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(Part of Indonesia)

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Ghana -Abril (JC-Good explanation of the nation's struggle for independence. Could use more explanation of methods beyond the negritude movement that Nkrumah tried such as 'westernization' of the economy. Also, explain more about the continuing conflict between military control and democratic forces for change).

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Ghana -Abril (JC-Good explanation of the nation's struggle for independence. Could use more explanation of methods beyond the negritude movement that Nkrumah tried such as 'westernization' of the economy. Also, explain more about the continuing conflict between military control and democratic forces for change).

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Ghana is a county located in West Africa and was greatly impacted by the Berlin conference. All over Africa where different tribes with their own land so when Europeans began sectioning Africa with their own borders conflict arose. Multiple tribes where pushed together in Ghana and ethnic conflicts grew between tribes. Like many places in Africa during this time period, Ghana was fighting for independence. The non-violent fight for independence from British powers went from 1909 till 1957. Although technically they were independent by 1947 Europeans still had a mass hold on Africa. Not until 1957 was Ghana really free to start their own government and society. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first leader, established Harlem's "Negritude Movement" consisting of french-speaking Africans and western Indians writers whom began growing a sense of pride for their African culture. The negritude movement took place in France, New York, and eventually all around the world where blacks lived. The movement was a peaceful protest and based on the belief of universal equality. The movement caused African peoples to be aware of the inferiority that the Europeans had put on them and because of this they started to bind together in search of their African culture and history that Europeans had taken from them. After Ghana fully gained their independence they started to make new roads, schools, and health facilities. Although they have come a long way Ghana still struggles between civilian and military rule as well as economic stability.

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India  -Adrian (JC-one of the most complicated examples of decolonization is handled very well.

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India  -Adrian (JC-one of the most complicated examples of decolonization is handled very well.

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Main Issues
-  British imperial rule
-  Conflict between Hindus and Muslims prompted partition that created Pakistan
- 500 independent princes had to decide which nation they would join (Pakistan or India) and military, railroads, and police had to be divided
- Violence among Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims erupted as people scrambled to relocate
-  Hindu extremist thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims and killed him
- Battle for control of Kashmir, a region between Pakistan and India

Leaders
- Gandhi and Congress Party: A English-educated Indian, Gandhi became well known for his protests of nonviolence and civil disobedience.
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muslim League: An organization founded to protect Muslim interests, led by Jinnah  and opposing the Congress Party.
- Jawaharlal  Nehru: Nation's first prime minister, educated in Britain, emphasized democracy, unity, economic modernization.

Methods
-  Gandhi's teachings blended ideas from all major religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism,  Islam, Christianity) and attracted millions of followers
-  Gandhi proposed noncooperation with British government, endorsed civil disobedience and nonviolence.
-  Advocated refusal to buy British goods, pay British taxes, or vote in elections
- Performed strikes and demonstrations, however, protests often led to riots
- One such protest, the Salt March, rose from the Salt Acts, where Indians could only buy salt from British government. Led to worldwide support for independence as march remained peaceful despite brutal force used by British.
- Nehru: Led other newly independent countries in alliance of neutrality during Cold War, called for organization of states by languages, pushed for industrialization, social reforms

Lingering Problems
- Pakistani and Indian fighting over the region of Kashmir
- Religious tensions among Muslims, Hindu, and Sikhs
- Population continues to increase, expected to pass China by 2035
- Mao rebels in eastern states pose serious military threat to government authority
- Tense relations with Pakistan, both countries have nuclear capabilities

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South Africa            By: Melissa Duque (JC-fantastic work on explanation of the complicated issue of apartheid; probably one of the most difficult examples of decolonization faced in Africa. Also impressed by your outside research).

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South Africa            By: Melissa Duque (JC-fantastic work on explanation of the complicated issue of apartheid; probably one of the most difficult examples of decolonization faced in Africa. Also impressed by your outside research).

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ISSUES - SOCIAL
In South Africa, racial conflict was the result of colonial rule. From its beginnings under Dutch and British control, South Africa was racially divided. A  small white minority ruled a large black majority.
In 1931, it became  an independent member of the British Commonwealth; although South Africa had a constitutional government, the constitution gave whites power and denied the black majority its rights.
The Apartheid segregated society in 1948 when the National Party came to power in South Africa. This party promoted Afrikaner, or Dutch South African nationalism. It also instituted a policy of apartheid which is the complete separation of races, meaning that the government banned any social contact between whites and blacks, this created an environment of segregation in places such as schools, hospitals and neighborhoods. Furthermore, in 1959 the government set reserves called homelands for the country's major black groups. Even though the the blacks made up about 75% of the population only about 13% of the land was for them (the best land was kept for the  whites)

LEADERS-
Nelson Mandela was the top leader of the African National Congress (ANC) which was formed in 1912. The ANC organized strikes and boycotts to protest racist policies. Convinced that apartheid would never end peacefully, he proudly joined the armed struggle against white rule in order to help his people regain freedom.
Black South African bishop, Desmond Tutu had led an economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations not to do business with South African. in response to this, many nations imposed trade restrictions, they also isolated South Africa in other ways for example banning them from the Olympic games.
In 1989, white South Africans elected a new president, F. W. de Clerk.  His goal was to transform South Africa and end its isolation, he legalized the ANC and also released nelson Mandela from Prison.These actions contributed to a new era in South Africa, the South African parliament repealed apartheid laws that had segregated public facilities and restricted land ownership from blacks.

METHODS-
The struggled for Independence and democracy was reached through peaceful movements.

Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years after being a participant of the  peaceful boycotts and strikes of the ANC. After his presidential victory he continued to work on helaing his country

In 1993 de Klerk and Mandela were awarded the Nobel Peace Price for their efforts to bring democracy to South Africa

In  1984, Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent methods

LINGERING PROBLEMS-
-As Thabo Mbeki won the election as president he faced a number of serious challenges. This included high crime rates as well as high murder, and rape rates
-High levels of unemployment and poverty as well as an economic downturn that discouraged investment
-One of the biggest problems facing South Africa was the AIDS epidemic, it was estimated that about 6 million South Americans were likely to die of AIDS by 2010

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Nigeria- Cristian Torres (JC-fantastic explanation of the issues facing Nigerians as they worked toward independence given that it was one of the more complicated of Africa. Especially impressive is your explanation of the federal system).

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Nigeria- Cristian Torres (JC-fantastic explanation of the issues facing Nigerians as they worked toward independence given that it was one of the more complicated of Africa. Especially impressive is your explanation of the federal system).

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Issues:
-European rule disrupted African family and community life. In some cases, colonial powers moved Africans far from their families and villages to work in mines or on plantations.
-When Britain and France gave up their colonies in 1960, they left fragile democratic governments in place.
-Ethnic groups in Nigeria began to threaten those governments.
-Rival Ethnic groups fought for power. (Yoruba Tribe, Igbo Tribe, Hausa-Fulani Tribe)
-After independence, Nigeria adopted a Federal System. Power was shared between state governments and a central authority. Each state had ethnic minorities.
-The Nigerians set up three states, one for each region and ethnic group, with a political party in each.
-Other Ethnic minorities began to resent their local ethnic states also.
Leaders:
-The Hausa-Fulani tribe was a mostly Muslim tribe that were located in North Nigeria.
-The Yoruba tribe were located in Southwest Nigeria, they were farming people with a tradition of kings .
-The Igbo tribe located in Southeast Nigeria, were farming people who had a democratic tradition. -Ken Saro-Wiwa was a Nigerian writer, political activist, and member of the Ogoni people.

