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Group Members :
1. Ng Kok Leong (130215)
2. Huang Lee Jin (130181)
3. Jalilatul Nikdar binti Mustapa (130183)
4. Nurdiyana binti Mohamad Nor Azman (129978)
5. Siti Soffia binti Mohamad Zaini (130244)

A) Agnathostomata
Unique characteristics:
i) Lack of jaws and instead have unhinged circular mouths.
ii) Lack of paired appendages (fins or limbs) that are found in other vertebrate.

Example Species : Myxini glutinosa (hagfish), Lampetra fluviatilis (lamprey)

B) Sarcopterygii
Unique characteristics:
i) Has lobe in the fins.
ii) Has enamel on the teeth.

Example Species : Neoceratodus forsteri (Queensland lungfish),
Latimeria chalumnae (West Indian Ocean coelacanth)

C) Elasmobranchii
Unique characteristics:
i) Have rows of replaceable teeth and the 5 to 7 gill slits on each side of their body.
ii)Have many highly-developed senses including amazing ability to perceive tiny changes in electricity around them.

Example Species : Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Grey reef shark), Manta birostris (The giant manta ray)

D) Actinopterygii
Unique characteristics:
i) The fins are supported by rays, as the name indicates.
ii) The swim bladder is present, enabling them to maintain buoyancy.

Example Species : Bovichtus variegatus (Thornfish), Pterophyllum (Angelfish)

E) Holocephalan
Unique characteristics:
i)  They lack stomach, food moving directly into intestine.
ii) Their tail are long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins.

Example Species : Chimaera bahamaensis (Bahamas ghost shark), Callorhinchus callorynchus (Elephantfish)

F) Neopterygii
Unique characteristics:
i) Have a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities.
ii) Acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches.

Example Species : Amia calva (The modern bowfin), Atractosteus spatula (Alligator gar)

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Group Members:
1. Joachim Lee Ming Jiun (130184)
2. Masturina Binti Shahruddin (131298)
3. Noranis Shahida Binti Shahidan (130219)
4. Fatin Nabila Binti Abdullah (130175)
5. Nur Solehatunnisaa Binti Wakimin (130228)

a) Agnathostomata
unique characteristic:
- the internal skeleton of agnathans is not bony but cartilaginous
- lack hinged upper and lower jaws and instead have unhinged circular mouths
species:
- Lampetra fluviatilis
- Eptatretus stoutti
b) Sarcopterygii
unique characteristic:
-scales are true scaloids, consisting of lamellar bone surrounded by layes of vascular bone, dentine-like cosmine, and external keratin
-possess teeth covered with true enamel
species:
- Neuceratodus fosteri
- Latimeria chalumnae
c) Elasmobranchii
unique characteristic:
-  have many highly-developed senses, including an ability to perceive tiny changes in electricity around them
-  their skeletons are made up of a strong, flexible, and light material called cartilage
species:
- Narcine bancroftii
- Heterodontus francisci
d) Actinopterygii
unique characteristic:
-fins supported by rays
-swim bladder enables them to maintain buoyancy
species:
- Psychrolutes marcidus (blobfish)
- Atractosteus spatula (alligator gar)
e) Holocephalan
unique characteristic:
- fin attached to body via fin rays
-has branchiostegal rays
species:
- Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (catfish)
- Chromobotia macracanthus (clown loach)
f) Neopterygii
unique characteristic:
- has heterocercal tail
- has spiral valve intestine
species:
- Atractosteus tropicus
- Amia calva

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Group Member :
Aina Mahfuzah Bt. Mohd. Ali Khan
Aqilah Hanani Bt. Mohd. Razani
Siti Nur Najihah Bt. Yahaya
Alyaa Syairah Bt. Johan (131248)
Radin Suhartini Rahayu Bt. Radin Sudar Sono

a)Agnathostomata

Unique characteristic :

1. Hagfish can also twist their bodies into a knot to gain a mechanical advantage while feeding and are notorious for eating carcasses from the inside out.
2.The skeleton of a hagfish is composed of cartilage, which includes a cartilaginous notochord that runs the length of the body.

Species : Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Hagfish (Eptatretus goliath)

b)Sarcopterygii

Unique characteristic :

1. lobbed-finned fishes and teeth covered with true enamel.
2. Pectoral and pelvic fin have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs.

