclear bomb" used, while other times you may hear the term "...

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Nuclear Meltdowns has 7 ratings and 1 review. Chris said: I was looking for a book about nuclear disasters, and happened upon this in my library's card c...

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The Nuclear Age : Peter Benoit : 9780531230626

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The Nuclear Age by Peter Benoit, 9780531230626, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide.

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Bomb: The Race to Build—and Steal—the World’s Most Dangerous Weapon

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Bomb: The Race to Build—and Steal—the World’s Most Dangerous Weapon

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Bomb has 12,457 ratings and 2,604 reviews. Barbara said: This is the story of the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. Once scientists le...

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History for kids - Free history network for kids

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Atomic Bomb

Background

Before the war, many scientists had been investigating the possibility of generating energy and even weapons from the atom, the building block of the universe and everything that surrounds us.

The famous scientist Albert Einstein represented these leading thinkers by writing to the American president Franklin Roosevelt in August 1939.

He told him about their ideas and the danger of the Nazis in Germany developing such a bomb for military use.

Roosevelt responded by setting up a group of experts to develop the idea in the United States.

The idea only really got going after the Japanese bombed the American Naval Base at Pearl Harbour in December 1941.

Other countries also saw the appeal in having a very powerful weapon that would prevent their soldiers being killed in large numbers, as well as being able to stop enemies from making possible attacks on them.

These countries included Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. However, none of them were able to make the bomb before the Americans.

Between 1941 and 1945, the scientist, Robert Oppenheimer, led a group of experts on the Manhattan Project with the aim of making the world's first atomic bomb.

Many of the people on Oppenheimer's team were scientists who had escaped Nazi Germany.

They all worked at a special research site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

The decision to use the bomb

Throughout the war, Allied forces heavily bombed Japan killing hundreds of thousands of people. But the Japanese survived these attacks and were still very strong.

They refused to surrender and so President Harry Truman thought about a possible invasion of the country.

The Japanese army was huge and the President knew that he would lose hundreds of thousands of men, if he embarked on such a plan.

So, in July 1945, Truman offered the Japanese the chance to surrender.

He knew that the bomb had now been completed and effectively tested in the New Mexico desert and was ready for use.

The Japanese wanted to negotiate the conditions of surrender and refused to give in to the demands of the Allies.

Hiroshima

The Americans targeted Hiroshima because it had not yet been hit by their air raids.

This meant that it would be a better testing ground to examine the effects of the atomic bomb over a particular area. Hiroshima also had an important military base.

On the morning of the 6th of August 1945, Paul Tibbets flew an American B29 bomber plane, called 'Enola Gay', over the Japanese city of Hiroshima and dropped the bomb named 'Little Boy' at 08:16 am local time.

The explosion was devastating and instantly wiped out the entire city. 140,000 people were killed at the time of the explosion and by the end of 1945.

The intense heat of the blast led to fires throughout the city which continued for three days, making survival more difficult for those who were not killed in the initial explosion.

Nagasaki

On the 9th of August, Charles Sweeney piloted a second mission on another B29 called Bockscar with the 'Fat Man' bomb, as it was known.

The main target of the bomb was in fact another Japanese city, Kokura. Due to cloud and smoke over Kokura, visibility was poor and Japanese fighter planes were drawing near.

So the pilot decided to target the city of Nagasaki as an alternative.

Nagasaki was picked due to the fact that it was an important port.

The bomb was dropped.

It was not as devastating as the Hiroshima bomb, but thousands of people died with the total reaching around 70,000 by the end of the year.

Several days later, on the 14th of August 1945, Japan gave its unconditional surrender to the Allies.

At noon the next day, Emperor Hirohito told the Japanese people of the decision.

Consequences

The atomic bomb changed the world forever after the end of the war.

As well as the high number of people who lost their lives, those who survived the blast suffered from terrible illness.

Several years after the war, the Americans and Soviets had created even more powerful hydrogen bombs which could now be fired at long-range targets all over the world, using missiles.

These new bombs made ordinary people fearful that one day there might be an all out war causing mass destruction.

Many people fought against nuclear weapons and still do. But they were unable to stop leaders developing more and more weapons.

Despite the fears, the two main powers after the war, America and the Soviet Union, never used the weapons even though there were many close calls.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki - History for kids

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Atomic Bomb Background Before the war, many scientists had been investigating the possibility of generating energy and even weapons from the atom, the building block of the universe and everything that surrounds us. The famous scientist Albert Einstein represented these leading thinkers by writing to the American president Franklin Roosevelt in August 1939.

