# data[].attributes.headline
Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe

# data[].attributes.subject
Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe

# data[].attributes.body
Cosmos is a book about science and nature written by Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt once claimed that his Cosmos was born on the slopes of the Andes. Starting in Venezuela, he explored the Orinoco and upper Amazon valleys, climbed Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador, investigated changed vegetation from the tropical jungles to the top of the Andes, gathered many plant specimens, and assembled a great collection of animals, insects, and geological fragments. While on travels to the Americas, he took notes on what he saw and discovered. From these notes, he was able to produce at least thirty volumes based on his research. His studies related to many scientific fields like botany, zoology, geology, and geography, likewise it also included narratives of popular travel and discussions of political, economic and social conditions. The book Cosmos is divided into two parts: the first volume which paints a general “portrait of nature”, and in the second volume which describes the history of science. Humboldt viewed the world as what the Greeks called kosmos; “a beautifully ordered and harmonious system’’ and used Cosmos as his final title. The basic purpose of the book is outlined the introduction of the first volume “The most important aim of physical science is this: to comprehend all the single aspects as revealed by the discoveries of the last epochs, to judge single phenomena separately without surrendering their bulk, and to grasp Nature’s essence under the cover of outer appearances.” To Humboldt, Cosmos is ordered and beautiful, through the human mind. He created a progressive picture of the universe that would continually grow and change as a human’s knowledge would develop and modify. The book had a significant impact on scientific progress. Humboldt’s work gave an influential purpose to scientific exploration during the nineteenth century, inspiring many like Charles Darwin, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, etc. Humboldt is credited with laying the foundation of fields such as physical geography, meteorology, and especially biogeography.

# data[].attributes.body
Alexander Von Humboldt was a Peruvian naturalist that traveled through South America. The discovered many things, including plants and animals. He also claimed a lot of mountains and measures some water bodies. All this information he published later in a book, named Cosmos. Thanks to Humboldt we can know new things.  Everything that he recorded and studied now has an effect in our life. In this presentation we will talk about accomplishments he created and their effect on us today. This includes the isotherms, the rio orinoco investigation, plants he discovered, the Humboldt current and the Cosmo book.

# data[].attributes.headline
Humboldt Investigation of Rio Orinoco and How Does it Affect us Today

# data[].attributes.subject
Humboldt Investigation of Rio Orinoco and How Does it Affect us Today

# data[].attributes.body
Humboldt was four months in the Rio Orinoco and covered 1,725 miles. He investigated the Rio Orinoco with his travel companion Aime Bonpland. Some of the things Humboldt discovered in the Rio Orinoco were the electric eels and collected thousands of plants and made notes and drawings. Also, he encountered indigenous people and described thousands of new plants and animal species. Humboldt confirms the existence of the Casiquiare Canal, a waterway connecting the Rio Orinoco and Amazon river systems. Humboldt’s investigation of the river Orinoco affects us today because even though he didn’t discover the Rio Orinoco his letters and maps brought it to a wider audience and pinpointed its exact location. So now people can see the Rio Orinoco on a map. Finally, it would become one of his earliest claims to fame.

# data[].attributes.headline
Humboldt Discoveries in Plants and How Does it Affect us Today

# data[].attributes.subject
Humboldt Discoveries in Plants and How Does it Affect us Today

# data[].attributes.body
Humboldt discovered many new plants. Humboldt drew a cross-section of the mountain, with the names of the plants at their correct altitudes written onto the drawing. Humboldt and his travel companion Bonpland collected 5,800 species of plants, of which 3,600 were unknown to science until that time. Also, another thing Humboldt did with Bonapland was that he spent three months mapping the coastal plains, collecting 1,600 plants and 600 new species of plants. Humboldt as I already told you also collected thousands of plants in the Rio Orinoco and made notes and drawings of the plants. Humboldt discover a colorful lily and named it Humboldt Lily. There was discovered a rare mineral and named it Humboldtine and an explorer's career began in the mining industry. Finally this affects us today because from that mineral from the plant a mining industry began.

# data[].attributes.body
Humboldt accomplished many things in his life one of them was being one of the first man to recorded and studied the Humboldt current, also known as the Peru current. As you can see the current got his name after Alexander Von Humbolt (the man that studied it). This current is a low salinity cold water current that flows through the Western coast of south America  including the Galapagos lands. The Humboldt current flows equator wise and carries a large variety of fish. This current is considered on of the biggest currents in the world. This current is so important because it carries a large amount of nutrients. It is also really important because it is a highly productive ecosystem. Humboldt studied this current in the year 1846 later on he published his work in a book named cosmos with exact measurements of the current. This current affects a lot of places because of its temperature, it creates unique ecosystems like the one in the Galapagos islands. Thanks to Humboldt and his incredible discovery/study we can compare how the world has changed from the years were Alexander von Humboldt traveled through America and how earth is today (now vs. then). If his measurements are correct we can see how the world has changed. We can now compare many things like the depth of the ocean, temperature of water and other things like so. As a final thought I wanted to say that alexander von humbolt did amazing studies like the peru current and because of his efforts and recorded we can now help our planet.

being one of the first man to recorded and studied the Humboldt current,

also known as the peru current.

weastern coast of south america  including the galapagos ilands.

carries a large variety of fish.

carries a large amount of nutrients.

highly productive ecosystem.

Humboldt studied current in the year 1846 later on he published cosmos.

affects temperature creates unique ecosystems

compare how the world has changed

# data[].attributes.body
As you can see thanks to Humboldt and his discoveries we can do many things today. We can compare measurements , read information in another time perspective and receive a lot of knowledge thanks to that. So at the end Alexander Von Humboldt was an excellent man who discovered many things that can help us today..

# data[].attributes.body
Isotherms maps :

Isotherms were invented by Alexander von Humboldt in 1816. alexander von Humboldt created them to know how climate change in different regions and at a certain time. The exact definition of Isotherms is: maps that have lines connecting points of equal air temperature. This isotherm affect us today a lot for example in the US They are used to explain how the weather is changing and how the seasons are different than last year. Isotherms where created 202 years ago. This amazing discovery that humboldt made about isotherm changes the way of thinking of many people in that period of time. Before the great maps of isotherms that humboldt created people only thought that the weather depended only on the altitude but they were wrong. Weather in places is not only affected by the altitude but also by the place on the globe where it is located. So isotherms are really important because they affected history and humans believes now.