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After the Umayyad caliphate fell, the lands of the Islamic empire drew back. click on the image for better detail if you'd like!

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http://islamichistory.org/the-umayyads/
http://islamichistory.org/the-abbasid-caliphate/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

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Abbasid Caliphate- All the Ups and Downs

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Abbasid Caliphate- All the Ups and Downs

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The Abbasid Caliphate began in 750 after the last Umayyad caliph was overthrown. al-Mansur died in the year of 775, handing the caliphate to his son, al-Mahdi. In 786, Harun al-Rashid became caliph and he died in 809. The caliphate fell after Al-Musta'sim was executed after Hulagu-Khan attacked the city Baghdad on February 10, 1258.
al-Mansur- The second Abbasid caliph
al-Mahdi- al-Mansur's son and the third Abbasid caliph
Harun al-Rashid- He and his successors ruled in an age of great intellectual achievement.
Al-Musta'sim- The last official caliph; executed by Hulagu-Khan after he ransacked the city.

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The Umayyad Caliphate stretched far out in its height.

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Ottoman Empire- the Last Islamic Empire In Medieval History

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Ottoman Empire- the Last Islamic Empire In Medieval History

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1299- The Ottoman Empire rises into being
1302, July 27- The first war between the Ottomans and the Byzantines, the Battle of Bapheus
May 29, 1453- Mehmed ll captures Constantinople, and the final Byzantine emperor, Constantine Xl dies in the battle
1463-1479- Ottoman wars against the Venetians
1449-1503- Ottoman-Vetetian War 2
1555- Peace of Amasya signed by the Ottoman and Safavid empires
1603-1618- Ottoman- Safavid war
1672- 1676- Ottoman-Polish war
1821- Greek War of Independence begins
1832, July 21- Greek sovereignty is made official
1924, March 3- Ottoman Empire ends
Osman 1- the first Ottoman caliph
Murad 1- died fighting on the battlefield of Kosovo 1389, June 15
Mehmed 2- conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453
Abdulmecid 2- the last caliph of the medieval Ottoman Empire

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How large the empire spanned during the Ottomans.

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Important Dates: 662-the Umayyad Caliphate begins.

680- Mu'awiyah's death. 685- 'Abd al Malik becomes caliph. 713- Arabians had expanded to Narbonne, France. 732- Arabians reached the Loire Valley, only 107 miles from Paris. 750- The Abbasids- a rival group- overthrew the Umayyad and took over.

Mu'awiyah- The first Umayyad caliph and relative of 'Uthman

Abd al Malik- Caliph after Mu'awiyah's death. Directed the cleaning and reopening of the Tigris- Euphrates Valley, replaced Sassanid and Byzantine coins with a new standard one, introduced using Indian water buffalo in the riverine marshes, set up a postal routes system, and used Arabic as the language of administration instead of Greek and Pahlavi
'Umar ibn- discontinued the levy of poll taxing converts, being so pious as to win the praise from his regime's enemies!

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These are the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, 'Uthman, and Ali.

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 After Muhammad's Death- The First Four Caliphs

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 After Muhammad's Death- The First Four Caliphs

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Abu Bakr: Muhammad's father-in-law, chosen by a group of Muhammad's advisors. His rule ended because of his death.
Umar: Muhammad's long-time friend and advisor. Before he died, Abu Bakr named Umar as his successor, and his reign also ended because of his untimely death.
'Uthman: Another one of Muhammad's long-time friends and his advisor. He was chosen by Umar's chosen council, as he died before naming a successor. Murdered by angry citizens in an Egypt province, his time as caliph also drew to an end.
Ali: Cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad, Ali was elected caliph as a natural choice because he was Muhammad's blood-relative. Assassinated by a former supporter, his place as leader thus ended.

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The Arabian Peninsula lies near Asia, Africa, and Europe, making it a crossroads location. It has an arid climate that makes it difficult for life, especially plants, to survive, and what little water is there is found primarily in oases, wet and fertile places in the desert. Most of the land is covered by sand dunes (mounds of sand shaped by winds). Nomadic peoples moved from oasis to oasis, and sedentary peoples settled in one oasis. Of all the cities built by these sedentary peoples, Mecca was the largest and richest, also housing the sacred Ka' Bah. The Ka' Bah is a sacred place holding the stone given to Abraham by God, and several other Islamic gods' idols.

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The peninsula of Ancient Arabia: