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We are familiar with great transport links whether it be above or below the ground. This has benefited many people as it makes their lives cheaper and easier to get around, but thus it has had a detrimental effect on the atmosphere. The emissions from the exhaust of cars and buses have gases that are not only harmful to people; but also to the atmosphere.  Unburned hydrocarbons such as Nitrogen Oxides which form smog in the atmosphere. Some more hydrocarbons that are harmful to people include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which is one of the biggest contributors to global warming. In London, TFL (Transport for London) decided to introduce low emission buses and in more recent times, the Mayor has introduced a completely electric running bus in 2017.

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More people=More homes
More Homes= More buildings being built for homes
More Homes =more space being taken up by houses
More house=less green space for animals and plants
No plants= no food to eat and a sad world  where we all all dead :(

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The population of London grew at twice the rate of the UK as a whole between 2011 and 2015, and could reach almost 10 million by the middle of next decade, official figures show.

In mid-2011, the population of the city stood at 8.2 million, but over four years it increased by 469,000 to just under 8.7 million, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said.

The arrival of almost 200,000 people from overseas each year, and an average of 130,000 births a year drove the city's growth, and offset the high numbers leaving the city for other countries and the rest of the UK.

The ONS figures show the population of London increased by 5.7% between mid-2011 and mid-2015, compared with growth of 2.9% for the UK as a whole. Over the same period, the cost of housing in the capital has rocketed - Land Registry figures show that the average price of a property rose by 47% between June and 2011 and June 2015, from £285,906 to £419,474.

After Greater London, Bristol was the city that saw the biggest boom in residents, with its population rising by 4.5%, or 49,000, to 1.1 million.

UK cities population growth

"Differing levels of population growth across different cities and regions are often a reflection of the economic strength of the location, with areas where the economy is performing strongest often experiencing most population growth," the ONS said.

London, with its robust economy, has attracted far more movers from overseas than other parts of the UK, the figures show. Over the four-year period in question, an average of 192,000 people a year moved to London from abroad - including Britons who have returned after a period living overseas - while 95,000 moved in the other direction.

Net international migration to Greater London averaged 97,000 a year, out of a figure of 236,000 for the UK as a whole.

"London's attraction to immigrants no doubt reflects its status as a major employment centre and international hub," said the ONS.

"With its high ethnic-minority population it may prove especially attractive to people wishing to join family or others from that cultural background. In addition, for people heading to the UK, London is somewhere they are more likely to have some pre-existing awareness of than other parts of the country - perhaps because of previous visits, but also simply because it has a higher profile as the UK capital."

Because many immigrants are young adults, the comparatively high immigration to Greater London affects all its other population dynamics, the ONS said. Over the period in question, there were an average 130,000 births in the capital each year and just 48,000 deaths.

The figures also showed large numbers of people leaving Greater London for other parts of the UK. Each year an average of 63,200 people left the capital, with the 22- to 29-year-old age group the only one where more people moved in.

Among 30- to 44-year-olds, 33,600 more people moved out of Greater London than into the city each year, while amongchildren that figure was 31,700.

In contrast, Bristol saw more people move in from around the UK, with net internal migration averaging 3,700 a year between mid-2011 and mid-2015. The population of Edinburgh was also boosted by internal migration, with 2,700 more people moving into the Scottish capital than out. House prices in those cities have also increased.

UK cities internal migration

The ONS said that, based on recent trends, the population of Greater London was projected to grow by 12.7% between 2015 and 2025, to 9.8 million people. Across the whole of the UK, the biggest projected increase is among those aged 65 and over, where the population is expected to grow by 21%. In London, this age group is projected to grow by a quarter over the decade.

Neal Hudson, UK housing market analyst at property firm Savills, said council tax data suggested the number of homes in London had grown by 3.5% between March 2011 and March 2015.

"That highlights some of the pressure on London's housing stock: more people trying to squeeze in, therefore more overcrowding and more upwards pressure on rents," he said.

Hudson said that the number of people in their late 30s and early 40s who were leaving London was also down on the levels before the recession.

Average annual net internal migration by age, mid-2011 to mid-2015

"They were staying put as a result of improving schools, the credit crunch limiting moves, etc, and so there were fewer opportunities for younger people to replace them on the housing ladder," he said.

Topics

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London population growth rate twice that of UK, official figures show

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The population of London grew at twice the rate of the UK as a whole between 2011 and 2015, and could reach almost 10 million by the middle of next decade, official figures show. In mid-2011, the population of the city stood at 8.2 million, but over four years it increased by 469,000 to just under 8.7 million, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said.