Species : Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), Lungfish (Dipnoid)

c)Elasmobranchii

Unique characteristic :

1. The pelvic fins in males are modified to create claspers for the transfer of sperm.
2. There is no swim bladder, instead, these fish maintain buoyancy with large livers rich in oil.

Species: Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) , Skates (Amblyraja hyperborea)

d)Actinopterygii

Unique characteristic :

1. Swim bladder moves away from any function for respiration that used only for buoyancy.
2.Fins are flexible, controlled by muscles in the body, fins are supported by spines rather than bones.

Species : Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

e)Holocephalan

Unique characteristic :

1.reproduce by internal fertilization and the males have claspers near the pelvic fin and a median clasper on the face.
2. They lack a stomach, food moving directly into the intestine.

Species: Rat fish (Hydrolagus colliei), Elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii)

f)Neopterygii

Unique characteristic :

1.Adapt with very lightweight scales or lost them as well as reducing the amount of bone.
2.They are capable of rapid and complex movement, efficient respiratory systems, variability in diet..

Species : Spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), Bowfin (Amia calva)

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Group Members:
Norzarifah bt Ahmad (129961)
Kandamani a/p Rem (129948)
Tan Siew Heng (P-BM0005/17(R)
Muhammad Hanafi bin Mohd Azmi (129955)
Imran bin Mohd Hornain (129946)

Fish Group:
(a) Agnathostomata
Unique characteristics:
1) Absence of jaws and pair of appendages
2) Mouth is directly open into intestine
Example species:
1) Myxine glutinosa (hagfish)
2) Petromyzontiformes (lamprey)

b) Sarcopterygii
Unique characteristics:
1) Bony fishes with paired rounded fins
2) Posses teeth covered with true enamel
Example species:
1) Neoceratodus fosteri
2) Latimeria chalumnae

c) Elasmobranchii
Unique characteristics
1) Their skeletons are made up of strong,flexible and light material called cartilage
2) They have rows of replaceable teeth and gill slits on each side of body
Example species:
1) Carcharodon carcharias
2) Carcharhinus falciformis

d) Actinopterygii
Unique characteristics:
1) The fins supported by rays
2) They have rigid skeleton
Example species:
1) Alepisaurus forex
2) Fistularia tabacana

e) Holocephalan
Unique characteristics
1) The tail is long and thin and move by sweeping movements
2) The erectile spine in front of dorsal fins is piosonous
Example species:
1) Callorhinchus callorhynchus
2) Callorhinchus milii

f) Neopterygii
Unique characteristics:
1) Infraorbital bones that bear the teeth
2) Elongate maxillary and lower jaw bones with heavy dentition
Example species:
1) Hiodon tergisus
2) Siganus corallinus

Fish Cladogram

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Group Members:
Noor Elyana Bt Che Sopa (129958)
Noor Hidayati Syafiqah Bt Salleh (129959)
Nur Izzati Husna Bt Mohd Athos (129973)
Nur Aliah Bt Mohamad Johari (131260)
Vincent Teoh Yong Jian (134716)
Siti Aisyah Binti Mahadher (129994)

Fish Group:
a) Agnathostomata
Unique characteristics:

Lack hinged upper and lower jaws

Lack the paired appendages (finds or limbs)

Example species:

Lampetra fluviatilis.

Myxine glutinosa

b) Sarcopterygii
Unique characteristics:

Teeth coated with true enamel.

Lobed fins connecting to the body by a single bone.

Example species:

Latimeria chalumne

Protopterus annectens

c) Elasmobranchii
Unique characteristics:

Upper jaw not attached to braincase

5-7 gill openings plus spiracle anterior to first gill

Example species:

Carcharodon carcharias

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos

d) Actinopterygii
Unique characteristics:

Fins are supported by rays and swim bladder enabling them to maintain buoyancy as they move up or down in the water.

A gill cover is used to pump water through the gills,enabling it to breathe without swimming.

Example species:

Anarrhichthys ocellatus

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum

e) Holocephalan
Unique characteristics:

Feed on molluscs and other invertebrates.

Move by sweeping movements of large pectoral fins.

