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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/overview_victorians_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/
http://www.victorian-era.org/

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http://www.ultim8team.com/modules/preraphaelites/engvicto.html

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Vice désigne un défaut, une imperfection grave, relative à la morale ; un penchant amoral, une disposition habituelle à ce que les bonnes moeurs condamnent. Synonyme : libertinage Traduction anglais : vice, foible

La Constitution ne connaît aucun changement important, après la dernière réforme parlementaire et électorale de 1832. Assainie par la lutte contre la corruption, la vie politique demeure l’apanage des propriétaires, d’un électorat qui correspond à quelque 5 p. 1 000 de la population et alors que le cens d’éligibilité écarte les moins fortunés.

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Sens 1 Littéraire

Capacité à faire du bien. Antonyme : défaut, faiblesse. Exemple : La politesse est sa principale vertu.Synonyme : capacité Traduction anglais : virtue

Sens 2

Effets, bénéfice. Exemple : La vertu d'une plante médicinale, les vertus du citron ou les vertus du miel.Synonyme : effet

Sens 3 Littéraire

Chasteté. Antonyme : libertinage, vice. Exemple : Cette femme a mauvaise réputation. On imagine facilement le prix de sa vertu.Synonyme : chasteté

Sens 4

[Philosophie] L'éthique de la vertu se penche sur les qualités d'une personne, qui influent sur les décisions et les actions de celle-ci, dans la perspective de la réalisation de soi.

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http://www.linternaute.com/dictionnaire/fr/definition/vertu/
http://www.linternaute.com/dictionnaire/fr/definition/vice/

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In 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world had ever seen. By the end of Victoria's reign, the British empire extended over about one-fifth of the earth's surface and almost a quarter of the world's population at least theoretically owed allegiance to the 'queen empress'.

These acquisitions were not uncontested. A number of colonial wars were fought and insurgencies put down as bloodily as the colonisers considered necessary.

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In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe. Defined according to sensibilities and political concerns, the period is sometimes considered to begin with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. The period is characterised as one of relative peace among the great powers (as established by the Congress of Vienna), increased economic activity, "refined sensibilities" and national self-confidence for Great Britain.[1]

Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.[2] In international relations, the supremacy of the Royal Navy helped maintain a period of relative peace among the great powers (Pax Britannica) as well as economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation and expansion, a notable exception being the Crimean War (1853–56). Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history.

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Politics

What, finally, of the Victorian political structure? It is easy to see that it was far from democratic.

At the beginning of Victoria's reign, about a fifth of adult males were entitled to vote. That proportion increased, through parliamentary reform acts passed in 1867 and 1884, to one-third and two-thirds respectively.

No women could legally vote in parliamentary elections until almost 18 years after Victoria's death - and the queen herself was no suffragist. Women did, however, play an increasingly influential role both in locally-elected school and poor law boards and in local government from the 1870s onwards.

During the Victorian era, the United Kingdom could plausibly be considered the world's superpower.

If not democratic, the political system was becoming increasingly representative. By 1901, few argued - as had frequently been asserted against the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s - that to allow working men to vote would be to cede power to an ignorant, insensate and unworthy majority.

Victorian politicians increasingly learned how to 'trust the people'. They also noted how many among 'lower orders' could help themselves economically while improving themselves educationally.

The working-class Victorian autodidact was an increasingly significant figure. His modest successes enabled his 'betters' to claim that Britain was a specially advanced, perhaps even a divinely favoured, nation.

Britain managed to modernize its political system without succumbing to the political revolutions that afflicted virtually all of its European competitors.

The quality of political debate in Victorian Britain, in newspapers and in both houses of parliament, was also very high. The struggle for political supremacy between William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli in the late 1860s and 1870s represents perhaps the most sophisticated political duel in the nation's history.

During the Victorian era, then, the United Kingdom could plausibly be considered as the world's superpower. However, Germany and the United States had already begun to surpass its industrial capacity and Germany's naval build-up would shortly present a powerful challenge to long-held British supremacy.

On the home front, the nation was only beginning to get to grips with widespread poverty while considerably more than half the adult population remained without a vote. Victorian supremacy by 1901 was only skin deep.

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Books

Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Very Short Introduction by Christopher Harvie (Oxford Paperbacks, 2000)

A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain edited by Chris Williams (Blackwell Publishers, 2004)

The Victorians: An Age in Retrospect by John Gardiner (Hambledon Continuum, 2002)

The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783 - 1870 by Eric J Evans (Longman, 2001)

Britain's Century, 1815 - 1905 by WD Rubinstein (Hodder Arnold, 1998)

The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846 - 1886 by K Theodore Hoppen (Oxford University Press, 1998)

A New England: Peace and War, 1886 - 1918 by GR Searle (Oxford University Press, 2004)

The Victorian Underworld by Donald Thomas (John Murray, 1998)

Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire by David Cannadine (Penguin Books, 2002)

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It brought a lot of technical and social progresses according to the government because the reality wasn’t like that, in fact generally the society deteriorated itself.

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It brought a lot of technical and social progresses according to the government because the reality wasn’t like that, in fact generally the society deteriorated itself.