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Welcome to the website dedicated to Literary Devices. Here will find a list literary devices with definitions and examples. Please feel free to post your thoughts and vote on your favorite literary device.

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An example of juxtaposition in the book is between the Cunningham and the Ewells. This is because their families are in great contrast. Firstly, in the book, "Atticus Finch said the Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb county for three generations." and "they lived like animals" (page 33-34, Chapter 3) . This means that they are the generally "worse" than other families. The Ewells have shown that they are rude, uneducated (only family), loud, brash, and uncivilised. On the other hand, the Cunninghams are shown to be civilised, educated, polite, pleasant, hard-working, etc. throughout the entire book.

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"When he was nearly thirteen my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow... punt"
The first paragraph is an example of allusion because allusion is using something we know well and using it to help the reader understand how the scenario/character is playing out or has certain traits. Jem's broken arm  at such a young age is a metaphor for the country starting off with a bad period of time/accident but it heals over time. While Jem gets better he still has a lasting scars and it is implied it is he same way with he actual country.

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On of the larger overbearing themes of contrast in TKAMB is the different between Scout and Mayella Ewell. Mayella's world is closed, controlled and is terrifying. She knows the world isn't all it is made out to be. Scout is the opposite, she is innocent and she doesn't actually know everything and assumes the world is happy and free unitl she goes through the events of the book.

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The biggest example of Symbolism in TKAMB is on the blurb when it mentions the quote "Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit'em, but remember it's a sin to 🤬  a mockingbird." This quote is symbolism as the mockingbird is symbolising Tom Robinson and Boo Radley.

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"There was no hurry...nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb county. But it was a time of vague optimism for some of the people: Maycomb county had nothing to fear but fear itself" This part in Chapter 1, page 5 - 7, there is an allusion. While Scout introduces her town to the readers, with it's struggles during the Great Depression in the 1930s. The bolded words are a reference to the famous words of encouragement by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Inaugaration Day, 1933.

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When different characters are treated differently it can really affect who they grow up to be. For example if someone grew up as a colored person who has always been discriminated, they might not be treating other people nicely when they grow up. If someone grew up hearing people say that white people are better than black, they might think that it is true.

'You don't truly understand someone until you step into his skin and walk around in it.'

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The characters in the book all grow up, but their personalities and their characteristics change because they get effected by different people in their lives.

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The prejudice in the justice system towards black people is reflected in the way that Tom Robinson is treated and also in his lack of voice throughout the novel.

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It starts when the main character was nearly 13 and then said  "Enough years had gone by to enable us to look back at them, when sometimes discussed the events leading to this incident."

Over time, their behaviour changed and the way they are treated changed.

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"Second grade was grim, but Jem assured me that the older I got the better school would be, that he started the same way, and it was not until one reaches sixth grade that one learned anything of value."

This shows Scout's longing for growing up and finally enjoying school liker her brother

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“I think there's just one kind of folks. Folks.”
“You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—” “Sir?” “—until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.”
“Cry about the simple people give other people—without even thinking. Cry about the white people give coloured folks, without even stopping to think that they’re people, too.”
“There’s some folks who don’t eat like us,” she whispered fiercely, “but you ain’t called on to contradict ’em at the table when they don’t. That boy’s yo’ comp’ny and if he wants to eat up the table cloth you let him, you hear?"

-alli

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The prejudice in the justice system towards black people is reflected in the way that Tom Robinson is treated and also in his lack of voice throughout the novel.

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"'Reason I can't pass the first grade, Mr. Finch, is I've had to stay out ever' spring an' help papa with the choppin', but there's another'n in the house that's field size."

Walter Cunningham's father reckoned that his son's education is not as important as the family business, and that as he grows up he must start to take responsibility of the business.

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"Boys don't cook." I giggle at the thought of Jem in an apron.
"If uncle Atticus lets you run around with stray dogs, that's his own business, like Grandma says, so it ain't your fault. I guess it ain't your fault if Uncle Atticus is a 🤬-lover besides, but I'm here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family-"
"Hush your mouth. Don't matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this house's yo' comp'ny, and don't you let me catch you remarkin' on their way like you was so high and mighty! Yo' folks might be better'n the Cunninghams but it don't count for nothin' the way you're disgracin' 'em - if you can't act fir to eat at the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen!"