Example species:

Chimaera argiloba

Chimaera fulva

f) Neopterygii
Unique characteristics:

Can move rapidly then their ancestors and absent of clavicle.

Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution and their jaws became more powerful.

Example species:

Amia calva

Sigarus corallinus

Fish Cladogram

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Group members:
Chee Min Hui (130169)
Nurshazwani Binti Mohamad Nasir (129983)
Roosyidah Binti Zakaria (129991)
Tan Jeanne Ywei (130245)
Tong Fei Shan (130253)

Fish Group:
a.) Agnathostomata (Agnathans)

Have no paired apppendages

Most do have a dorsal or a caudal fin.

Examples of species:  European river lamprey  (Lampetra fluviatilis)

Chestnut lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus)

Gnathostomata

Two well formed jaws encircle the mouth aperture

Paired and in some cases jointed appendages

Examples of species: Cockatoo fish (Ablabys taenianotus)

Asian snake-eyed skink
(Ablepharus pannonicus)

b.) Sarcopterygii

Have lobe in their fins (Sarcopterygian fish has a central appendage in their fins containing many bones and muscles)

Sarcopterygii is known for having enamel in their teeth

Examples of species:  West Indian Ocean coelacanth

(Latimeria chalumnae)

Queensland lungfish  (Neoceratodus forsteri)

c.) Elasmobranchii

have five to seven pairs of gill clefts opening individually to the exterior

Firm and hard jaws are provided with numerous sharp teeth.

Rigid dorsal fins

Examples of species: Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis)

Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)

d.) Actinopterygii

Most have an interopercle and branchiostegal rays

The nostrils are positioned relatively high on the head

Examples: Handsaw fish (Alepisaurus ferox)

Bonefish (Albula vulpes)

e.) Holocephalan

Have a large soft operculum covering their gill arches, and the upper jaw is fused to the braincase, increasing the power available for their crushing plate dentition

Have long bodies with whip-like tails, swimming by fluttering their pectoral fins and slow sideways movements of the tail chondrichthyans

Examples of species:  Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)

Elephantfish (Callorhinchus callorhynchus)

f.) Neopterygii

Jaw swings laterally and increases oral volume

Maxilla short with posterior freed from cheek

Examples of species:  Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus)

Blue-spotted spinefoot (Siganus corallinus)

Fish Cladogram

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Group Members :
Mohamad Shakir Zufayri Bin Sabdin (131257)
Muhammad Farid Amirin Bin Shariffudin (129954)
Ummu 'Atiyyah Binti Mohamed Talhah (127518)
Syafiqa Naquiah Binti Saharuddin (130003)
Hong Zijia (129945)

(II) Unique Characteristics of the Fish Group and Species :

(a) Agnathostomata
Unique Characteristics :
i - Jawless fish
ii - Lack of paired appandages (fins or limbs)
Examples of Species :
i - Myxine glutinosa
ii - Geotria australis

(b) Sarcopterygii
Unique Characteristics :
i - Have lobe in their fins
ii - Have central appandages in their fins containing many bones and muscles
Examples of Species :
i - Guiyu oneiros
ii - Indocoelacanthus robustus

(c) Elasmobranchii
Unique Characteristics :
i - No swim bladders and small placoid scales
ii - Rigid dorsal fins
Examples of Species :
i - Cacharodon carcharias
ii - Mobula mobular

(d) Actinopterygii
Unique Characteristics :
i - Their fins are webs of skin supported by bony and horny spine
ii - Have fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal element
Examples of Species :
i - Fistularia tabacana
ii - Mylossoma duriventre

(e) Holocephalan
Unique Characteristics :
i - The gut is simplified and the stomach is merged with intestine
ii - The mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance
Examples of Species :
i - Callorhinchus milii
ii - Chimaera cubana

(f) Neopterygii
Unique Characteristics :
i - Can move rapidly than their ancestors
ii - Most important change is in the structure of the jaw in teleosts and absence of clavicle
Examples of Species :
i - Lepisosteus oculatus
ii - Amia calva

(I) Fish Cladogram :

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GROUP NAME :  PANTHERA TIGRIS

GROUP MEMBERS :
Nur Aqillah binti Ibrahim                       (131640)
Siti Nor Idayu binti Masri                      (129995)
Siti Suriati bt Abd Wahid                       (131271)
Ummu Fatin Maghfirah bt Mohd         (131272)
Muhamad ammar amzar bin azman (120566)

