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the japanese beetle common name it Popillia japonica

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Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle)

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Adult beetle

Adult P. japonica ('Japanese beetle') on flowerhead.

Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada/Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

Preferred Common Name

International Common Names

English: beetle, Japanese

Spanish: escarabajo japonés

French: hanneton japonais; scarabé japonais

Local Common Names

EPPO code

POPIJA (Popillia japonica)

Summary of Invasiveness

The Japanese beetle was first discovered in New Jersey, USA in 1916. It probably entered the USA as grubs with iris bulbs before 1912 when plant materials were first examined. Although not a pest in Japan, extensive, well-watered, turf, and a lack of parasites, allowed populations to rapidly build up and spread steadily west to the Mississippi River. The loss of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, and the end of the Federal quarantine on nursery stock, has allowed beetles to move into western states at a rapid rate. Beetles are pests of quarantine concern in the western USA and Europe. P. japonica was found on Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal in the 1980s. Again, extensive turf allowed establishment of beetles, population explosions, the infestation of that island, and subsequently of three more of the Azorean Islands. Beetles have moved considerably outside of the climatic conditions in their native Japan.

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Metazoa

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

Class: Insecta

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Scarabaeidae

Genus: Popillia

Species: Popillia japonica

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, is a member of the order Coleoptera, family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Rutelinae and tribe Anomlini.

Description
Eggs
Newly-laid eggs are about 1.5 mm long, pearly white and oblong. Eggs absorb water from the soil, becoming spherical and nearly doubling in size within a week. The external surface of the protection chorion is marked with small hexagonal areas. The developing embryo can be seen within the eggs that are close to hatching ( Fleming, 1972a).
Larvae
P. japonica larvae are typical scarabaeid grubs ( Fleming, 1972a). The head is yellowish-brown, with strong, dark-coloured mandibles. The body consists of three thoracic segments, each with a pair of jointed legs, and a 10-segmented abdomen. The grubs assume a typical, scarab, C-shaped position in the soil. The cuticle is transversely wrinkled and is covered with scattered brown hairs, which are interspersed with short, blunt, brown spines. The raster, located on the ventral side of the last abdominal segment, has many scattered, brown, hooked spines; medially, two conspicuous rows of 6-7 shorter straight spines are arranged in the form of a truncated V. This V-shaped arrangement on the raster distinguishes P. japonica from other larval scarabaeids in the USA. The last abdominal segment also bears many yellowish hairs at the sides and the end.

Newly-hatched grubs are about 1.5 mm long and translucent white. The abdominal area becomes dark once the larva has fed and the rectal sacs, or fermentation chambers, fill with soil. There are three instars. Just prior to moulting, first and second instars attain average middorsal lengths of 10.5 and 18.5 mm, respectively, whereas the mature, third instar, averages 32 mm. Head capsules of first, second and third instars average 1.2 mm wide and 0.7 mm long, 1.9 mm wide and 1.2 mm long, and 3.1 mm wide and 2.1 mm long, respectively.
Prepupae
When mature, the grub stops feeding, voids the gut so that the rectal sacs lose their dark appearance, and become cream-coloured and a pale, somewhat shrunken prepupa. The body straightens out, except for a slight crook at the caudal end. Eventually, the developing appendages are everted from their sacs and lie outside the newly developed pupal cuticula, beneath the old larval cuticula. The transformation to prepupa and pupa, both of which are very delicate, occurs in an earthen cell formed by the mature larva ( Fleming, 1972a).
Pupae
The young pupa forms within the old larval and prepupal exuviae, which changes in appearance to a fine, light tan, mesh-like tissue. This shroud-like covering splits along the middorsal line as the pupa develops. The pupa, which averages 14 mm long and 7 mm wide, resembles the adult beetle, except the wings and other appendages are closely folded to the body. It is a pale-cream colour at first, gradually becoming tan and finally taking on the metallic green of the adult ( Fleming, 1972a).
Adults
Fleming (1972a) published an illustrated description of the beetle, including characters on the fore tibia and tarsi by which the sexes can be distinguished (the male tibial spur is hook-like, not spatulate, and the tarsi attach at the end of the tibia, not upto a few mm). The adult is an attractive, broadly oval beetle, 8-11 mm long, and about 5-7 mm wide. Females are usually slightly bigger than males. The head and body are dark, metallic green, with darker copper-green legs. The coppery-brown elytra, which do not quite reach the tip of the abdomen, expose a row of five lateral patches of white hairs on each side of the abdomen, and a pair of these patches on the dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment. These white patches on the green abdomen distinguish P. japonica from all other beetles that resemble it in the USA. However, there are several similar Popillia species in the far-east that require an expert to distinguish them from P. japonica (see Ping, 1988).

Distribution

P. japonica originates from north-eastern Asia where it is native in northern Japan and in the far east of Russia ( Fleming, 1972a). Fleming's (1972a) report of P. japonica in China and Korea, probably referred to closely-related species, but not the Japanese beetle ( Ping, 1988; Reed et al., 1990).

In Japan, the beetle is most abundant in northern Honshu and all of Hokkaido where grasslands occur, but it does not reach the high population densities that occur in the USA. It is common, but not abundant in Kyushu, Shikoku and southern Honshu. It was not considered to be a pest in Japan until the increase in golf courses, and is still not the major scarab pest species.

In the USA, P. japonica, is established in all states boarding, or east of the Mississippi River, with the possible exception of Florida. Several western states have isolated established populations of the beetle. Pest survey data are submitted to NAPIS by participating USA states in the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) with USDA, APHIS, PPQ and the resulting distribution of P. japonica in the USA is mapped from 2001 to the present (2010), and can be found here: http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/jb/mgif/jbnation.gif. See also Smith et al. (1997).

In Russia, the last report of P. japonica restricted it to the South Kirile region of Sakhalin, on the island of Kunashir ( Chebanov, 1977). It is absent in the EPPO region except for Terceira Island, Azores (Portugal), where the pest probably spread from the USA air base ( Simoes, 1984). An infestation on the island of Faial was found in 1996. More recently Pico and San Miguel both become infested in 2006. Both Terceira and Faial are generally infested, but eradication programmes are being considered for the isolated infestations on Pico and San Miguel.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 24 Jun 2020

Risk of Introduction

P. japonica is an A1 quarantine organism for EPPO (OEPP/EPPO, 1980), and is also of quarantine significance for CPPC, JUNAC, NAPPO, and OIRSA. Within the USA, P. japonica is the object of an USDA/APHIS quarantine, restricting interstate movement of aircraft from regulated airports (USDA-APHIS, 2004). The interstate shipment of plant material is covered by the US Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan ( National Plant Board, 2004). Very few of the P. japonica infestations in states west of the Mississippi River have been associated with movement of beetles by aircraft.

Temperature and particularly soil moisture are the main factors limiting potential spread of the beetle into new areas. According to Fleming (1972a), the Japanese beetle is adapted to regions were the mean soil temperature is between 17.5 and 27.5 oC during the summer, and above -9.4 oC in the winter. It should be noted that the winter temperature is 0.5-1.0 m below ground surface where the larvae overwinter. In addition, precipitation must be adequate and rather uniformly distributed throughout the year, averaging at least 25 cm during the summer. However, these parameters were established before irrigation was prevalent in much of the midwest and western USA. The Japanese beetle distribution in the USA is far south of the beetle distribution in its native Japan. The distribution in Japan may be influenced by other species of Popillia, or other scarabs, competing for limited resources.