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"Being Southeners, it was a source of shame to some members....."
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Francis called Scout's Dad a n*gg*r lover and scout stood up to her dad and retaliated. Although it seemed rude to others because a girl was shouting, she took this chance and defended her father. (Chapter 9)

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In Chapter 3, Atticus Finch said, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." This shows that Finch understands human dignity and about how different perspectives can alter how people feel about events. In Chapter 5, Atticus also said, "If you shouldn't be defendin' him, then why are you doin' it?"
"For a number of reasons," said Atticus. "The main one is, if I didn't I couldn't hold up my head in town, I couldn't represent this county in the legislature, I couldn't even tell you or Jem not to do something again."
"Atticus, are we going to win it?"
"No, honey."
"Then why-"
"Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win," Atticus said.

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“I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what.”
“It's not time to worry yet.”
“Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to 🤬 a mockingbird.”

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“Inside the house lived a malevolent phantom. People said he existed but Jem and  had never seen him. People said he went out at night when the moon was high, and peeped in windows. When people’s azaleas froze in a cold snap, it was because he had breathed on them. Any stealthy crimes committed in Maycomb were his work.” Page 9

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This shows that most people are against the fact that the Finch family is defending a black man

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“The way that man called him 'boy' all the time an' sneered at him, an' looked around at the jury every time he answered— … It ain't right, somehow it ain't right to do 'em that way. Hasn't anybody got any business talkin' like that—it just makes me sick.'"

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Atticus said "Our court have their faults as does any human institution, but inn this country, our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal."

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In page 26 Scout describes Walter  Cunninghams situation saying “That’s okay, ma’am you’ll get to know all the county folks after a while. The Cunninghams never took anything they can’t pay back-no church baskets and no scrip stamps. They never took anything off of anybody, they get along on what they have. They don’t have much, but they get along.”
This shows that the Cunninghams has a sense of self respect/pride, even though they're poor they don't want to take things that they can't give back, this represents their families values and their sense of human dignity.

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Harper Lee wrote in To K*ll a Mocking Bird " N*groes worshipped it on Sundays and white men gambled on it in weekdays.", this sentence highlights racism how the white men use the african american people's facilities and don't even respect it. This shows the environment and attitude of the different people that Scout and Jem are forced to live around and even learn from

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"I could not possibly hope to be a lady if I wore breeches; when I said I could do nothing in a dress, she said I wasn't supposed to do anything that required pants." This quote shows the gender prejudice in Maycomb, as females are expected to wear a certain type of clothing, do a certain type of work, and act a certain type of way.

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Harper Lee uses this device to criticise a range of elements in Southern life. It suggests to the contrast Tom Robinson being oppressed to the discrimination against the African-American community.

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In many parts of this book, the concept of courage is interlaced with the many affirmative actions, and Atticus Finch is a perfect example of this, defending Tom Robinson (a person of color) in a segregated society dominated by white people. Atticus does this not only during the trial of Tom Robinson for his "crimes", but also shows courage through affirmative actions towards those that were often treated with prejudice at that time, and by this time the now grown-up Scout has also experienced the aspects of prejudice and white domination in the society. As seen in page 201-207, alongside her father Atticus, she brought Mr. Cunningham to his senses by talking about his son who went to school with Scout, averting the lynching of Tom Robinson in the Maycomb jail by the lynch mob.
I looked around and up at Mr. Cunningham, whose face was equally impassive. Then he did a peculiar thing. He squatted down and took me by both shoulders. "I'll tell him you said hey, little lady," he said. Then he straightened up and waved a big paw. "Let's clear out," he called. "Let's get going, boys." As they had come, in ones and twos the men shuffled back to their ramshackle cars. Doors slammed, engines coughed, and they were gone. (p.206)

During the trial of Tom Robinson, Atticus presents just as much courage through affirmative action, this time in his bold words against a society norm of white dominance. This especially stands out when others on the court expressed rage at Tom Robinson feeling "sorry" for Mayella Ewell, simply because he is a person of colour. Atticus was deeply angered at this.
Atticus was on his feet, but Tom Robinson didn't need him. "I don't say she's lyin', Mr. Gilmer, I say she's mistaken in her mind."

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Harper Lee used symbolism to give a deeper and more significant meaning of the language used. her choice of vocabulary in the quote demonstrated racism and discrimination which allow the readers to understand how the African American were treated. This gives a sense of depression, anxiety, loneliness and hopeless.

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This thing that Tom Robinson says shows integrity and courage. Page 254, "Yes, suh, I had to serve cause I couldn't pay the fine."

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Bob Ewell prejudiced Tom Robinson during the trial. He said in page 173, "I've asked the country for fifteen years to learn out the rest down yonder, they're dangerous to live sides devaluing my property." He considered people of colour like Tom Robinson trash, dirty, useless and should be cleared out of Maycombs.