Agnathostomata
Unique characteristics:
-paired appendages
-a horizontal semicircular canal of inner ear

Species:
-Chimaera (rat fish)
-Sphyrna (hammer-headed shark)

Sarcopterygii
Unique characteristics:
-muscular lobed paired fins joined to body by single bone
- possess teeth covered with true enamel

species:
speckle-bellied lungfish (Photopterus aethiopicus)
anvanced tetrapodomorph (Tiktaalik)

Elasmobranchii
Unique characteristics:
- cartilaginous skeleton
- internal fertilization
- no lungs or gas bladder instead a large bouyant livers

Species:
-stegostoma(tiger shark)
-trygon (sling rays)

Actinopterygii
Unique characteristics:
-rigid skeleton
-fins are supported by rays
-has swim bladder

Species: sturgeon and salmon

Halocephalan
Unique characteristics:
-The tail is long and thin
-There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine)

Species:
-Callorhynchus milii (elephantfish)
- chimaeras

Neopterygii
Unique characteristics:
-can move more rapidly
-their jaws more powerful and efficient

Species:
-spiny eel
- jellynose fish

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Group members
1) NUR AQILA BINTI MAZUPI, 129964
2) NUR SYUHADA BT ABU TALIB, 131263
3) NADIA AQILAH BINTI AZWARI, 130210
4) HANIS BINTI AJHAR, 130177
5) XU YUXIANG , 127324

A) Agnathostomata
*Jawless fish
*A horizontal semicircular canal of inner

2 species  group
- Geotria Australis
- Myxine glutinosa( lamprey)

B) Sarcopterygii
*bony fish with lobed paired fins, which are joined to the body by a single bone
*possess two dorsal fins with separate bases

2 species group:
Neoceratodus forsteri
Latimeria menadoesnis

C) Elasmobranchii :
*rigid dorsal fins( and spines if present)
*spiracles to aid in breathing

2 spesies group:
* Grey reef shark ( Carharhinus amblyrhynchus
* Arctic skate ( Amblyraja hyperborea)

D) Actinopterygii
*The fins are supported by rays
*The swim bladder is a unique feature of most ray-finned fish, enabling them to maintain buoyancy as they move up or down in the water.

2 species group:
Psychrolutes marcidus
Atractosteus spatula

E) Holocephalan:
* move by sweeping movement of the large pectoral fins
* no stomach

2 spesies group:
* rat fish ( Hydrolagus colliei)
* elephant fishes ( Callorhinchus milii)

F) Neopterygii
*better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities
* several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches

2 species group:
*siganus corralinus
*Lepisosteus oculatus

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Group name: Complex chordates
Group members:
Khor Sher Lynn 129949
Nur Juhaidah bt Osman 129974
Mira Hazwani Bt Mat Saad 129950
Nurul huda bt sobhi 129946
Hariz hamizan bin zulklifi 129944

2.
a) Agnathastomata
characteristics:
-jawless fish
- absence of gills
Species: Lampetra alaskensis (Alaskan Brook lamprey), Maxine glutinosa ( Atlantic hagfish )

b) Sarcopterygii
characteristics:
- early lobe-finned fishes are bony fishes with fleshy, loved paired fins, which are joined to a single bone
- pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs
Species: Guiyo oneiros (bony fish), Rhizodus hibberti (lobe-finned fish)

c) Elasmobranchii
characteristics:
- have 5-7 pairs of gills clefts opening individually to the exterior
- skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone
Species: Carcharodon carcharias ( great white shark), Gymnura altavela (spiny butter fly ray)

d) Actinipterygii
characteristics:
- fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements
- presence of dorsal fin
Species: Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon), Siluriformes (Catfish)

e) Holocephalan
characteristics:

-Lack of stomach (the gut is simplified and stomach is merged with the intestine), food move directly to intestine

-the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance.

Species: Callorhynchus milii (elephant fish), Hydrolagus colliei (spotted ratfish)

f) Neopterygii
Characteristics:
-presence of branchiostegal rays
-absence of clavicle
Species: Amia calva (bowfish), Lepisosteus oculatus (gar)