Allsopp (1996) used a computer-generated modified Match Index to analyze climatic suitability and predict the potential worldwide distribution of P. japonica. According to the model, in North America the beetle has the potential to spread west to the middle of Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, south to the middle of South Carolina and Georgia, and most of Alabama and Mississippi. The Japanese beetle has already met or exceeded all of these parameters in the past 12 years. The southern parts of the Canadian Maritimes and eastern British Columbia, and parts of Washington and Oregon are also suitable. Indeed, Oregon has had several P. japonica infestations, as has California, and now Colorado and Utah. In addition Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia all have infestations in eastern Canada. Most of continental Europe, except most of Scandinavia and the Mediterranean areas, are suitable, as are the UK and Ireland. Suitable areas in Asia include the Caucasus and areas to the north, eastern central China, and the Korean Peninsula. In Africa, the mountains of Morocco and coastal south-eastern South Africa seem suitable. In the Southern Hemisphere, the south-eastern highlands of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Rio de la Plata area between Argentina and Uruguay, and parts of costal Chile are suitable. Once established in these areas, P. japonica could cause enormous damage and significant economic loss. It is interesting to note that unlike the weevils, no scarab has established on the opposite side of the equator from its native land ( Jackson and Klein, 2006).

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

In the USA, adult P. japonica have been observed feeding on at least 295 species of plants in 79 plant families ( Fleming, 1972a). These include small fruits, tree fruits, vegetable and garden crops, field crops, woody and herbaceous ornamentals, shade trees, various weeds, and many non-economic species. Economic damage has been recorded on more than 100 species. The beetles are particularly attracted to certain species of Aceraceae, Anacardiaceae, Betulaceae, Clethraceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Gramineae, Hippocastanaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Platanaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae and Vitaceae. The grubs feed on roots of a wide range of vegetable crops, ornamental plants and tender grasses. In Japan, the host range appears to be smaller than in North America.

Within the EPPO region, the host range of P. japonica would be similar. Malus, Prunus, Rubus and Vitis, with their wide distribution and intensive cultivation, would be especially favourable food sources for the adults. Lush pasture and turfgrasses provide a favourable habitat for the grubs.

Growth Stages

Top of page Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Pre-emergence, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Skeletonized foliage is the most common symptom of feeding by the adult. The beetles generally feed from the upper surface of leaves, chewing out the tissue between the veins and leaving a lacelike skeleton. Severely damaged leaves soon turn brown and drop. The adults are gregarious, usually beginning to feed on foliage at the top of a plant and working downward. On some plants with thin leaves and fine venation, and on petals of flowers, the beetles consume irregularly-shaped sections in the same manner as many Lepidoptera. Plants with thick, tough leaves are usually not attacked, but when such leaves are eaten (Concord grapes), the feeding is often restricted to the palisade mesophyll and does not penetrate to the lower leaf surface.

Maize is one field crop seriously damaged in North America. The beetles feed on the maturing silk, preventing pollination; this results in malformed kernels and reduced yield. This appears to be more of a back-yard maize growing situation because the light-loving beetles rarely venture more than 1-2 rows into a maize field. However, beetles can feed over an entire soyabean field and cause their damage. They also defoliate asparagus, nearly all varieties of grapes, and many fruit-bearing trees, especially apple, cherry, plum, and peach. Beetles can aggregate and feed in large numbers on the fruit of early-ripening varieties of apple, peach, nectarine, plum, raspberries, and quince. This feeding renders fruit unmarketable, unless they have been protected by pesticides.

The larvae are most abundant in well-kept lawns and golf courses, and less often in pastures. As the grub feeds just below the surface, it cuts off and consumes the grass roots. Early symptoms include thinning, yellowing, and wilting, culminating in large patches of dead, brown grass that appears in late summer or early autumn because of water stress, and less often in the following spring when more moisture is normally available. When grubs are numerous (400/m ²+) the root system is completely severed and the sod can be lifted or rolled back like a carpet. Secondary damage from skunks, raccoons, crows, or other predators often causes more disruption to the sward than the grubs themselves. Feeding by grubs on roots of maize, beans, tomatoes, strawberries, nursery seedlings, or other crops reduces their vitality and yield and sometimes kills the plants. Damage is often most severe when these crops are planted into areas which were previously turf.

Biology and Ecology

Recent general reviews of P. japonica should be consulted for additional information on this pest ( Potter, 1998; Vittum et al., 1999; Potter and Held, 2002; Jackson and Klein, 2006). Fleming (1972a) provided a detailed account of the biology of P. japonica. Larvae (mainly third-instar) overwinter in an earthen cell about 15-20 cm deep in the soil. In early spring, when the soil temperatures increase to about 10 o C, the grubs move closer to the surface and resume feeding on plant roots at 2.5 to 5.0 cm depth. Pupation usually occurs after 4-6 weeks of feeding, and the adults emerge from mid-May to mid-July, depending on latitude.

Mating begins at emergence, and egg-laying soon follows. Virgin females produce a volatile sex pheromone ( Ladd, 1970), identified and called Japonilure ( Tumlinson et al., 1977). Early in the seasonal flight period, aggregations containing up to many dozens of males form on the ground around a single, emerging female. Females also remate on food plants between bouts of oviposition, with the last male's sperm being used. The beetles normally feed in groups, usually starting near the top of a plant and working downward ( Fleming, 1972a; Rowe and Potter, 1996). The adults are attracted to feeding-induced plant volatiles, resulting in aggregation on damaged plants ( Fleming, 1972a; Loughrin et al., 1996). Females may leave host plants during the day and fly to suitable sites for oviposition. Areas with moist, loamy soil covered with turf or pasture grasses are preferred ( Fleming, 1972a; Allsopp et al., 1992). Eggs are laid singly or in small clusters (2-4 eggs) in the upper 7.5 cm of soil. The cycle of feeding, mating and oviposition is repeated every few days. The average lifespan of a female is 30-45 days, during which she may lay 40-60 eggs.

Eggs hatch in about 2 weeks, and the young larvae begin feeding on fine roots and organic matter. They moult and become second-instars after 2-3 weeks, and third-instars after 3-4 weeks more. Feeding continues until late autumn, when the grubs move deeper into the soil in response to declining soil temperatures. At the latitude of Virginia and Maryland, the populations consist of mainly adults and eggs in July, first- and second-instars by mid-August, second- and third-instars by early September, and third-instars from late September to late April, and prepupae and pupae in May and early June. Normally, there is one generation per year, even in the most southern areas, but at the northern edge of its range, a few individuals may need 2 years to complete the life cycle ( Fleming, 1972a; Vittum, 1986; Vittum et al., 1999).

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

Several indigenous, generalist, predators, especially ants and ground beetles, help to suppress Japanese beetle populations by feeding on eggs and grubs ( Terry et al., 1993; Zenger and Gibb, 2001). Both adults and larvae are fed upon by various birds including starlings, crows, grackles, and gulls. Moles, skunks, raccoons and armadillos, feed on the grubs, but cause considerable damage to the turf or pastures. No native parasitic insect attacks P. japonica in North America. However, at least three species of imported parasitic insects have become established in eastern and midwest states (see 'Prevention and Control'). Grubs are susceptible to several naturally-occurring fungal pathogens including Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, entomopathogenic nematodes including Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species, bacterial pathogens such as Paneibacillus popilliae, the protozoan, Ovavesicula popilliae, and the rickettsia Rickettsiella popilliae. Unfortunately, humans are also susceptible to the rickettsia.

For further information see reviews by Fleming (1968), Potter and Held (2002), and Jackson and Klein (2006), and the text section on 'Prevention and Control'. Natural enemy records from older literature are presented in the 'Natural Enemy' table, and referenced as Fleming (1968).

Impact

P. japonica is the single most destructive insect pest on golf courses, lawns and pastures, and on herbaceous and woody landscape plants in the eastern USA ( Tashiro, 1987; Potter, 1998; Vittum et al., 1999). A decade ago it was estimated that more than $460 million is spent each year to control the grubs and adults, and about $156 million in renovating or replacing damaged turf or ornamental plants (USDA/APHIS, 2000). Damage to tree fruits, small fruits, maize, and soybeans is also significant. In addition, many millions of US dollars, and considerable quantities of pesticides, are also lost trying to limit the beetle's spread by nursery stock and aeroplanes in North America. The Japanese beetle has never been a major pest in Japan, and has not caused extensive damage up to this point in the Azores. Costs connected with quarantine concerns are likely to increase greatly with the discovery of the beetle on San Miguel Island, USA.

