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Tri: Possess bilateral symmetry. (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
- Ectoderm: external layer develops nervous system, external sensory organs of the hair and skin glands.
- Mesoderm: middle layer forms connective tissue, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels, lymphatics, notocord, pericardium, kidneys, gonads.
- Endoderm: innermost layer, epithelium, respiratory tract, digestive tract, bladder and urethra are formed.

Diploblastic: cnidaria possess two germ layers. (ectoderm and endoderm)

- All animals except porifera, cnidaria, and ctenophora have 3 germ layers. Triploblastic have become dominant because advantages by having coelom (body cavity, protects organs from external pressure, increasing strength and speed, organs to develop at diff rates)
- Others are more simple such as acoelomates

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1: polyp (sea anemone, coral, shaped like a vase, mouth opening at the top, don't move, adapted for a life attached to an underwater surface.)
2: medusa (jellyfish, free-swimming life, have mouths that open downward)
Some go through both body plans

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Don't have organized tissue so they depend on cells such as porocytes, pinacocytes which specialize is functioning within the body. Mesohyl acts as endoskeleton helping to maintain shape. They derive and manage vital functions in the body of sponges. They are able to absorb and form again even if taken apart. Least evolutionarily advanced group of animal kingdom. Sessile (uncapable of moving)

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Radial: symmetry around central axis (cnidarians-jellyfish, echino- sea stars, urchins, and sea cucumbers.)
Bilateral (2): the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a plane. ( clams, worms, vertebrates).

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Chordates

1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord: derives from ectoderm that rolls into hollow tube. Located at top of the animal. Embryo develops into the brain and spinal cord, which comprise the central nervous system.
2. Notochord: flexible, rod shaped structure found in embryonic stage. It gives chordates skeletal support through length of body. Located between digestive tube and nerve cord. Primary axial support of the body throughout lifetime.
3. Pharyngeal slits
4. Post-anal tail

Advantage is that it has urochordata and cephalochordata which possess distinctive features. In vertebraes, a bony

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1.  What does this experiment say about America and society’s attitudes towards gay parenting?  Explain your answer.

2.  Do you think this kind of treatment is an accurate reflection of how people perceive or feel about homosexuality in America?  Explain you answer.

3.  Do you think that the patrons would have reacted in the same way if the waitress was refusing to serve a straight couple who was spanking and cussing at their children? Explain.

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an animal of the large phylum Chordata, comprising the vertebrates together with the sea squirts and lancelets.

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No true tissue

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Radially Symmetric

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an invertebrate lacking a coelom; especially :one belonging to the group comprising the flatworms and nemerteans and characterized by bilateral symmetry and a digestive cavity that is the only internal cavity.

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Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals

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A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod.
Mouth first; then anus

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A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod.
Mouth first; then anus

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A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod.
Mouth first; then anus

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Any member of the phyla in which the anus appears first,developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial andindeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut.

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Any member of the phyla in which the anus appears first,developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial andindeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut.

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Aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges

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Cnidaria A phylum of aquatic invertebrates (sometimes known as coelenterates) that includes Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. A cnidarian's body is diploblastic, with two cell layers of the body wall separated by mesoglea, and shows radial symmetry.

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Phylum containing about 20,000 species of soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical, invertebrate animals, commonly called flatworms. There are four classes: the free-living, primarily aquatic class, Turbellaria, and Trematoda, Cestoda, and Monogenea, which are considerably modified for their exclusively parasitic existence.

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Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles. The habitat of rotifers may include still water environments, such as lake bottoms, as well as flowing water environments, such as rivers or streams

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Molluscs are a clade of organisms that all have soft bodies which typically have a "head" and a "foot" region. Often their bodies are covered by a hard exoskeleton, as in the shells of snails and clams or the plates of chitons.

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Segmented worms make up the Phylum Annelida. The phylum includes earthworms and their relatives, leeches, and a large number of mostly marine worms known as polychaetes. Various species of polychaete are known as lugworms, clam worms, bristleworms, fire worms, sea mice, etc.

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Arthropods, members of the phylum Arthropoda, are a diverse group of animals including insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions and centipedes. However, the members of this phylum, despite their incredible diversity and sheer numbers, share a number of important distinguishing characteristics.

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Echinoderms are a major group of only marine animals. The name comes from the Greek word for "spiny skin". There are about 7,000 species found usually on the sea floor in every marine habitat from the intertidal zone to the ocean depths. They have a wide variety of colours. There are at least 800 species of echinoderm on the Great Barrier Reef.

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Commonly called sponges
multicellular organisms--sessile/sedentary
Most are Marine, few are fresh
Evolved through radial symmetry

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Describe the characteristics of cnidarians including several example animals, unique features that distinguish them from other phyla, and how they impact humans. distinguishing characters: radially symmetrical, acoelomate animals with only two (true) tissue layers

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Flatworms are acoelomate (they have no body cavity), triploblastic (the body has three tissue layers), and bilaterally symmetric (they have symmetric right and left sides and usually a definite head), and they have organ systems, including an excretory

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Some resemble squares, circles and other geometric shapes, while others have oblong or asymmetrical bodies. Rotifers are between 0.004 and 0.02 inches long with an average of about a thousand cells each
The rotifer body is divided into four sections: head, neck, body and foot. The head supports a series of mobile tentacles called cilia, which propel water into the organism's mouth

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The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical. The following are present in all modern molluscs: The dorsal part of the body wall is a mantle (or pallium) which secretes calcareous spicules, plates or shells.

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Annelids are all bilaterally symmetrical animals. They range in size from much less than 1 mm in length to more than 3 m.

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Exoskeleton

Segmented Bodies

Jointed Appendages

Bilateral Symmetry

Open Circulatory System

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Echinoderms are characterized by radial symmetry, several arms radiating from a central body. The body actually consists of five equal segments, each containing a duplicate set of various internal organs. They have no heart, brain, nor eyes, but some brittle stars seem to have light sensitive parts on their arms. Their mouth is situated on the underside and their anus on top .

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Marine bottom dwellers
Sesile adults with a leathery tunic
larvae posess

a notochord.

a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

pharyngeal slits.

post-anal tail.

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Sponges are hermaphroditic, they function as either male or female for reproduction

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https://sharonapbio-taxonomy.wikispaces.com/file/view/cnidaria.jpg/50774089/cnidaria.jpg

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Flatworms are hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites are organisms that have both male and female sexual organs.

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Cells of rotifera grow larger as the organism ages, but they don't increase in number. Female rotifers are larger than males and are able to reproduce asexually without the help of a mate. However, a male and female can produce offspring through sexual reproduction during direct physical contact.

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Sexual reproducers