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Learnodo Newtonic. Anirudh, September 13,2018

https://learnodo-newtonic.com/john-dalton-facts

Bohr’s model of hydrogen.Khan Academy, accessed october 28,2020

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms-ap/history-of-atomic-structure-ap/a/bohrs-model-of-hydrogen

Ernest Rutherford. Encylopædia Britannica. Published October 21,2020

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford
What Is The Electron Cloud Model?. Universe Today. Published December 06,2016

https://www.universetoday.com/38282/electron-cloud-model/

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In a collection of papers, Schrödinger addressed the topic of wave functions and electrons in 1926. A partial differential equation that explains how a quantum system's quantum state varies over

time , in addition to explaining what would become known as the Schrodinger equation. As well as the Schrodinger equation, this formed the basis of what would come to be known as the Electron Cloud Concept.

The Electron Cloud Model differs from the Bohr Model in that the exact location of an electron is not determined by it. Rather, based on a function of probability, it estimates the possible direction of the electron 's location.

Basically, the probability function represents a cloud-like area where the electron, hence the term, is expected to be detected. The possibility of having the electron is greater where the cloud is more dense; and where the electron is least likely to be, the cloud is less dense.

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A scientific area of research known as quantum mechanics appeared at the turn of the 20th century. The Danish physicist Niels Bohr was one of the founders of this field, who was interested in understanding the discrete line spectrum observed when various elements emit light. The composition of the atom, which was a matter of much discussion at the time, also fascinated Bohr.

Several models of the atom, including the observation of

the electron by Thomson were suggested based on experimental findings. The planetary model was inspired by Bohr, in which electrons revolved around a positively charged nucleus, like the rings around Saturn, or the planets around the sun.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-J-Thomson

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The charge-to - mass ratio of the most common ion, later called

the electron, was studied by Rutherford, while Rutherford investigated other ion-producing radiation. First Rutherford looked at ultraviolet radiation and then at uranium-emitted radiation. Uranium placing near thin foils showed to Rutherford that the radiation was more complicated than previously thought: a very thin foil was readily absorbed or obscured by one type, but the same thin foils were also penetrated by another type.

Ernest Rutherford discovered that the molecule, with almost all its

mass contained in a tiny central nucleus, is largely empty space. The nucleus is positively charged and the negatively charged electrons are encircled at a considerable distance.

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The most significant line of work of Thomson stopped only for lectures at Princeton University in 1896, might be what led him to conclude in 1897 that all matter, regardless of its source, involves particles of the same kind that are far less powerful than the atoms of which they form a component. While he initially called them corpuscles, they are now called electrons.

Thomson's experiments with cathode ray tubes revealed that all atoms contain tiny subatomic particles or electrons which are negatively charged. Thomson suggested the atom's plum pudding concept, which had negatively charged electrons trapped inside a' broth' that was positively charged.

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Dalton began keeping a meteorological diary in 1787, in which he reported more than 200,000 observations over the next 57 years. Dalton's Meteorological Studies and Essays were his first published work in 1793, at the age of 27. It contained fascinating insights and original thoughts, but it received little interest.

An abstract theory was first introduced by Democritus where everything was composed of "atoms" which were indivisible.

For his atomic theory, which he created after doing several experiments, Dalton used the word atom. His hypothesis, among other things, suggested that any type of matter was made up of

small indivisible particles and that during chemical reactions they mixed, divided, or rearranged to form compounds.

The Atomic Theory of Dalton laid the basis of modern chemistry.

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The electron was a 3-D waveform that, in a whole number of wavelengths, circled the nucleus having caused the waveform to duplicate itself with a balanced standing wave representing the Bohr model's energy levels.

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The model showed that electrons are at set energy levels called orbits. The energy of these orbits are multiple, and at some wavelengths the electrons

capture or release protons to move between energy levels.

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The Gold Foil experiment, that lead to the finding of the atomic nucleus and that the atom is mostly air, found the nuclear model. The mass was much less in volume and looked to be located in the core of the atom.

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To counter the negative charges of the electrons, the atom consists of electrons surrounded

by a positive charge broth, such as negatively charged "plums" surrounded by positively charged "pudding."

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The model of the solid sphere shows that an atom without other elements is nothing more than a singular, solid particle.

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                                                                                                                                          -- The 5 Scientist Behind The Atoms --

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                                                                                                                                          -- The 5 Scientist Behind The Atoms --

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                                                                                                                                        -- The 5 Atomic Models --

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                                                                                                                                        -- The 5 Atomic Models --