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range

Highly adaptable to different environments

Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food

Highly mobile locally

Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)

Gregarious

Impact outcomes

Altered trophic level

Damaged ecosystem services

Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration

Host damage

Negatively impacts agriculture

Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices

Negatively impacts livelihoods

Reduced amenity values

Reduced native biodiversity

Soil accretion

Transportation disruption

Impact mechanisms
Herbivory/grazing/browsing
Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally

Difficult/costly to control

Diagnosis

A diagnostic protocol for P. japonica is given in OEPP/EPPO (2006).

Detection and Inspection

Adult P. japonica are easily detected by inspecting the most vulnerable plants for aggregations of beetles on foliage, flowers, or fruits (not blueberries), or for skeletonized leaves during the beetles flight period in early- to mid-summer. Adults are most active on warm days between 10 am and 3 pm. Traps containing the three part food-type lure (phenethyl propionate + eugenol + geraniol) and the sex attractant (Japonilure) ( Ladd et al., 1981) are widely used in the USA and Azores for monitoring and survey purposes, and to delineate infestations. Grubs can be detected by cutting sections of sod with a spade or golf cup cutter in late summer, autumn, or in early spring and examining the soil and roots to a depth of about 8 cm. For grubs in nursery trees, removal and examination of soil down to 30 cm may be required to get an accurate sample.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Introduction
The destructive potential and economic importance of this pest have led to intensive studies of various means for control. Note that the adults and grubs cause very different types of damage, above ground and below ground. Because the adults can fly considerable distances, controlling one life stage will not necessarily preclude problems with the other.
Control Host-plant resistance
Fleming (1972a) provided a ranking of the extent of feeding by adult P. japonica on 435 plant species in 95 families. Within some generally susceptible genera such as Betula, Malus and Tilia, less susceptible cultivars have been found ( Ranney and Walgenbach, 1992; Spicer et al. 1995; Potter et al., 1998). Use of resistant, or less susceptible species and cultivars when planning a landscape, or replacing damaged plant material, is a key to managing adults. Highly susceptible trees such as Sassafras, Prunus cerasifera, Ancer ploatanoides, and Tillia spp., or certain wild plants, such as species of Malva, Parthenocissus, Polygonum, and Vitis, will attract numerous beetles.

Although tolerance varies, all species of cool-season turfgrasses are susceptible to the grubs ( Potter et al., 1992). Infection of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacae or perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, with fungal endophytes ( Neotyphodium spp.) does not provide resistance to this pest.
Physical removal and exclusion
Hand removal may provide some control for small plantings. Beetles on plants are sluggish in the morning, before 9 am, or when the temperature is <21 oC, and can be killed by picking them, or shaking them, into a bucket of soapy water ( Ladd and Klein, 1982). This is most effective when done before damage to the plants. High-value plants such as roses can be protected with fine netting or Reemay fabric around each blossom during the period of beetle activity.
Trapping
Although mass trapping has held isolated populations in check, and reduced the regulatory situation at some airports, it has not been effective in reducing established P. japonica infestations. However, Japanese beetle traps are an important tool in the identification and delimitation of new P. japonica infestations. California ( Potter and Held, 2002) and Oregon monitor 10,000 and 5,000 traps per year, respectively, and have both eradicated isolated infestations in their states. Other western states utilize traps to a lesser extent. Small-scale trapping may aggravate defoliation damage in landscapes because the traps may attract more beetles than actually enter the traps ( Gordon and Potter, 1985). Although beetles can fly up to 5 miles, they rarely do, and are not attracted to traps more than 50-100 m away ( Lacey et al., 1994).
Cultural control
Female beetles seek out sites that are most optimal for egg laying and survival ( Allsopp et al., 1992). Withholding irrigation during peak beetle flight can help to reduce subsequent grub populations in time of drought, and in naturally dry areas ( Potter et al., 1996). In contrast, rainfall or irrigation in summer and early autumn, during early instar feeding, promotes tolerance and recovery of grub-damaged turfgrass. Vigorous, well-watered turf can withstand two to three times the normal threshold of grubs (ca. 100/m ²) that would destroy a weak, wilted, or starved sward. Raising cutting height, and maintaining a balanced fertility regime to promote growth of roots also enhances tolerance of root-feeding by grubs ( Crutchfield et al., 1995).
Biological control
During 1920-1933, the USDA imported about 49 species of parasites of P. japonica and related scarabs from the orient and Australia and released them into Japanese beetle-infested areas in the USA ( Fleming, 1968). Only a few of these became established, the most widely distributed are Tiphia vernalis, a wasp that parasitizes overwintered grubs in the spring, and Istocheta aldrichi, a tachinid fly that parasitizes adults (http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/biologicalcontrol). The spring Tiphia seems to be well-established throughout the beetle-inhabiting areas. Istocheta had been restricted to the New England states, but has recently been established in North Carolina, Michigan, Minnesota, and Missouri, USA ( Jackson and Klein, 2006). A third established parasitoid, Tiphia popilliavora, the fall tiphia, has not been recovered since 1969, although isolated populations may still be present. These parasitoids provide some suppression, particularly I. aldrichi, in areas with restricted turf, but do not usually provide adequate beetle control.

Spores of Paenibacillus (= Bacillus) popilliae, the primary causal agent of milky disease in P. japonica were widely distributed in colonization programmes around the middle of the last century in eastern USA ( Fleming, 1968). Although milky disease is one of the primary natural biological agents reducing Japanese beetle populations, the value of augmenting this natural incidence with commercial spore powder has come under question ( Redmond and Potter, 1995; Potter and Held, 2002; Jackson and Klein, 2006). Another bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis - serovar japonensis, strain Buibui, has shown strong larvacidal activity against P. japonica and other grubs ( Ohba et al., 1992; Alm et al., 1997), but lacks a commercial product in the USA.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are the most commonly used pathogens against P. japonica. Nematodes such as Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are better-adapted to locate and parasitize the grubs in the soil ( Gaugler et al., 1997). Wright et al. (1988) showed that nematodes could be used to control P. japonica grubs in container-grown nursery plants. Techniques for using these nematodes can be found at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes, or in the training video "Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Tools for pest management" (Gaugler and Klein, 1998). Autodissemination of the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae has been used to suppress Japanese beetle populations in the Azores and the USA ( Klein and Lacey, 1999; Vega et al., 2007).
Chemical control
Adult beetles have been controlled by treating susceptible plants with carbamates, organophosphates, or more recently, pyrethroid insecticides ( Potter, 1998; Potter and Held, 2002). After the banning of long-residual insecticides grubs were treated with short-residual organophosphates and carbamates. More recently, neonicotinyl (imidacloprid) and moult accelerators (halofenozide) have been used for preventive larval control in turf ( Potter and Held, 2002), and may have an effect for more than 1 year ( George et al., 2007).
Phytosanitary Measures
Control of larvae in nursery stock is a far greater problem with quarantine concerns. Approved procedures are limited to chlorpyrifos dips of balled and burlapped nursery stock, and application of Marathon (imidacloprid) and Discus (imidacloprid + cyfouthrin) to field stock ( Mannion et al., 2000; 2001; National Plant Board, 2004; Oliver et al., 2007). None of these materials provide 100% mortality of grubs, resulting in the three west-coast states (CA, OR, WA) prohibiting plants with any soil. Adult beetles are usually eliminated from fresh produce by commercial grading. However, grading has failed to remove P. japonica from blueberries, where adult beetles eat inside the berry and can not be seen. Movement of beetles by aircraft from infested to protected States is regulated by USDA/APHIS (2004). Compliance agreements require aircraft at regulated airports to be sprayed with an insecticide. In addition, express package services have expended millions of dollars to use physical excluders and teams of beetle spotters to reduce the chance of beetles getting on a plane. Aircraft are examined upon arrival in protected USA states, and retreated if live beetles are found.