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“First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile Is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT; TrumanWarns Foe of a ‘Rain of Ruin’” by Sidney Shalett

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“First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile Is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT; TrumanWarns Foe of a ‘Rain of Ruin’” by Sidney Shalett

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Teach and learn with The Times: Resources for bringing the world into your classroom

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Physics for Kids: Nuclear Energy and Fission

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Physics for Kids: Nuclear Energy and Fission

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Kids learn about nuclear energy and fission in the science of physics including E=mc2, power plants, uses of nuclear power, and fusion.

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“The Hiroshima bombing: What you need to know about the nuclear attack” by LosAngeles Times

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“The Hiroshima bombing: What you need to know about the nuclear attack” by LosAngeles Times

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Kids learn about the history of the Atomic Bomb during World War II. Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan to end WW2.

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While Germany had surrendered, the continued. One of the most significant events of World War Two happened in 1945. This was the dropping of on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by American forces.

The decision to drop the atom bomb was taken by President Harry S. Truman, who had replaced Franklin Roosevelt following his death in April 1945. On 6 August 1945, Truman ordered an atom bomb to be dropped on the city of Hiroshima. It was dropped by a bomber plane named the Enola Gay. It is thought that at least 140,000 people were killed, of a total population of around 350,000.

When the atom bomb was dropped:

The temperature at the centre of the explosion reached 3000ºC - 4000ºC - three times hotter than volcanic lava.

Everything within a mile of the centre of the blast was flattened.

Fires spread and around 67 per cent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed.

Three days after the atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a second one was dropped on the city of Nagasaki by a bomber plane called Bockscar. A further 74,000 people, at least, were killed. The Japanese Emperor, Hirohito, announced that Japan would surrender on 15 August. They formally signed a surrender agreement on 2 September.

This brought World War Two to an end.

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Find out about World War Two with BBC Bitesize History. For students between the ages of 11 and 14.

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“Kerry’s visit to Hiroshima bomb site could pave the way for Obama’s trip” by BloombergNews

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“Kerry’s visit to Hiroshima bomb site could pave the way for Obama’s trip” by BloombergNews

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Scholastic Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers

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Explore Scholastic Teaching Tools for teaching resources, printables, book lists, and more. Enhance your classroom experience with expert advice!

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DK Find Out! | Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!

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Visit DK Find Out! to learn about dinosaurs, space, animals, nature & more. Fun learning activities for kids with videos, quizzes & galleries at DKFindOut.com

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“Primary Sources: Einstein Urges FDR to Build Nuclear Weapons in WWII”

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“Primary Sources: Einstein Urges FDR to Build Nuclear Weapons in WWII”

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The Secret Project has 492 ratings and 165 reviews. Patrick said: Because Debbie Reese's rather uncharitable and inaccurate review appears to be influenc...

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Sabotage: The Mission to Destroy Hitler’s Atomic Bomb

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Sabotage: The Mission to Destroy Hitler’s Atomic Bomb

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Sabotage has 291 ratings and 83 reviews. Isaac said: I thought this was a very interesting book. It explains really well what it was like to be on the Vi...

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12 Incredible Facts about the Dropping of the Atomic Bombs

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12 Incredible Facts about the Dropping of the Atomic Bombs

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12 Incredible Facts about the Dropping of the Atomic Bombs

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12 Incredible Facts about the Dropping of the Atomic Bombs has 3 ratings and 0 reviews. Examines the 12 most amazing facts about the dropping of the atom...

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Nuclear Energy has 1 rating and 0 reviews: Published January 1st 2010 by PowerKids Press, Paperback

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Finding Out about Nuclear Energy has 3 ratings and 2 reviews. Paula said: This title is one of the "What Are Energy Sources?" series and covers nuclear e...

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Raid of No Return (Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales, #7)

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Raid of No Return has 366 ratings and 80 reviews. Diz said: I've read all of the Hazardous Tales books, and I feel that this is the weakest entry so far....

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Titanic: A Nonfiction Companion to Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic

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Titanic: A Nonfiction Companion to Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic

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Titanic: The Disaster that Shocked the World!

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Titanic: The Disaster that Shocked the World!

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You Wouldn’t Want to Sail on the Titanic!

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You Wouldn’t Want to Sail on the Titanic!

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Home Address: ISS: International Space Station

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Home Address: ISS: International Space Station

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“NASA studies twin astronauts to discover the effects of living in space” by Los AngelesTimes

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“NASA studies twin astronauts to discover the effects of living in space” by Los AngelesTimes

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Newsela is an Instructional Content Platform that supercharges reading engagement and learning in every subject.

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“U.S. may return to moon soon with help from private businesses” by AgenceFrance-Presse

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“U.S. may return to moon soon with help from private businesses” by AgenceFrance-Presse

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Newsela | Instructional Content Platform

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Newsela is an Instructional Content Platform that supercharges reading engagement and learning in every subject.