# data[].attributes.headline
What is one function of the frontal lobe?

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What is one function of the frontal lobe?

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The frontal lobe regulates our impulsive behaviour. It enables us to process complex thoughts. It can allow us to work things out in our minds and predict outcomes for actions.

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How does Phineas Gage’s case show that damage to the frontal lobe can affect behaviour?

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How does Phineas Gage’s case show that damage to the frontal lobe can affect behaviour?

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Phineas Gage's frontal lobe was severely damaged and following the incident, his personality changed. For example, he was now rude to women. The doctor's observations linked brain damage to our personality, our "sense of self" and also our ability to regulate our behavior. Biological basis for influencing behavior.

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Are there any alternative explanations for Gage’s change in behavior?

# data[].attributes.subject
Are there any alternative explanations for Gage’s change in behavior?

# data[].attributes.body
There could Â be alternative explanations because the damage to Gage's frontal lobe shows correlation but not necessarily causation. Other possible explanations include: PTSD, change after near-death experience, he met new people, stress, shunned public/close people, friends' perception.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the difference between “processing”, “judgement”, and “Decision making”?

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What is the difference between “processing”, “judgement”, and “Decision making”?

# data[].attributes.body
Processing, judgement, and decision making are the mental processes we undergo every time we seek to make a decision. Processing is the initial intake of information through the use of our ways of knowing. Judgement is the process in which one makes an assessment based on the analysis of information gathered from the processing. Decision-making is the process of drawing a conclusion and deciding how to act based on the judgement made.

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How might have processing been influencing the decision making of children in the marshmallow study?

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How might have processing been influencing the decision making of children in the marshmallow study?

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It was through the childrens' use of processing that the main temptation was present. What the processing determined was that there was a single marshmallow in the room with them that was available for them to eat. It did not take into account the rest of the scenario and was the main variable tested through the experiment.

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Can you apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, decision making to other situation?

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Can you apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, decision making to other situation?

# data[].attributes.body
We apply the cognitive processes of processing, judgement, and decision making to every situation involving a decision. We cannot escape these processes as they are part of a core system in the way we do what we do, or our behavior.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

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What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

# data[].attributes.body
The amygdala is known as the emotional centre. It activates our stress response and also correlates to how we identify and recognize fears. Since its function is connected to the stress response, this determines our emotional response as well. It activates stress before our conscious brain is aware of it which also interlaces with how we express our emotions as well.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

# data[].attributes.body
If one is not able to respond to social emotional cues, it can prevent one from understanding why something is unacceptable to the society as a whole. Additionally, if one can not feel something, they are less likely to understand when behaviors are wrong because they will not have the emotional instinct that says so.

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The prefrontal cortex is responsible for our executive decision making as controlling our emotional impulses.

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What were the methods results of Grafman et al.'s study?

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What were the methods results of Grafman et al.'s study?

# data[].attributes.body
They examined the brains of veterans who had suffered damage to the PFC using MRI and found PFC damage patients self-reported higher levels of violence and aggressive behavior.

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How does this study show that damage to the PFC can affect aggression?

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How does this study show that damage to the PFC can affect aggression?

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It shows that those who have damaged PFCs have reduced aggression control and therefore exhibit more aggressive behaviors.

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How could this study be used to show the function of the PFC in inhibiting impulsive behavior?

# data[].attributes.subject
How could this study be used to show the function of the PFC in inhibiting impulsive behavior?

# data[].attributes.body
BY proving that a damaged PFC prevents impulse inhibition, one can extrapolate that a healthy PFC regularly controls impulsive behavior.

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What are associations found between the vmPFC and behavior?

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What are associations found between the vmPFC and behavior?

# data[].attributes.body
The vmPFC helps regulate our learning and our ability to avoid behavior that results in negative consequences for the self.

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How might damage to the vmPFC affect our decision making

# data[].attributes.subject
How might damage to the vmPFC affect our decision making

# data[].attributes.body
It could prevent us from properly processing and judging the stimuli we experience.

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What are some possible applications of understanding relationships between the PFC and decision making?

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What are some possible applications of understanding relationships between the PFC and decision making?

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By understanding this relationship we can better understand how we may be able to help those who have disabilities related to their decision making.

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What is the dual process of decision making?

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What is the dual process of decision making?

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Suggests that we a have a quick, heuristic, unconscious decision making process as well as a slower, deliberate and methodical one.

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How can the system used influence decision making?

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How can the system used influence decision making?

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The system used changes how quickly and on what basis we make our judgments, there by shaping the decision we make.

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How might processing and decision making be relevant to criminology?

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How might processing and decision making be relevant to criminology?

# data[].attributes.body
By better understanding the processing and judgement people make to themselves to justify crime we might better understand why they choose to do what they do.

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The researchers rigged card decks and had healthy/PFC damaged folk play them. The healthy people began registering unease towards the rigged decks unconsciously but the damaged people could not learn it was rigged.

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How does this study suggest that the vmPFC plays a role in system two processing?

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How does this study suggest that the vmPFC plays a role in system two processing?

