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The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 35 degrees in latitude

The basin itself is spread over 10 countries and attributes for 10 percent of Africa's continent

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Size: 1.3 million sq mi (Nile River Length: 4,258 miles)
Drainage: 1,256,591 sq mi
Current Precipitation: 1000mm annually
Projected Changes in Precipitation: Water deficit 26km cubed annually

Map image are according to Google

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Water Supply

Food Supply

Fuel

Wildlife

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Flow regulation

sediment retention

Water Purification

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Spiritual

Recreational

Educational

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Soil formation

Nutrient cycling

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January: Independence in South Sudan
February: Revolution in Egypt; Fall of Mubarak
March: Burundi signs cooperative framework agreement
March contin.: Grand Renaissance Dam was made public by Ethiopia
July: de facto independence of South Sudan
August: Tripartite committee established

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New country, new border and new neighbors, new regional security complex
Relations regarding up and downstream
Nile Basin Initiative
Dependence on North Sudan
New Oil Pipeline
NBI/CFA

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Main hydraulic state which as a monopoly over the Nile waters
Strong and diversified economy
Monolithic and Stable Political system
Supports international community

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Changes in politics to balance power
Nile as unifying element
Nile used as political tool
Economic crisis in Egypt
New economic tradeoffs upstream
hydro-hegemony to co-riparian

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Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA)- States of The Nile River Basin

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Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA)- States of The Nile River Basin

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Affirming Economic and Social importance of the Nile River Basin
CFA open for ratification
Legal implications regarding NBI 1959 Agreement
Commission established after ratification
End of all provisional arrangements
NBC: New legal status, with arrangements

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Ethiopia - Grand Renaissance Dam & Committee

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Ethiopia - Grand Renaissance Dam & Committee

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5iLk3NRnQs
$4.7 billion dollar project that spans 1.1 miles

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Pollution & Chemical Contamination
Dumping

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Hegemonic downstream riparians

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Number of people reliant on the system: 160 million inhabitants

Nile River Basin attributes to wealth of a family, ability to marry and livelihood

Link: https://www.pri.org/categories/losing-nile

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Government National and Regional (Sub-basin & Basin)

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Underdeveloped economy
Foreign & National investors (Gulf countries, China, India, US- EU and Egypt)
National Governments- federal and regional
Environmental Impacts

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Egypt - rain-fed
The Nile River Basin is a breadbasket
Agricultural investors, large companies, diaspora
fisheries

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Heavy metals and pollution have been detected in many parts of the river/basin so drinking potential is limited
Untreated sewage/dumping is also an issue as well as anthropocentric inputs (agricultural and industrial)
Water quality of the Nile has become a major issue in Egypt

Solution #2: enforce water distillation, reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration

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Dictated by water allegations

River Morphology, reservoir sedimentation

Sub-basin (National)
Basin (Trans-regional)

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Link URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-overview-of-the-water-conflict-in-the-Nile-River-basin_fig6_228417148

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Political Conflict Regarding Water Issues

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Political Conflict Regarding Water Issues

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Conflict Region
Complex Hydroponics - Hydro-hegemony
National Security
Sovereignty
New Riparian
Political volte-face
redefinition of regional political & economic landscape
New infastructure Projects
Change of Balance of Power
Official 'dyad' (Egypt, Sudan, U.S. & Europe) vs Upstream Bloc (EAC, Ethopia, India & China)

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"Land-Grabbing" due to high demand for Nile River resources
Agricultural
Urban
NBI infrastructure

Solution #3: Use of transparent contracts to help prevent against Land-Grabbing for the wrong purposes - should be decided democratically

Image URL: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/03/owns-nile-150325143210621.html

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Ground Water
Surface Water

Flooding is also very prevalent, yearly flooding is pertinent to the natural cycle of the basin. This flooding occurs June through September. This is a sacred time for many Egyptians. The formal name for this time period is "Akhet". Rainwater flows from the Blue Nile through the Atbarah River making its way to the Nile. This flooding is the lifeline for the Nile bringing vitality and fertile land to grow plants

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Water and Food security go hand in hand, contamination of water leads to poor food security

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Sugarcane
Cotton
Rice
Palm Oil
Flowers
Coffee/tea
Corn
Wheat
Alfalfa
Groundnuts

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Hydropower - this energy source has huge potential as well as many economic benefits for poor economic nations

Top Benefits: long economic life, low per unit energy costs

Potential of 20GW of power on hydropower alone

Biofuels - Wastewater of the Nile is being used as biofuel

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Long term land leases (50- 100 years)
cheap, fertile land with low taxes
Grants free access to water sources
"1 million hectares in Ethiopia leased to 896 companies"

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URL link to image: http://wordpress.clarku.edu/id252-ethiopia/2014/12/01/nile-river-basin-conflict/

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"We found that the models projected temperature increases of around 2 °C to 5 °C for 2080–2100, depending on the model and emission scenario. The interquartile ranges of the projected temperature increases for 2070–2100 for the three emission scenarios show 2.0−4.4 °C in the wet season and 2.2−4.9 °C in the dry season. The ensemble of GCMs we examined includes models that project increases and decreases in seasonal precipitation." (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-02720-3_20)

(how will or is this impacting ecosystem services and the people reliant on the system?)

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Flooding & Water Availability

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https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02720-3

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TNfZ1dygcwJw7iz_do8zSYUPDVAv_eD2Xm1qh0kSDJM/edit?usp=sharing

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Loss of Habitat
Species
Ecosystem services
Water
Pollution

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Underdeveloped Economy
Pollution and Contamination
Delegation of water resources and political power

Solution #1: Adopt hydropower as a main tool to establish source of energy that can be monetized and sold, helping impoverished nations surrounding the Nile Basin