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As I discussed in the previous assignment, the ozone layer is depleting; although this is only a small area of the ozone layer, it has significant effects on our health. UV radiation has increased by 10% over the recent decades. This causes a range of problems. The main effect of this is sun damage/sin cancer. In places like the UK, sunburn is extremely common; this leads to sun damage, and even worse, skin cancer. Although not everyone is at the same risk, individuals with fair skin are at a higher risk than those with more natural sun protection, known as melanoma. Having greater levels of UVB, which is caused by ozone depletion, causes skin cancer. Whilst skin faces many effects from ozone depletion, eyes are also affected. UV exposure can be linked to subcapsular cataracts, meaning the depleting ozone layer causes more exposure to UV radiation that has adverse effects. (https://www.sunsaferx.com/health-and-wellness/effects-ozone-depletion-skin-eyes/)

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Air pollution can be directly linked to lung cancer, as it increases the risk of an individual developing it. Air pollution affects everyone across the globe. Lung cancer is just one of the many diseases linked to air pollution, some of the others include: heart disease, and multiple respiratory diseases. The type of pollution in the air can vary depending on the time of year, location, its source, and the weather; however, it is manmade materials are usually the cause. For example, fumes from cars, or smoke from burning fuels. Not all pollution is sourced from manmade materials. Sand from the Sahara Desert could be air pollution, and this is a natural substance.

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Water pollution has a detrimental effect on human health as diseases, such as cholera, can be spread through dirty water. Cholera is caused by ingesting water contaminated with Vibrio cholera bacterium; it is an acute diarrheal infection. Public health is threatened by cholera as it effects millions of individuals globally. Cholera can indicate a lack of social development and inequity in the world, as these areas are more commonly affected. It is estimated that there are 1.3-4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths leave cholera accountable yearly.

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Carbon monoxide-   reacts with other pollutants in the air to form potentially harmful ground level ozone. This occurs close to the site of emission. It does not have any significant environmental effects at a global level.
Inhalation of carbon monoxide at high concentrations can be fatal, because it prevents the transport of oxygen (in blood) around the body. Releases from poorly maintained appliances in poorly ventilated spaces could result in concentrations high enough to cause death. Long-term exposure to lower concentrations (such as through smoking) could harm unborn babies or cause neurological damage.

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Green house Gasses-

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas. Others include water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide. These gases help keep the Earth warm by absorbing the sun's energy and by redirecting energy back to the Earth's surface. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide creates an overabundance of greenhouse gases that trap additional heat. This trapped heat leads to melting ice caps and rising ocean levels, which cause flooding.

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Intensification of Agriculture

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Urbanisation and Population Density: Group A aka the superiors

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Urbanisation and Population Density: Group A aka the superiors

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Cities, Technology, the growing population

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zyizEz9XUs

Unit Specification
file:///D:/RUTC/2017-8/Course%20Planning/Yr%202s/Unit%2038/NHC_038.pdf

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Oil Spills Cause Damage to the Environment

Effects of an oil spill will depend on a variety of factors including, the quantity and type of oil spilled, and how it interacts with the marine environment. Prevailing weather conditions will also influence the oil’s physical characteristics and its behaviour.

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In bustling cities such as Seoul or London, we are acquainted with urbanisation and its benefits. However, noise pollution is one we may want be aware of. In humans, apart from annoyance, exposure to high levels of noise for a long period can increase blood pressure, cause deafness, and other cardiac issues. Noise also has detrimental effects on the growth of some plants. Birds as well rely on hearing to help find them to prey; hence, they are seriously disadvantaged by noise.

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Kensington and Chelsea was today named the worst borough in London for noise complaints.

The area, where terraced houses sell for an average of £4.2 million, is home to stars including JK Rowling and Robbie Williams. It had 13,790 complaints last year, the equivalent of more than 87 for every 1,000 inhabitants.

Many were about loud music, building work and buskers. Neighbouring Westminster came a close second out of the city's 33 boroughs, according to Freedom of Information responses. It had 16,915 complaints within a population of about 242,300 - the equivalent of 69.8 complaints per 1,000. Hammersmith and Fulham came in third with about 50 complaints per 1,000. All 33 boroughs responded to a FoI request by noise monitoring experts Cirrus Research.

Unlike other parts of the UK, which have also been surveyed, one of the most common causes of a complaint in London was construction, as well as music and shouting neighbours.

Bottom was Lewisham, with 458 complaints logged - 1.5 per 1,000. Noisy neighbour complaints topped the list there.

In Camden, there were 205 complaints about street entertainers, six of whom were prosecuted. In Hackney two people complained about illegal raves and 10 about religious services that were too noisy.

The data is being used by Cirrus Research to build up a UK noise nuisance map. Of boroughs such as Kensington and Chelsea, Westminster and Hammersmith and Fulham topping the list, marketing manager James Tingay said: "It could be down to the amount of construction taking place in these sought-after areas, or simply the residents are just not prepared to put up with noise nuisance."

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Revealed: London's worst boroughs for noise complaints

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Kensington and Chelsea was today named the worst borough in London for noise complaints. The area, where terraced houses sell for an average of £4.2 million, is home to stars including JK Rowling and Robbie Williams. It had 13,790 complaints last year, the equivalent of more than 87 for every 1,000 inhabitants.

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Group C -
Pollution of Environment!!!
Examples:
- air pollution
- water pollution
- soil pollution
- light pollution
- noise pollution

AIR POLLUTION
- causes acid rain
- acid rain damages trees and disturbs wildlife
- causes of eutrophication
- eutrophication kills fish and nature