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The damaged patients could not learn the rigged decks were rigged, even when attempting to do so executively.

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How might damage to the vmPFC affect our behaviors?

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How might damage to the vmPFC affect our behaviors?

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Any behavior that requires any learning would likely be hampered by damage to the vmPFC.

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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No, many people do violent things because of their emotions. Many people commit violence either because their emotional impulses compel them to do it, or do it with the knowledge they will feel more positive emotionally after doing it.

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What were methods and results of SM' case study?

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What were methods and results of SM' case study?

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They exposed her to snakes and spiders, took her to one of the world's scariest haunted houses, and had her watch a series of horror films, They also had her fill out questionnaires probing different aspects of fear, from the fear of death to the fear of public speaking.

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How does SM's case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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How does SM's case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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When SM's amygdala was removed, she stopped feeling fear, so we're pretty sure that the amygdala has a role in whether or not we experience fear or not.

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What is one or more reasons why SM's case might not be generalizable?

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What is one or more reasons why SM's case might not be generalizable?

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One reason why SM's case might not be generalizable is because she suffered from an extremely rare genetic condition that forced her to undergo a surgical procedure that has only been performed 376 times.

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What are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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What are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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The endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems are activated when there is a threat and the body recieves a shot of adrenaline in order to fight or take flight. This causes increased blood flow, respiration, pupil dilation, and suppression of non essential bodily functions.

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How can perception lead to physiological arousal with fear?

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How can perception lead to physiological arousal with fear?

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When a threat is percieved, the brain sends a signal to the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems to trigger the fight or flight response.

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Can this explanation of fear be applied to all situations?

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Can this explanation of fear be applied to all situations?

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No, with conditioning with the stimulus, it is possible for the individual to no longer have fear of this perceived threat.

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What were the methods and results of Albert et al.'s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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What were the methods and results of Albert et al.'s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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They studied the alpha males from different rat colonies. Divided the rats into 4 groups: castration, castration with empty tubes, castration with testosterone-filled tubes, a “sham” castration (placebo). The results showed that castration decreased aggression, but having tubes filled with testosterone returned it to normal. The study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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How does this study suggest a casual relationship between testosterone and behavior?

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How does this study suggest a casual relationship between testosterone and behavior?

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Testosterone is shown to have an effect on behavior through the castration of the rats. Castration to remove testosterone seemed to decrease aggression but on the other hand, castration with testosterone-filled tubes returned the rats to the normal state, as of being aggressive the same way. Castration also resulted in the alpha males losing their alpha status and subordinate rats taking their place. This study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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To some extent yes, as we are both mammals and share the same organ systems as rats.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the amygdala's relationship with emotions?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is the amygdala's relationship with emotions?

# data[].attributes.body
The amygdala is the “emotional centre” of the brain, is it a part of the limbic system which is responsible for emotions, survival instincts, and memory.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimuli explain violence?

# data[].attributes.subject
How could a lack of response to emotional stimuli explain violence?

# data[].attributes.body
Violent criminals are often characterized as having no fear, and no ability to recognize fear in other's faces. This may be connected to a lack of empathy. There is evidence that dysfunction of the amygdala-located in the temporal lobe-is often found in violent criminals.

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

# data[].attributes.body
No, some people commit violent acts because they enjoy the feeling that it gives them to do so.

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Prisoners testosterone levels were measured. They found most violent criminals had the highest T levels whereas most nonviolent criminals had the lowest T levels.

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How might testosterone influence our fight response?

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How might testosterone influence our fight response?

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It essentially boosts all areas that are turned on during the fight response, as well as making it more likely to be activated.

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Are there alternative explanations for correlations between T and violent crime?

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Are there alternative explanations for correlations between T and violent crime?

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Yes there are alternative explanations between testosterone and violent crime. Not everybody with a higher level of testosterone will always commit more violent, it is a correlation not a causation. There are always other factors to consider.

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Northerners and southerners were bumped in a hallway and also insulted in some conditions. They found that southerners responded with anger while those from the north responded with amusement.

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How might cultural values influence aggression?

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How might cultural values influence aggression?

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they shape our judgement which in turn changes the way we make our decisions.

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Can you see any issues with the generalizability of the study?

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Can you see any issues with the generalizability of the study?

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The population groups are not defined very well, cultural groups experience blending when close too one another so the terms used are iffy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Define Neurotransmission, Sensory info, neuron, neural pathway, sensory organ, and sense perception.

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Define Neurotransmission, Sensory info, neuron, neural pathway, sensory organ, and sense perception.

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neurotransmission is the process by which neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
Sensory info is stimuli that are detected by our sensory organs.
Neurons are the specialized cells that make up the brain and transmit nerve impulses.
Neural pathways are the routes impulses take as they travel throughout the brain
Sensory organs are the organs that detect sensory information and send it to the brain
Sensory perception is the organization/identification and interpretation of sensory information.

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How does info travel from our sensory organs to our brains?

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How does info travel from our sensory organs to our brains?

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Info is sent to the hypocampus and then the amygdala and its relevant lobes where it then undergoes sensory perception.

