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https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intolerance.

"INTOLERANCE | Meaning In The Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.Cambridge.Org, 2019,

Mohammed, Jeniffer Anne. Caribbean Studies For CAPE® Examinations. 2nd ed.

"Oppression". Goodtherapy.Org Therapy Blog, 2019, https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/oppression.

Pocket Oxford English Dictionary. 10th ed., Oxford University Press Inc, 2019, p. 579.

"Resistance – Subcultures And Sociology". Haenfler.Sites.Grinnell.Edu, 2019, https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/subcultural-theory-and-theorists/resistance/.

Thompson, Kevin et al. CAPE Caribbean Studies Revision Guide.

"What Is Opression". Kalamazoo College Arcus Center For Social Justice Leadership, 2019, https://reason.kzoo.edu › csjl › assets › What_is_Oppression. Accessed 29 Nov 2019.

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Are Caribbean people attitude that of anti-authority and if so is it justified?

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Are Caribbean people attitude that of anti-authority and if so is it justified?

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In considering all the various systems that were historically and currently implemented by the past and present power figures in the Caribbean. It is said that not only did they brought a legacy of oppression and injustice to Caribbean people but also resulted in the build-up of mistrust and intolerance towards all power figures and any system implemented that can be seen as a form of domination and superiority over Caribbean people as Caribbean people will continue to resist these systems. Thereby, it is understood that the ideology that all power figure's intentions are to take advantage of Caribbean people resulted in the prevalent anti-authority attitude towards power figures. Hense proving that to a large extent that the Caribbean today is characterized by grave intolerance and mistrust at all levels specifically to the power figures in the Caribbean. however, is also concluded that this attitude towards these systems and power figures then assisted in the liberation of the Caribbean with respect to its identity.

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The Westminister system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards the power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Westminister system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards the power figures in the Caribbean:

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In current Caribbean society, we now use variations of the 'Westminister system of government' which is a democratic system that takes into consideration of the rule of law whose purpose is to give basic democracy, human rights and ensure the promotion of social stability and legal certainty (Mohammed). Though, the Westminister system assists in the transition from anti-democratic colonial rule to democracy and colonial-independence(Mohammed). Then lies the question, why is there a continued mistrust and intolerance to the power figures that implemented this system? This may be as a result of not only this system was introduced by the English (the parliamentary Westminister system of government to Trinidad and Tobago) but is still associated with the different ethnic groups brought to the Caribbean by the colonial powers hence excluding other ethnic groups (Mohammed). It also develops Caribbean politics around ethnic and partisan lines with the power figures who tend to hold on to power for an extensive period of time thereby resulting in the exclusion of ethnic groups (Mohammed). However, one of the main issues is that there is no separation between the executive and legislative groups thereby ultimately comprising democracy as that political party becomes all-powerful (Mohammed). Hence, should Caribbean people have trust and tolerance towards not only the power figures but the systems implemented?

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Political Corruption - Adult Thoughts On Voting

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The Indentureship system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Indentureship system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Indentureship system was another system of production that involved the recruitment of labourers mainly of East Indians to work on the plantations on a contractual period to which they were promised benefits as a reward for their services (Thompson et al.). However, similarly to all the other ill-conceived systems, this system resulted in the abuse and mistreat of the indentured labourers such that they gain intolerance and mistrust to the power figures who also had intolerance towards the indentured labourers social and cultural framework causing the indentured labourers to resist. These acts of resistance included:

The abandonment of their contract to instead work for their peers who owned their owned business

The withdrawal of their governments in the Indentureship endorsement scheme

(Thompson et al.)

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The Plantation system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Plantation system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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It is said that the plantation system, was a method of production system implemented by the Europeans in the Caribbean as a means of social control because those who labored were subjected to rules and regulations though not as brutal and intense as the Encomienda and chattel slavery system, it still served the purpose of emphasizing and highlighting the European hegemony and social and cultural domination and superiority (Thompson et al.). The restrictions and oppression that came with the plantation system of the enslaved Africans led to the intolerance of the inhumane conditions associated with the plantation system and further mistrust in the European masters the led a various resistance and responses such as:

Often feigned illness to escape labor.

The use of a language barrier and the pretending of misunderstanding instructions was done to resist their overseers.

The maiming of animals used in the production or destruction of plantation equipment was done to prevent productivity and work, etc. (Thompson et al.)

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 The Chattel slavery system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean: 

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 The Chattel slavery system contribution to the mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean: 

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Firstly, it is important to note that in that era (time period), slavery had existed in most parts of the world that is in the ancient and medieval times such that the area where the enslaved was located determined their type of work done and laboriousness. In contrast to the role of African chief of the West African slavery who aimed for political and economic advancement, the Chattel slavery in the Caribbean was known as a total institution. The term “Chattel” African slavery was used to describe the enslavement practiced in the Caribbean region such that it determined all aspects of life, social, economic and political framework of the enslaved African people. This type of system resulted in the stripping of the enslaved sense of personhood, suppression of any rights, and led to their mental and physical destruction.  Hence, an apparent intolerance and lack of trust towards the European masters and the system they implemented was established such that the following acts of resistance were done in the forms of non-violent, ‘maroonage’ and violent/revolts:

The sabotaging of tools and machinery as well as the deliberate misplacing of tools.

Pretending to be ill

Pretending to not understand or to misunderstand orders

The mocking of the whites

Various forms of suicide and abortions

Formation of hybridized religion and culture, language and art forms.

Escaping to remote areas.

The establishment of ‘Maroon’ communities in order to retain less-diluted African cultural influences than on the plantations.

The burning of cane fields or destruction to mills in an attempt to resist domination.

The starting of revolutions in which the first success was in Haiti of the latter 18 th century. (Thompson et al.)

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The Encomienda system contribution to mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Encomienda system contribution to mistrust and intolerance towards power figures in the Caribbean:

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The Encomienda system that was implemented by the Spaniards who had conquered the people of the Caribbean used this policy as a way to have control and dominate the native population such that the policy allowed them to establish Spain’s cultural, social and racial superiority and dominance as well as the right to the native’s produce, gold or personal services in exchange for “protection”  and the Spaniard's religious instruction in the Roman Catholic faith (Mohammed 44) . However, this system resulted in the mistreat of the natives with respect to hunger, being overworked, harsh punishments, near genocide, etc. As a result, a lack of trust and intolerance was formed towards the Spaniards resulting in the natives performing active and passive resistance in an attempt to defend themselves. These acts include:

The forming rebel groups to hide away in the mountainous regions of the Caribbean territories.

Battle with the Spanish

The committing of infanticide in order to save their children from the abuse of the Spanish

The committing of suicide etc (Thompson et al.)

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What influenced the mistrust and intolerance towards the Authority/ power figures in the Caribbean?

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What influenced the mistrust and intolerance towards the Authority/ power figures in the Caribbean?

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With reference to the definitions/ terms and investigating deeper into Caribbean history, it was theorized and understood that the implemented political and economic systems only led to the imprisonment, enslavement and oppression of Caribbean people with respect to the Encomienda system, the Chattel slavery system, the plantation system and the Indentureship system. These systems can therefore be recognized as the origin of the mistrust and intolerance towards the authority/power figures that formed these ill-conceived systems hence resulting in the passive and active resistance of Caribbean people to obtain their identity and independence/freedom.

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The term Resistance has an ambiguous meaning however, in reference to a society, Resistance can be defined as, ‘a complex social phenomenon that can include a broad range of behaviors and actions. Resistance can occur at the micro level of individual people all the way to the macro level of protests that brings down whole governments,' ("Resistance – Subcultures And Sociology"). Resistance, therefore mainly occur among subcultures such that subculturalists oppose a culture they view as hegemonic and see the dominant culture as one that enforces conformity,’ ("Resistance – Subcultures And Sociology") whereas  hegemony refers to, ‘ the political, economic or military predominance or control of one state over others,’ (Thompson et al.  88). Resistance can exist as passive and active resistance which is differentiated by passive resistance referring to resisting hegemonic cultural norms and engage in a deviant lifestyle without intending to change the larger system while active resistance is a more intentionally obvious attempt to disrupt the status quo however both aims to undermine the hegemonic social meanings and power relationships that influence our actions in many ways ("Resistance – Subcultures And Sociology").

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First and foremost, the definition of oppression is debatable such that it can refer to various circumstances and to different groups/ subgroups of people. However, ultimately oppression can be defined as, ‘the unfair or cruel use of power to control another person or group. The term is often used in a political context to refer to the oppression of minority groups such as women and racial minorities,’ ("Oppression"). For this analysis, the occurrence of oppression will be reviewed under political circumstances and it’s impact on the Caribbean will be highlighted, whereby it manifested itself as systemic, structural, historically naturalized, and institutionalized violence  that then became normalized through hegemony, ideology, sheer repetition of dominant discourse, etc ("What Is Opression") .

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Firstly, we must be able to define and understand the key terms involved in analyzing the possible intolerance and mistrust of Caribbean people towards the power figures:

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Currently, in Today’s Caribbean society, it can be argued that the attitude of the Caribbean people is that of anti-authority with respect to any power figure. This ideology may be a result of personal cause for complaint or unfairness or it may be a result of the historical trauma Caribbean people faced with respect to the various types of oppression and injustice that was forced upon them by the previous ‘masters’  who implemented systems  that weren’t only for their economic benefit but also as an attempt to show dominance and have full control over Caribbean people. These systems as a result not only took advantage of Caribbean people but also degraded and stripped them of their identity. It was then up to Caribbean people to find ways in coping with these systems or to unite together and fight against/ resist these systems to regain their identity and some sort of freedom/independence back hence arising the questions; is Caribbean people attitude that of anti-authority? where did it possibly originate from?, how did the possible causes resulted in this type of attitude becoming part of the Caribbean culture/identity and is it justified?

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'To have no trust in, or a lack of trust.'(Pocket Oxford English Dictionary)

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'The fact of refusing to accept ideas, beliefs, or behavior that are different from your own'("INTOLERANCE | Meaning In The Cambridge English Dictionary")