References
===, 1980. Data sheets on quarantine organisms. Set 3. EPPO Bulletin, 10(1). unnumbered Allsopp PG, 1996. Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): rate of movement and potential distribution of an immigrant species. Coleopterists Bulletin, 50(1):81-95; 56 ref Allsopp PG, Klein MG, McCoy, EL, 1992. Effects of soil moisture and soil texture on oviposition by Japanese beetle and rose chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85:2194-2200 Alm SR, Villani MG, Yeh T, Shutter R, 1997. Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain Buibui for control of Japanese and oriental beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 32(3):477-484; 16 ref
Balachowsky AS, 1962. Entomologie appliqueT a l'agriculture. Tome I. ColToptFres. Paris, France: Masson et Cie, 564 pp
Booth RG, Cox ML, Madge RB, 1990. IIE guides to insects of importance to man. 3. Coleoptera. Wallingford, UK: CAB International
Bourke PA, 1961. Climatic aspects of the possible establishment of the Japanese beetle in Europe. Technical Note, World Metereological Organization No. 41, 9 pp
Chebanov GE, 1977. Disinfestation regimes. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 1:55-56 CIE, 1978. Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A No. 16 (revised). Wallingford, UK: CAB International Crutchfield BA, Potter DA, Powell AJ, 1995. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization effects on white grub injury to Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turf. Crop Science, 35(4):1122-1126
EPPO, 1990. Specific quarantine requirements. EPPO Technical Documents, No. 1008. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
EPPO, 2006. Popillia japonica. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 36(3):447-450. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=epp
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fleming WE, 1968. Biological control of the Japanese beetle. USDA Technical Bulletin 1383, Washington, DC

Fleming WE, 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. USDA Technical Bulletin 1449, Washington, DC

Fleming WE, 1972. Preventing Japanese beetle dispersion by farm products and nursery stock. Technical Bulletin, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture No. 1441
Gaugler R Klein MG, 1998. Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Tools for Pest Management. http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes Gaugler R, Lewis E, Stuart RJ, 1997. Ecology in the service of biological control: the case of entomopathogenic nematodes. Oecologia, 109(4):483-489; 55 ref George J, Redmond CT, Royalty RN, Potter DA, 2007. Residual effects of imidacloprid on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) oviposition, egg hatch, and larval viability in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100:431-439 Georgis R, Gaugler R, 1991. Predictability in biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84(3):713-720 Gordon FC, Potter DA, 1985. Efficiency of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) traps in reducing defoliation of plants in the urban landscape and effect on larval density in turf. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78(4):774-778 Gordon FC, Potter DA, 1986. Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) traps: evaluation of single and multiple arrangements for reducing defoliation in urban landscape. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(5):1381-1384 Jackson TA, Klein MG, 2006. Scarabs as pests: a continuing problem. Coleopterists Society Monograph, 5:102-119 Klein MG, Lacey LA, 1999. An attractant trap for the autodissemination of entomopathogenic fungi into populations of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9:151-158 Lacey LA, Amaral JJ, Coupland J, Klein MG, 1994. The influence of climatic factors on the flight activity of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): implications for use of a microbial control agent. Biological Control, 4:298-303 Ladd Jr TL, Klein MG, 1982. Controlling the Japanese beetle. USDA Home and Garden Bulletin, 159:16 pp
Ladd TL Jr, 1970. Sex attraction in the Japanese beetle. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63:905-908

Ladd TL Jr, 1976. Controlling the Japanese beetle. USDA Home and Garden Bulletin, 159
Ladd TL Jr, Lawrence KO, 1986. Elimination of Japanese beetle larvae from plant growth medium by using isofenphos. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 3(2):170-174 Ladd TL, Klein MG, Tumlinson JH, 1981. Phenethyl propionate + eugenol + geraniol (3:7:3) and Japonilure: a highly effective joint lure for Japanese beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology, 74(6):665-667 Loughrin JH, Potter DA, Hamilton-Kemp TR, Byers MW, 1996. Role of feeding-induced plant volatiles in aggregative behaviour of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Environmental Entomology, 25(5):1188-1191; 17 ref Mannion CM, McLane W, Klein MG, Moyseenko J, Oliver JB, Cowan D, 2001. Management of early-instar Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in field-grown nursery crops. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94:1151-1161 Mannion CM, McLane W, Klein MG, Nielsen DG, Herms DA, 2000. Insecticide dips for control of Japanese beetle and other soil-infesting white grubs in B&B nursery stock. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 18:89-93
Mayer K, 1962. [Is Japanese beetle a risk for European agriculture? Thoughts on a publication of the World Meteorological Organization]. Nachrichtenblatt Pflanzenschutzdienst DDR, Berlin, 14:58-61

Milberg RP, 1997. Revisions to Japanese beetle domestic quarantine 7 CFR Part 301.48. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Japanese Beetle/Pine Shoot Beetle Regulatory Review, Louisville, KY, USA:USDA, 1-4

NAPIS, 1998. National Agricultural Pest Information Service. Washington, DC, USA: USDA/APHIS. World Wide Web Page at http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis
NAPIS, 2009. Reported Status of Japanese Beetle - Popillia japonica. Washington DC, USA: USDA/APHIS. http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/searchmap.php?selectName=INBPAZA National Plant Board, 2004. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan. http://www.nationalplantboard.ord/docs/jbcolumn Niemczyk HD, 1987. The influence of application timing and posttreatment irrigation on the fate and effectiveness of isofenphos for control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) larvae in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80(2):465-470 Ohba M, Iwahana H, Asano S, Suzuki N, Sato R, Hori H, 1992. A unique isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis with a high larvicidal activity specific for scarabaeid beetles. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 14(2):54-57; 13 ref Oliver JB, Reding ME, Klein MG, Youssef NN, Mannion CM, Bishop B, James SS, Callcott, 2007. Chlorpyrifos emmersion to eliminate third instar Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in balled and burlapped trees and subsequent effects on red maple. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100:307-314
Ping L, 1988. The Popillia fauna of China. Pianze Eldonejo:71 pp