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"Hush your mouth!" Don't matter who they are anybody sets foot this house's yo company ... eat in the kitchen" This shows that Calpurnia may not be their mother (She dead), she is shows motherly attributes. Page 24-25

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First page of chapter 12:
"Jem was twelve. He was difficult to live with, inconsistent, moody. His appetite was appalling, and he told me so many times to stop pestering him I consulted Atticus: "Reckon he's got a tapeworm?" Atticus said no, Jem was growing. I must be patient with him and disturb him as little as possible"

"Overnight, it seemed, Jem had acquired an alien set of values and was trying to impose them on me: several times he went so far as to tell me what to do"

Jem is going through puberty and that's how he's growing up. Though being an adult does not mean being inconsistent and moody, this is him exploring a different side of himself.

Pg. 155
"In addition to Jem's newly developed characteristics, he had acquired a maddening air of wisdom"

Jem thinks that growing up means to be more powerful, and a way of achieving that is to acquire more wisdom. He reads the paper to check the news and learns a lot of new English terms so that he knows more, and therefore feels more like an adult, superior to children (AKA Scout).

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Jem growing up and trying to be responsible and adult-ly

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Jem growing up and trying to be responsible and adult-ly

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Chapter 14, Pg 187:
"'You oughta let your mother know where you are,' said Jem. 'You oughta let her know you're here...'
Dill's eyes flickered at Jem, and Jem looked at the floor. Then he rose and broke the remaining code of our childhood."
As Jem grows up, he feels that he must take on more responsibility and be responsible for all that happens, so even if Dill's problem is not his, he feels the need to tell Atticus and prove that he is mature. Of course, this also shows that he has grown up and become more mature because he now cares about Dill and wants to make sure that Dill's mother won't be too worried about him.

Pg 203:
"'Go home, Jem,' he said. 'Take Scout and Dill home.'
We were accustomed to prompt, if not always cheerful acquiescence to Atticus's instructions, but from the way he stood Jem was not thinking of budging.
'Go home, I said.'
Jem shook his head. As Atticus's fists went to his hips, so did Jem's, .......
'Son, I said go home.'
Jem shook his head. "

Jem, now having an idea that he is growing up, starts to have his own ideas and follows his own rules. He is disobeying his father for something that he thinks is morally right. A key point in growing up and becoming an adult is to have your own beliefs and morals that you follow no matter what. This also shows Jem's courage in standing up against big men for his own beliefs.

Pg 210:
"but son, you'll understand folks a little better when you're older. A mob's always made up of people, no matter what. Mr. Cunningham was part of a mob last night, but he was still a man. Every mob in ever little Southern town is always made up of people you know --- doesn't say much for them, does it?"

Atticus is telling Jem that as a child, they do not yet understand the ways of adults. When they grow up, they will start to understand why adults do what they do. Everyone has their own reason to the actions they commit, and when kids grow up, they will start to have their own reasons and begin to understand why other people do what they do.

Pg. 287
"There was a big cake and two little ones on Miss Maudie's kitchen table. There should have been three little ones. It was not like Miss Maudie to forget Dill and we must have shown it. But we understood when she cut from the big cake and gave the slice to Jem."

Adults, specifically Miss Maudie, now treat Jem as an older person. While Scout and Dill are still kids and therefore get the "baby" cakes, Jem is now older than them and gets to eat from the big cake.

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In page 37 Burris Ewell said “The boy snorted and slouched leisurely out the door. Safely out of range, he turned and shouted: “Report and be damned ye! Ain’t no snot-nosed s*ut of a school teacher ever born c’n make me do nothin’ ! You ain’t makin’ me go nowhere, missus. You just remember that, you ain’t makin’ me go nowhere!”  This shows that Burris is some what protecting his pride by saying that he doesn't like to be bossed around. This is his sense of human dignity.

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Page 201 " Yes, suh. I felt right sorry for her, she seemed to try more'n the rest of em" Page 256, " No suh, not after she offered me a nickel the first time. I was glad to do it, Mr Ewell didn't seem to help her none, and neither did the chillun , and I knowed she didn'a have any nickels to spare." He knew that she didn't have any money to pay him, but he did it not because of the reward.