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How might understanding of neuroscience raise questions about what happens in the afterlife?

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How might understanding of neuroscience raise questions about what happens in the afterlife?

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It helps to suggest that there is not an afterlife. Much of what we perceive as an afterlife is really just tricks of the brain, or hope for some greater.

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Healthy volunteers drank something to lower their serotonin levels. Via fMRI, these patients were found to have lower activity in the frontal lobe.

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How can the results of this experiment explain correlations between serotonin and violence?

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How can the results of this experiment explain correlations between serotonin and violence?

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They suggest that the lower that one's serotonin is, the less active their PFC area, which in turn reduces impulse control.

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How can aggression be explained through Testosterone and Serotonin?

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How can aggression be explained through Testosterone and Serotonin?

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Both contribute to the expression of aggressive behavior, and when these factors combine their effects are greater than just one of them being an issue alone.

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Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. It's the capacity of the brain to change its neural pathways.

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What were the methods and results of Rosenzweig and Bennet's rat experiment?

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What were the methods and results of Rosenzweig and Bennet's rat experiment?

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The method that was used was rats which were placed into various levels of stimulus. The results of the study of the study that the anatomy of the brain was different in the EC and IC. They found that there was an increased thickness and weight of cortex for better stimulated rats.

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How does R and B experiment show that the environment can change the brain?

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How does R and B experiment show that the environment can change the brain?

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the study demonstrate it that  the rats had a heavier brains after being stimulated, suggesting a more stimulating environment means a better developed brain.

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How can triangulation improve the validity of data and conclusions

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How can triangulation improve the validity of data and conclusions

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By using multiple methods to arrive at the same conclusion we may be able to strengthen the results of the experiment by examining brains of children who have had less t.

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How do we know that mindfulness can affect the brain?

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How do we know that mindfulness can affect the brain?

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Lazer er al (2005) concluded that there was at least a correlation relationship between meditating and density of the PFC

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How could mindfulness improve the function of the PFC?

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How could mindfulness improve the function of the PFC?

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By practicing being 'in the now', our neural pathways associated with attention will become stronger via neuroplastic effects.

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How are twin (and adoption) studies conducted?

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How are twin (and adoption) studies conducted?

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In twin studies, researchers gather multiple identical and fraternal twins and measure a particular behavior. They see how similar the identical and fraternal twins are to each other and calculate the overall average.

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What were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

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What were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

# data[].attributes.body
The researchers gathered data through questionnaires from the twins, their parents, and their teacher on antisocial behavior from the twins. The study showed that antisocial behavior in twins are half a product of genetics and half of environmental factors.

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How can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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How can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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By studying identical and fraternal twins, researchers can learn how genetics and environment influence antisocial behavior. By studying identical twins separated at birth, researchers can learn how environment influence behavior. Groves et. al. showed that heritability of antisocial behavior is only 28% in adults and 14% in children.

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How could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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How could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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By using multiple methods of research, researchers can gain more quantitative data that can be used for more analysis that will apply to the general population. Researchers from the Raine and Baker’s study could conduct an observational study on the twins to see how they behave instead of relying on people in the twins’ life.

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What are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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What are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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The MAOA gene variation produces less monoamine oxidase A enzyme, so the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are affected. The Caspi. Et. al. study showed that the presence of the variation of the MAOA gene coupled with abuse as a child increased the likelihood of displaying antisocial behavior.

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Why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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Why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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People with a variation of the MAOA gene shows greater activity in their amygdala during emotional arousal and they also show less activity in their ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to people with the normal MAOA gene.

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What are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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What are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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In the Meyer-Lindenburg et. al. study variations of the MAOA gene will only show if it was paired with emotional arousal such as seeing an angry face or a fearful one.

# data[].attributes.headline
What does triadic reciprocal determinism mean?

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What does triadic reciprocal determinism mean?

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The idea that the person, the behavior, and the environment all effect and therefore determine one another

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By examining all variables that may have affected the results, from all three aspects including the studied behavior itself.

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Is Bandura's idea of reciprocal determinism valuable for modern psychology?

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Is Bandura's idea of reciprocal determinism valuable for modern psychology?

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yes, because it takes into account all the complex relationships that contribute to the ultimate expression of a behaviour.

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What are modelling and vicarious learning?

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What are modelling and vicarious learning?

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Modelling is showing a behavior and its consequences for someone else to learn about it through vicarious learning, which is learning by observing how someone else is punished/rewarded for a behavior.

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Children watched adults either aggressively beat the doll, play with it nicely or not at all. Children who observed violent behavior displayed it more readily themselves.

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How can the bobo doll study demonstrate the effects of the social environment on behavior?

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How can the bobo doll study demonstrate the effects of the social environment on behavior?

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Its shows children who observer people doing things are much more likely to attempt that behavior themselves if it seems rewarding.

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Why might generalizability of the bobo doll study be an issue?

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Why might generalizability of the bobo doll study be an issue?

# data[].attributes.body
Since the subjects of the study are all children, they are much more swayed by an adult 'authority' figure than another adult would be.