Potter DA, 1998. Destructive Turfgrass Insects: Biology, Diagnosis, and Control. Chelsea, Michigan, USA: Ann Arbor Press
Potter DA, Held DW, 2002. Biology and management of Japanese beetle. Annual Review of Entomology, 47:175-205 Potter DA, Patterson CG, Redmond CT, 1992. Influence of turfgrass species and tall fescue endophyte on feeding ecology of Japanese beetle and southern masked chafer grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(3):900-909; 29 ref
Potter DA, Powell AJ, Spicer PG, Williams DW, 1996. Cultural practices affect root-feeding white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89:156-164
Potter DA, Spicer PG, Held D, McNiel RE, 1998. Relative susceptibility of cultivars of flowering crabapples, lindens, and roses to defoliation by Japanese beetles. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 16(2):105-110; 13 ref
Primault B, 1962. Des possibilités de développement du Hanneton japonais en Suisse. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 34:377-381
Ranney TG, Walgenbach JF, 1992. Feeding preference of Japanese beetles for taxa of birch, cherry and crabapple. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 10(3):177-180; 6 ref Redmond CT, Poter DA, 1995. Lack of efficacy of in vivo- and putatively in vitro-produced Bacillus popilliae against field populations of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs in Kentucky. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(4):846-854; 29 ref Reed DK, Lee MH, Kim SH, Klein MG, 1991. Attraction of scarab beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Japanese beetle lures in the Republic of Korea. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 36(3-4):163-174 Rowe WJII, Potter DA, 1996. Vertical stratification of feeding by Japanese beetles within linden tree canopies: selective foraging or height per se?. Oecologia, 108(3):459-466; 36 ref Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp Shetlar DJ, Suleman PE, Georgis R, 1988. Irrigation and use of entomogenous nematodes, Neoaplectana spp. and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) grubs in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81(5):1318-1322 Simoes AMMA, 1984. Observations on Popillia japonica Newman on the island of Terceira. Arquipélago, Ciencias da Natureza, 5:129-156; [9 fig.]; 9 ref Smetnik AI, Nikritin LM, Vlasova VA, 1978. The Japanese beetle. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 2:40-42 Smith IM McNamara DG Scott PR Holderness M Burger B, 1997. Popillia japonica. In: Quarantine Pests for Europe Wallingford, UK: CABI, 456-460 Smith IM McNamara DG Scott PR Holderness M Burger B, 1997. Popillia japonica. In: Quarantine Pests for Europe Wallingford, UK: CABI, 456-460 Smith IM McNamara DG Scott PR Holderness M Burger B, 1997. Popillia japonica. In: Quarantine Pests for Europe Wallingford, UK: CABI, 456-460 Spicer PG, Potter DA, McNiel RE, 1995. Resistance of flowering crabapple cultivars to defoliation by the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(4):979-985 Tashiro H, 1987. Turfgrass insects of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, New York, USA; Cornell University Press, xiv + 391 pp Terry LA, Potter DA, Spicer PG, 1993. Insecticides affect predatory arthropods and predation on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) eggs and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86(3):871-878 Tumlinson JH, Klein MG, Doolittle RE, Ladd TL, Proveaux AT, 1977. Identification of the female Japanese beetle sex pheromone: inhibition of male response by an enantiomer. Science, l97:789-792
USDA, 1975. Japanese beetle quarantines (map). Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 25(9):110
USDA/APHIS, 2000. Managing the Japanese Beetle. A Homeowner's Handbook. http://www.bueblo.gsa.gov,cic_text/housing/japanese-beetle/jbeetle.html USDA/APHIS, 2004. Japanese beetle program manual for airports. Marketing and Regulatory Programs. http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/Japanese_Beetle Vega, FE, Dowd PF, Lacey LA, Pell JK, Jackson DM, Klein MG, 2007. Dissemination of beneficial microbial agents by insects. In: Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology [ed. by Lacey LA, Kaya HK] Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 127-148 Villani MG, Wright RJ, 1988. Entomogenous nematodes as biological control agents of European chafer and Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) larvae infesting turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81(2):484-487 Villani MG, Wright RJ, Baker PB, 1988. Differential susceptibility of Japanese beetle, Oriental beetle, and European chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae to five soil insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81(3):785-788 Vittum PJ, 1986. Biology of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) in eastern Massachusetts. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(2):387-391 Vittum PJ, Villani MG, Tashiro H, 1999. Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press, 422 pp Wickizer SL, Gergerich RC, 2007. First report of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) as a vector of Southern bena mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus. Plant Disease, 91(5):637. HTTP://www.apsnet.org Wright RJ, Villani MG, Agudelo-Silva F, 1988. Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for control of larval European chafers and Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabpidae) in potted yew. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81(1):152-157 Zenger JT, Gibb TJ, 2001. Identification and impact of egg predators of Cyclocephala lurida Bland and Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scaraaeidae) in turfgrass. Environmental Entomology, 30:425-430
Distribution References

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, 1978. [Nos. 379-384 and 16, 64 and 215 (revised).]. In: Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A (Agricultural),
EPPO, 2014. EPPO Global database (available online). Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/
EPPO, 2020. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO.
Fleming WE, 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. In: USDA Technical Bulletin 1449, Washington, DC,
NAPIS, 2009. Reported Status of Japanese Beetle - Popillia japonica. In: Reported Status of Japanese Beetle - Popillia japonica, Washington DC, USA: USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/searchmap.php?selectName=INBPAZA
Ping L, 1988. The Popillia fauna of China., Pianze Eldonejo. 71 pp.
Reed D K, Lee M H, Kim S H, Klein M G, 1991. Attraction of scarab beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Japanese beetle lures in the Republic of Korea. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 36 (3-4), 163-174. DOI:10.1016/0167-8809(91)90013-N Tashiro H, 1987. Turfgrass insects of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, New York, USA: Cornell University Press. xiv + 391pp. Wickizer S L, Gergerich R C, 2007. First report of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) as a vector of Southern bena mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus. Plant Disease. 91 (5), 637. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637C
Contributors

27/03/2008 Updated by:

Michael Klein, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Adjunct Associate Professor, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA

Distribution Maps

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Geographic Range

Japanese beetles are native to east Asia; however, they were accidentally introduced into the United States in 1916 (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). In North America they occur from Georgia west to Missouri, north to Ontario and east to Nova Scotia, with some populations now in California (NC Co-op Extension Service).

Habitat

Japanese beetles can apparently live anywhere there is sufficient foliage to feed on. They are not limited to forests or grasslands, but often live on farms, cities, and even your garden.

Physical Description

Like all beetles, Japanese beetles have a hard exoskeleton and chewing mouthparts (Barnes, 1987). The adult beetle is 10-12 mm long with a metallic body (usually green or copper) and bronze wing covers (Fleming, 1972). These hardened wing covers are actually modified wings called elyptra (Meglitsch andSchram, 1991).

The Japanese beetle egg is white and almost translucent. It's shape is spherical and it is about 2 mm in diameter(www.ncsu.edu, 1).

The larvae are white grubs with a grayish cast to them because of the aggregation of soil and fecal material in their hindgut. They have a dark brown head and three pairs of legs. They are characterized by their "C"-shape form, grow to be about an inch long, and can be distinguished from other larvae by their "V"-shaped pattern of spines underneath their abdomen (Grupp, 1).

The pupa is usually 13 mm long and tan colored right up until the adult emerges, when it turns metallic green. Its appendages are pressed to the body, but otherwise it resembles the adult form(www.nscu.edu, 1).

Reproduction

Japanese beetle have one complete life cycle that lasts an entire year. In mid-summer, the adult beetles emerge from the pupal stage. During warm days, the beetles fly and congregate on host plants to feed and, more importantly, mate. After mating, that afternoon the females deposit one to four eggs in loose, moist soil. In the female beetle's life, she will produce 40-60 eggs. Two weeks after the eggs were deposited, the larva emerge. They feed on the fine roots of grass-like plants and remain active until cold weather, when they "hibernate" under the soil surface. When the soil warms up again in the spring, the larva move closer to the surface and resume feeding. Soon after that, the grubs remain inactive for a 10-day period until pupation begins. The pupal stage lasts for 8 to 20 days, then the adults emerge (North Carolina Extension).

Behavior

Japanese beetles travel and feed in groups. A swarm of beetles have been known to strip a peach tree in 15 minutes, leaving behind only bare branches and the fruit pits (Encyclopedia Britannica Online).

Food Habits

Japanese beetles are known to feed on a variety of trees, shrubs, grasses, and nursery plants. The adults feed on the flowers, fruit, and leaves of the such plants as grapes, peach, rose, cherry, soybea, hibiscus, Indian mallow, dahlia, zinnia, horsechestnut, willow, elder, and sassafras(NC Coop Extension).

The larva feed on the roots of grass-like plants while they overwinter(Encyclopedia Britannica Online).

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Japanese beetles are pests of agriculture and horticulture. especially in North America.