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In Chapter 1 "Being Southerners, it was a source of shame to some members of the family that
we had no recorded ancestors on either side of the Battle of Hastings. "
-liz

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Judge Taylor was polling the jury: "Guilty...guilty...guilty...guilty..." This quote shows prejudice because the white jury was voting against Tom Robinson even though Atticus had given a lot of proof that it wasn't Tom Robinson. The white jury don't want to help Tom Robinson because he is black.

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“There's something in our world that makes men lose their heads - They couldn't be fair if they tried. In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life.“
"As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it, whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash"
This is a statement made by Atticus. Atticus is an adult, and adults understand that this is how it is, and coloured people would be treated different just because they're coloured. Children such as Scout don't really understand why people would judge people based on skin colour, but that's how they were raised and therefore that is how life continues on. People are raised to be prejudiced and children tend to be more equal, but then because they were being raised to become prejudiced, they would generally be more harsh and scorn on the coloured people

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Page 20-

" Cunningham left he said, " Mr Finch, I don't know when I'll ever be able to pay you" "Let that be the least of your worries, Walter" Atticus Said. This shows that Mr Atticus is understanding to people's situation, even though he quite needs the money. 🤑

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"For number of reasons," said Atticus. "The main one is, if I didn't I couldn't hold my head in town, I couldn't represent this country in the legislature, I couldn't even tell you or Jem not to do something again." (p100)

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every one in the south was poor
"are we poor attics"
"we are indeed"
"are we as poor as the cuninghams"

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"Jem and me got air riffles" This demenstatres that Jem and Scout and growing up and mature enough to be trusted with air riffles 

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"Jem and me got air riffles" This demenstatres that Jem and Scout and growing up and mature enough to be trusted with air riffles 

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"We followed him. The kitchen table was loaded with enough food to bury the
family: hunks of salt pork, tomatoes, beans, even scuppernongs. Atticus grinned
when he found a jar of pickled pigs’ knuckles. “Reckon Aunty’ll let me eat these
in the diningroom?”"
"Reckon" a type of speech
Type of food

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"When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident."

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"When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident."

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The mockingbird in TKAMB symbolises innocence, because mockingbirds don't do anything wrong, as explained by Miss Maudie. The use of the mockingbird in TKAMB symbolises how prejudice happens and innocent people are killed. Atticus says that it's a sin to 🤬 a mockingbird, which symoolizes that it's a sin to 🤬 an innocent person. Atticus also ties back to this when he says that "When it's the white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins." The black man, in this scenario, is the mockingbird, and the white man is "winning" by killing the mockingbird, or winning the case against them, and therefore, the title "To 🤬 a Mockingbird" is the act of killing, or destroying innocence, or innocent people.

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"Inside the house lived a malevolent phantom. People sad he existed, but Jem and I never seen him. People said he went out at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows. When people's azaleas froze in a cold snap, it was because he breathed on them. Any stealthy small crimes committed in Maycomb were his work." And "The Maycomb school grounds adjoined the back of the Radley chicken-yard tall pecans shook their fruit into the school yard, but the nuts lay untouched by the children: Radley pecans would 🤬 you." (P 10-11) These lines are hyperboles and they exaggerate how Boo Radley's house and himself is a something the people of Maycomb is afraid of. People of Maycomb seem to be always suspicious of Boo Radley, when in fact he has stayed mainly in his house and is clearly NOT a phantom.

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the entire case of Tom Robinson and Mayella Ewell is based upon Scottsboro Boys, except it is modified to one man and one woman.

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Page 306-318
Scout went to the tea party and learnt a bit more on how to be a lady. She sees what the other females do and how they act and reacts accordingly.

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An example of personification in TKAMB is when Atticus says that in order to really know someone you need to "climb into his skin and walk around in it". This is personification because it's a way of representing the abstract quality of really knowing someone, and you need to figuratively "walk around in their skin", or try to feel what they're feeling and experience what they're experiencing to really know someone, not just based on the rumours or what you see on the outside, and not to be prejudiced towards people because of how they seem on the outside.

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Aunt Alexandra has been living her life as a proper posh woman with a decent lifestyle and a good family background. She believes that all girls must be feminine, to be perfectly mannered, wearing dresses and doing only female-related things. But she has a granddaughter, Scout, who believes in the direct opposite. She fights other people, she runs around and gets her hands dirty, she hangs out with boys and never wears a dress. She, under the lessons that Atticus has taught her, believes that a girl can be and act however she wants to, and

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“Why do you think Miss Rachel locks up so tight at
night? I’ve seen his tracks in our back yard many a mornin’, and one night I heard
him scratching on the back screen, but he was gone time Atticus got there.”