Conservation Status

This species is not protected, and in North America measures are being taken to control the spread of this pest. Insecticides kill adult beetles, but do not prevent reinfestation. Some of the beetle's natural predators such as wasps and flies have been imported from Japan to help control the population. Moles, shrews, skunks, and birds also significantly decrease the population by eating the larva form. Biological control is available using a bacterium, Bacillus popilliae, which causes milky disease in the larvae--thereby greatly reducing Japanese beetle populations (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, NCCES, Grupp).

Contributors

Shivawn Bilberry (author), Southwestern University, Stephanie Fabritius (editor), Southwestern University.

Glossary

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.

bilateral symmetry

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

ectothermic

animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature

forest

forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.

introduced

referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.

native range

the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

oriental

found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.

tropical savanna and grassland

A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.

savanna

A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.

temperate grassland

A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.

References

""Japanese beetle" Encyclopedia Britannica Online" (On-line). Accessed March 27, 2000 at http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=44344&sctn=1&pm-1.

Barnes, R. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub..

Fleming, W. 1972. Biology of the Japanese Beetle. UsDA Tech.

Grupp, S. "The Bug Review-Japanese beetle" (On-line). Accessed April 3, 2000 at http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/bugreview/japanesebeetle.html.

Meglitsch, P., F. Schram. 1991. Invertebrate Zoology, 3rd ed.. New York: Oxford University Press.

North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, "Soybean Insect Notes: Japanese Beetle" (On-line). Accessed April 3, 2000 at http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/AG271/soybeans/japanese_beetle.html.

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Japanese beetles are native to east Asia; however, they were accidentally introduced into the United States in 1916 (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). In North America they occur from Georgia west to Missouri, north to Ontario and east to Nova Scotia, with some populations now in California (NC Co-op Extension Service).

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common name: Japanese beetle
scientific name:Popillia japonica Newman (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is a widespread and destructive pest of turf, landscape, and ornamental plants in the United States. It is also a pest of several fruit, garden, and field crops, and has a total host range of more than 300 plant species. Adult Japanese beetles feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits. Leaves are typically skeletonized or left with only a tough network of veins. The larvae, commonly known as white grubs, primarily feed on roots of grasses often destroying turf in lawns, parks, and golf courses. Currently the Japanese beetle is the most widespread pest of turfgrass and costs the turf and ornamental industry approximately $450 million each year in management alone (Potter and Held 2002).

Outside of its native Japan, Popillia japonica is found in China, Russia, Portugal, Canada and the USA (CABI 2009). Since the first detection in the United States in a nursery near Riverton, New Jersey in 1916, it has spread to many states east of the Mississippi River (except Florida), as well as parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas and Oklahoma. In more recent studies, it has also been found in Texas, South Dakota, Washington, North Dakota, as well as a few spots in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Although the outbreaks in California, Oregon, and Nevada have reportedly been eradicated with chemigation (CABI 2008). Despite regulatory efforts, by 2002 it had become established in at least 30 states ( status map)( More detailed status map). Of the states in the southern region, climatological studies predict that it will establish in all states bordering the Gulf of Mexico (Johnson and Lyon 1991) although the beetle still remains unable to establish in Florida.

Favorable climate, availability of wide variety of host plants, and lack of important natural enemies have influenced the spread of Japanese beetle in the United States (Fleming 1972). The expanding area of turfgrass has also provided excellent breeding ground for the beetles whose grubs continue to be the most damaging pest of turf in the northeastern U.S. (Cranshaw 2004).

The following description of Popillia japonica biology is based on the detailed account by Fleming (1972).

Adult: The adult is an attractive and broadly oval beetle, 8 to 11 mm long (1/3 to 1/2 inch) and 5 to 7 mm (~1/4 inch) wide with females normally being larger than males. It is generally metallic green, with bronze or coppery-brown wing covers that do not completely cover the abdomen. The five patches of white hairs on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment distinguish Popillia japonica from all other similar looking beetles.

Egg: Newly deposited egg may be spherical, ellipsoidal or slightly cylindrical and usually have a diameter of about 1.5 mm. It may be translucent to creamy white with small hexagonal areas on the surface. During embryo development, the egg enlarges to double its initial size and becomes almost spherical.

Larva: Translucent and creamy white, the grub is covered with scattered long brown hairs interspersed with short, blunt, spines. The head is yellowish-brown with strong dark-colored mandibles and the body consists of three thoracic and ten abdominal segments. Each thoracic segment bears a pair of segmented legs. Accumulation of fecal matter in the hindgut may give a grayish to dark appearance to the posterior end. As typical of a scarab larva, the grub is C-shaped when at rest.

Figure 5. Larvae (grubs) of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Photograph by John A. Weidhass, Virginia Tech, www.forestryimages.org.

Pupa: Pupation takes place within an earthen cell formed by the last larval instar; the pupa is about 14 mm (1/2 inch) long and 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide. Its color ranges from pale cream to metallic green depending upon the age.

In most parts of its range, the Japanese beetle completes its life-cycle in one year, but some populations in cooler climates may complete their development in two years (Vittum 1986). Appearance of adult, the timing of oviposition and subsequent development have been shown to vary with latitude, altitude, and also from year to year (Fleming 1972). Adults emerge in mid-May in the warmer climates of Georgia and North Carolina. More northern populations in Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire have adult emergence from late June to early July.

Males emerge a few days earlier than females but eventually the population maintains a sex ratio of 1:1 (Fleming 1972, Régnière et al. 1981). Mating begins soon after emergence as virgin females release powerful sex pheromones that immediately attract large number of males. In an attempt to mate, the attracted males form a congregation around the unmated female, forming clusters referred to as beetle "balls" but mating rarely occurs under such intense competition (Ladd 1970).

Selection of a site for oviposition is influenced by proximity to host plant, nature of ground cover, and the soil condition. In suburban areas where turf is abundant, most beetles feeding on trees, shrubs, and vines deposit their eggs in the nearby grass (Fleming 1972). Although Popillia japonica generally lays most of its eggs on pastures, lawns and golf courses, eggs may also be deposited in agricultural fields. During dry summers when pastures are hard and dry, beetles are known to seek cultivated and fallow fields with loose and moist soil.

The ovipositing female burrows into the soil at a depth of 2 to 4 inches and deposits one to three eggs (singly). It will emerge the next day, or sometimes after three or four days and continue to feed, remate and may enter the soil for more than sixteen times during its adult life, to deposit a total of 40 to 60 eggs (Fleming 1972).

Eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days. The first instar feeds on nearby rootlets and organic matter for two to three weeks and molts for the first time. The second instar continues to feed for another three to four weeks and molts to a third instar. The majority of grubs reach the third instar by the fall when soil temperature gradually decreases. The activity of the grub ceases around 10°C (50°F) and most larvae overwinter as third instar at a depth of 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches). With the beginning of spring, the grubs return to the plant roots to resume feeding for four to six weeks until they are ready to pupate. Pupation usually occurs near the soil surface, and takes one to three weeks. Adults emerge from mid-May in warmer areas and June-July in cooler climates.

The life of adult beetles is relatively short under high temperatures and long under low temperatures (Fleming 1972). Studies with Japanese beetles under captivity have shown variations as wide as nine to 74 days in males and 17 to 105 days in females; the generally accepted range is 30 to 45 days (Fleming 1972).

More than 300 species of plants are known to be host to Japanese beetle. The following are some of the better-known primary and secondary hosts (CABI 2004).

Primary hosts: Acer (maples), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus), Glycine max (soybean), Malus (ornamental species apple), Prunus (stone fruit including plums, peaches etc), Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Rosa (roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Tilia (limes), Ulmus (elms), Vitis (grapes), Zea mays (corn).

Figure 8. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on soybean leaves. Photograph by USDA ARS, www.forestryimages.org.

Figure 9. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on apple leaves. Photograph by Clemson University, USDA Slide Series, www.forestryimages.org.

Figure 10. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on rose bloom. Photograph by Anne_Sophie Roy, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, www.forestryimages.org.

Figure 11. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on leaf. Photograph by Ariane McCorquodale, UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology, DPM.

Figure 12. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on grape leaf. Photograph by Clemson University, USDA Slide Series, www.forestryimages.org.

Figure 13. Adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding damage on corn tassel. Photograph by Anne_Sophie Roy, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, www.forestryimages.org.

Secondary hosts: Aesculus (buckeyes), Althaea (hollyhocks), Betula (birches), Castanea (chestnuts), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Juglans nigra (American walnut), Platanus (planes), Populus (poplars), Salix (willow), Sassafras albidum (common sassafras), Sorbus americana (American mountain ash), turf grasses.

Wild hosts: Lagerstroemia indica (crepe myrtle), Polygonum (knotweed/smartweed)

Both adults and larvae cause plant damage, but the host and nature of damage are usually different. Adults cause damage on foliage and flowers of a wide range of hosts and are most active on warm sunny days. The feeding on the upper leaf surface usually results in skeletonization. The grubs, which primarily feed on roots of grasses cause considerable damage to pasture, lawn and golf courses. Feeding damage on roots reduces the ability of grass to take up enough water to withstand stresses of hot and dry weather, and result in dead patches.

The aboveground feeding of adult Japanese beetle on multiple hosts, compared to the root feeding of grubs primarily on turf calls for different management strategy. In order to manage the Japanese beetle population, control efforts need to address both adult and larval population through an approach that integrates the following methods:

Physical Removal and Exclusion: In a small area, beetles can be physically removed from the plants on cool mornings when they are less active. They can also be collected in a bucket of soapy water by shaking the host plant (Ladd 1976). High value plants may be protected with nets during peak beetle activity.

Attractants and Trapping: Commercially available Japanese beetle traps are useful in reducing small, recently established, or isolated populations. However, their correct placement is important, as lures and traps placed adjacent to host plants attract more beetles and result in heavier damage (Gordon and Potter 1985). Even though these devices are most useful for monitoring populations and detecting new infestations, their deployment for mass trapping to suppress established populations is considered rather ineffective (Potter and Held 2002).

Cultural Control: During dry summers, female beetles seek irrigated and low lying areas for oviposition since soil moisture is essential for egg survival and larval development. Withholding of irrigation during peak beetle flight activity may reduce grub population in turf (Potter et al. 1996). Powered rotovation of soil to a depth of at least 10 cm during drier conditions around fall has proven to minimize survival of larvae, along with the removal of host plants in smaller infestations (EPPO 2016).

Chemical Control: Since Japanese beetle is not yet reported as a pest problem in Florida, chemical recommendations are not currently available in the UF/IFAS Insect Management Guide. The USDA has provided on their website a very easy to follow and detailed handbook of ways to help curb and manage a Japanese beetle population through the use of IPM techniques and synergistic management options ( USDA Japanese beetle handbook) Individuals in other states should also contact their county Cooperative Extension Service office for local

Biological Control: Two species of tiphiid wasps, Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and Tiphia popilliavora Rohwer have proven successful biocontrol agents against Japanese beetles grubs (Fleming 1976). Tiphia vernalis attacks overwintering grubs, whereas Tiphia popilliavora attacks young grubs in late summer. A tachinid fly, Istocheta aldrichi (Mesnil), parasitizes adult Japanese beetles.

Ants and ground beetles feed on eggs and young larvae; moles, skunks, and racoons also prey on the grubs although their foraging activity may often be destructive to turf (Potter 1998).

An entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kushidai (Mamiya), has been observed to cause mortality rates comparable to an organophosphate insecticide, diazinon (Koppenhöfer et al. 2000). It is specific to scarab larvae and the effect of inundative releases have lasted in the field for one to two years. Its use in combination with other chemical products is known to produce a synergistic effect. Two other nematodes known to be most effective against Japanese beetle grubs are Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar). Proper application knowledge of entomopathogenic nematodes is required for maximum effectiveness, as improper application can result in greatly reduced efficacy because of nematode climate sensitivity.

Dusts containing spores of Bacillus popilliae (Dutky), the causal agent of milky disease have been used in the past with satisfactory results but isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis, designated as serovar japonensis strain Buibui (Btj), has subsequently been found to be more effective (Potter and Held 2002).

CAB International. (2009). Crop Protection Compendium. http://www.cabicompendium.org/ (09 January 2019).

Cranshaw W. 2004. Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

EPPO. (2004). Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. PQR database (version 4.3). http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/QP_insects.htm (09 January 2019).

Fleming WE. 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. USDA Technical Bulletin 1449, Washington, DC.

Fleming WE. 1976. Integrating control of the Japanese beetle - a historical review. USDA Technical Bulletin 1545, Washington, DC.

Gordon FC, Potter DA. 1985. Efficiency of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) traps in reducing defoliation of plants in the urban landscape and effect on larval density in turf. Journal of Economic Entomology 78: 774-778.

Johnson WT, Lyon HH. 1991. Insects that Feed on Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.

Koppenhöfer AM, Wilson M, Brown I, Kaya HK, Gaugler R. 2000. Biological control agents for white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in anticipation of the establishment of the Japanese beetle in California. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 71-87.

Krishik V. (2001). Japanese beetle management in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension Service. http://www.extension.umn.edu/ (09 January 2019).

Ladd TL Jr. 1970. Sex attraction in the Japanese beetle. Journal of Economic Entomology 63: 905-908.

Ladd TL Jr. 1976. Controlling the Japanese beetle. USDA Home and Garden Bulletin, 159.

NAPIS. (1998). National Agricultural Pest Information Service. Washington, DC, USA: USDA/APHIS. http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/ (09 January 2019).

Potter DA. 1998. Destructive Insects: Biology, Diagnosis, and Control. Chelsea MI: Ann Arbor Press. 344 pp.

Potter DA, Held DW. 2002. Biology and management of Japanese. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 175-205.

Potter DA, Powell AJ, Spicer PG, Williams DW. 1996. Cultural practices affect root-feeding white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology 89: 156-164.

Régnière J, Rabb RL, Stinner RE. 1981. Popillia japonica: simulation of temperature-dependent development of the immatures, and prediction of adult emergence. Environmental Entomology 10: 290-296.

USDA-APHIS. (April 2004). Managing the Japanese Beetle. Federal Citizen Information Center. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/pub_phjbeetle04.pdf (09 January 2019).

USDA/ARS. (April 2010). Geraniums could help control devastating Japanese beetle. ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100308132134.htm (09 January 2019).

Vittum PJ. 1986. Biology of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in eastern Massachusetts. Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 387-391.

EPPO. 2016. Popillia japonica: Procedures for official control. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin 46: 543-556.

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japanese beetle popillia japonica coleoptera scarabaeidae jamba gyeltshen amanda hodges

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The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is a widespread and destructive pest of turf, landscape, and ornamental plants in the United States. It is also a pest of several fruit, garden, and field crops, and has a total host range of more than 300 plant species.

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It is thought that the beetle got into the United States in a shipment before inspections.

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Japanese Beetle

What is the Japanese Beetle?

The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) is an invasive insect pest that can cause extensive damage to your favorite trees and shrubs. It eats the tender tissues between the veins of the leaves of plants that it attacks and all that's left of the leaves are the brown, skeletal remains.

How did the Japanese Beetle get to the United States?

The Japanese beetle is native to Japan. The insect was first discovered in the United States in 1916 near Riverton, New Jersey in a nursery. It is thought that beetle larvae got into the United States in a shipment of iris bulbs before inspections of imported goods entering the country began in 1912.

Where are the Japanese beetles in Iowa?

The beetle was first confirmed in Iowa in the mid-1990's in Scott County and has been steadily moving west across the state. Click here for current distribution.

What kind of plants do they eat?

While they have been found to attack a wide variety of plants, Japanese Beetles are especially attracted to sweet smells and, as such, particularly enjoy rose bushes, linden, elm and grape vines. The grubs or larval stage of the insect feed on the roots of turf grass. Thus both life forms are troublesome to the home landscape.

What should I do if I have Japanese beetles on my home landscape?

There are several things to consider:

For a small infestation, you can hand pick or knock beetles into a bucket of soapy water the first beetles you see, usually in late June and July. These first beetles send out pheromones that attract more beetles to the area.

Plant a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and perennials, which is always the best defense against any pest or disease threat. While defoliated trees and shrubs do not look attractive, consider tolerating the damage. Defoliation typically will not kill a tree or shrub, but it does cause stress. Minimize additional stress by mulching around the tree (mulch regulates soil temperature, retains moistures, prevents mower and weed whip damage, and more) and watering if there is a dry period.

Japanese Beetle traps attract the beetles with flowery scents and pheromones and are not recommended, as they attract more beetles than they catch. Put another way, they do more harm than good.

There are insecticides you can purchase at your local garden center to kill the adult beetles, as well as products to control the larvae or grubs. Read directions carefully, and know that treating for grubs probably won't have an impact on the adults you see the next year and treating for adults probably won't have a noticeable impact on grubs. Treatments will need to be repeated.

Will my trees and plants survive being eaten by the Japanese Beetles?

Japanese Beetles can cause significant stress to trees and plants through defoliation, but defoliation by itself will not likely kill the plant. Try to prevent additional stress on trees and shrubs by mulching, providing adequate watering during dry periods, and limiting pruning until the dormant season (December- March). Repeated infestations year after year can worsen this stress. Depending upon many other factors and if the plant is defoliated year after year, the trees and plants may begin a slow process of decline.

For more information see this ISU Extension Horticulture and Home Pest story

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The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) is an invasive insect pest that can cause extensive damage to your favorite trees and shrubs. It eats the tender tissues between the veins of the leaves of plants that it attacks and all that's left of the leaves are the brown, skeletal remains.

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Was the introduction intentional or accidental? Explain.

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Was the introduction intentional or accidental? Explain.

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yes i was accidental a laeva got stuck to a shipment container .

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What is the species impact on the ecosystem?

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What is the species impact on the ecosystem?

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the japanese beetle has a negative impact it is often called a pest.

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The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is a highly destructive plant pest of foreign origin. It was first found in the United States in 1916 and has since spread to most states east of, and immediately to the west of, the Mississippi River. It has also spread to some western States, but tough regulations and careful monitoring have prevented its establishment elsewhere. The Japanese beetle has become a serious plant pest and a threat to American agriculture.

Both as adults and as grubs (the larval stage), Japanese beetles are destructive plant pests. Feeding on grass roots, the grubs damage lawns, golf courses, and pastures. Attacking foliage, flowers, or fruits, the adults feed on more than 300 different ornamental and agricultural plants. Scientists with USDA's ARS and APHIS have developed an integrated pest management (IPM) program that combines biological, cultural, and chemical strategies. In support of this plan, the Midwest Climate Hub Fellow, Dr. Erica Kistner-Thomas modeled how climate change may impact the distribution and voltinism (generations produced per year) of the Japanese beetle. Model projections indicate increases in temperature would enable northward range expansion across Canada while simultaneously shifting southern range limits in the United States northward.

For more on Erica's work, check out resources below.
Peer-Reviewed Publications The Potential Global Distribution and Voltinism of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Current and Future Climates

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Climate Change Impacts on Japanese Beetle

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The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is a highly destructive plant pest of foreign origin. It was first found in the United States in 1916 and has since spread to most states east of, and immediately to the west of, the Mississippi River.

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How can we prevent more invasions from this organism?

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How can we prevent more invasions from this organism?

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you can get rid of japanese beetle by limit or removing plants by your home school anywhere .

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Just when a garden looks good, ravenous Japanese beetles can promptly emerge in the heart of summer to devour the gardener's favorite plants.

Discovered in the U.S in 1916, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is widespread in many states east of the Mississippi River (except Florida). The insect has been established in Wisconsin since the 1990s.

Both adult and the grub stage of Japanese beetles cause serious damage to many landscape plants (more than 320 species) and turf grasses. The adult beetles skeletonize the leaves by chewing between the veins of the leaf tissues, devour the flowers (roses) and fruits (raspberries), and ultimately weaken the plant. Roses, birch, linden, grapes, raspberries, Norway maples, beans, apples, plum, crabapples, elms, beech, asparagus and rhubarb are some of its favorite delicacies.

Huge swarms of these beetles can emerge in Wisconsin, with peak activity for six to eight weeks. Adult beetles are active during the daytime and can fly an average of 1 to 2 miles. The female beetle lays eggs on the ground, which hatch in about two weeks into white grubs that damages turf grass roots.

An adult Japanese beetle is one-half inch long with a shiny metallic green body, coppery brown wings and a small tuft of white hairs surrounding its sides and posterior.
Management options
Control options for adult Japanese beetles and their grubs vary depending on the landscape plants. No spray treatment is needed for mature trees and shrubs because they have more tolerance to the feeding damage caused by the adults and will leaf out again the next year.

Here are several tips on how to minimize these pests:

1. Small landscape plants such as roses, vegetable crops, strawberries and raspberries can be protected using floating row cover (white polyester spun bonded fabric) from afternoon until late evening hours. This fabric can be draped over the plant and pinned it to the ground. However, it should not be used on blooming vegetable crops like pumpkins and squash, as they require bees for pollination.

2. Hand-picking and drowning the beetles in soapy water is an option if their population is low.

3. For larger populations, standard contact insecticides can be used. Acelepryn (the active ingredient is chlorantraniliprole) is relatively new in the market and is known to provide good control on Japanese beetles as a foliar application; it is less toxic to bees compared to standard insecticides containing active ingredients like carbaryl, imidacloprid, permethrin, bifenthrin or malathion. Because these standard insecticides harm bees, they should be sprayed on small-size woody ornamentals and perennials only after they bloom. The product label includes instructions and a bee toxicity warning.

4. On fruits and vegetables, standard organic products such as neem oil and spinosad can be sprayed after the blooming period. The product label has instructions and information on the post-harvest interval period and safety. For maximum control, these products should be sprayed during the afternoon when the beetles are in peak activity. The application should be repeated once every five to 10 days until mid-August.

5. Japanese beetle traps should not be used for control, as they will attract thousands of beetles to a garden and can lead to more damage.

6. Turf should not be irrigated during the beetle's active season to help prevent the insect from laying eggs there.

7. A preventive grub insecticide (with an active ingredient containing imidacloprid, halofenzide, clothianidin or thiamethoxam) can be scheduled for application to lawns before the end of July to prevent eggs from hatching. A granular formulation is best. Before application, flowering weeds such as clovers should be mowed in the lawn to prevent bee toxicity. Alternatively, acelepryn insecticide can be used as a preventive application. Immediately after application, the area should be watered with one-eighth inch to leach the product into the thatch layer.

8. By mid-August, a curative insecticide (carbaryl, clothianidin or trichlorfon) can be used to control young grubs in a lawn. Flowering weeds should be mowed before application and the lawn should be lightly watered afterward.

University of Wisconsin-Extension Horticulture publishes detailed information about gardening and landscape plants, and local Extension offices can provide additional advice.
Vijai Pandian is a horticultural agent and educator for the University of Wisconsin-Extension Brown County. This article is adapted from an item originally published by the Green Bay Press Gazette.

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8 Tips For Preventing Japanese Beetles From Overtaking A Garden

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Just when a garden looks good, ravenous Japanese beetles can promptly emerge in the heart of summer to devour the gardener's favorite plants. Discovered in the U.S in 1916, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica ) is widespread in many states east of the Mississippi River (except Florida).