Methods:
-In the Western Region of Nigeria, Non-Yoruba minorities began to resent Yoruba control, in 1963 they tried to break away and form their own region.
-In January 1966, a group of army officers, most of them Igbo, seized power in the capital city of Lagos. These officers declared Martial Law, also known as temporary military rule.
-The Hausa-Fulani launched an attack  from the north on the Igbo, they persecuted and killed many.
-In 1967, the Eastern Region seceded from Nigeria, and it was now declared the nation of Biafra.
-The Nigerian government went to war to reunite the country. In 1970, Biafra surrendered. Nigeria was now reunited.
-Federal money was used to rebuild the Igbo region. the Igbo were not punished.
-Ken Saro-Wiwa would smuggle several manuscripts out of prison, he was in prison for murder charges though the charges were unsupported.
e series of revolts for power throughout the regions of Nigeria.s-After this war, Nigerians returned to the process of nation building.
-The military governed Nigeria for most of the 1970s. During this time, Nigerian leaders tried to create a more stable federal system, and they also tried to build a more modern economy.
-In 1979, the military handed the power back to the civilians, Nigerians were cheered by the return of democracy.
-This Nigerian democracy was short-lived, in 1983 the military overthrew the civilian government. This military regime was dominated by Hausa- Fulani.
-The military then held election in 1993,  which resulted in the victory of popular leader Moshood Abiola. However, the results were declared invalid, and a dictator named General Sani Abacha took control.
-It was until 1993, when the first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanja, was elected.

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Iran- Xiana Terrazas (JC-exceptional work in explaining one of the more complicated examples of decolonization Xiana).

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Iran- Xiana Terrazas (JC-exceptional work in explaining one of the more complicated examples of decolonization Xiana).

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Main Issues:
-Before WW1 both Great Britain and Russia established spheres of influence in the ancient country of Persia.
-After the war, the British tried to take over all of Persia.
-This caused a nationalist revolt in Persia.
-There where people, known as ayatollahs, who opposed Western influences.

Leaders:
-Reza Shah Pahlavi became leader in 1925 and he set out to modernize his country, he build schools, roads, promoted industrial growth, and extended women's rights. In 1935 he changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran. He embraced Western Governments and wealthy Western oil companies.
-Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini was the leader of a religious opposition to Western influences. He influenced Iranians into riots in every major city in late 1978. This caused the Shah to flee Iran in 1979, and Khomeini to establish an Islamic state.
Methods:
Shah's westernization
-Got support from the U.S. which allowed the Shah to westernize his country. By 1950, Iran's capital was full of skyscrapers, banks, and modern factories.

Ayatollah's Islamization
-Got support from Iran's conservative Muslim leaders, and got Iranians to riot because of his tape recorded messages.
Lingering Problems:
-Muslims intended to unify Muslims, but this heightened tensions between Iran and Iraq.
-War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980.

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Turkey  - Javier Solis (JC-Fantastic work Javier. Best layout among all my classes. Your leadership was instrumental in pulling together a coherent presentation. All content for Turkey decolonization exceptional. Great job!)

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Turkey  - Javier Solis (JC-Fantastic work Javier. Best layout among all my classes. Your leadership was instrumental in pulling together a coherent presentation. All content for Turkey decolonization exceptional. Great job!)

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Main Issues:
-After WW1, the Ottoman Turks were forced to give up most of their territory and settle in Turkey.
-A strong nationalistic ideology was needed to unify the people of a new Turkey nation.
-In 1919, Greek Soldiers invaded Turkey and threatened to conquer it.
-After 1923, westernization and the ending of Islamic traditions/governments was forced throughout the nation.
Leaders:
Mustafa Kemal became a military leader in 1922 after successfully commanding the Turkish nationalists against the invading Greek and their British backers. Following this, the nationalists overthrew the last Ottoman sultan and he was enacted as the president of the new Republic of Turkey. As president, he modernized Turkey like the West and gave Turkey a new sense of national identity. It was for this reason that the people of Turkey gave him the name of Ataturk, meaning "Father of the Turks".
Methods:
To create a strong nation-state, Ataturk separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation, abolished religious courts, created a new European-style legal system, granted women the rights to vote & hold public office, and launched government-funded programs of industrialized that would spur economic growth in Turkey.
Lingering Problems:
The most significant problem continuing in Turkey after its independence was its the suppression of The Kurds. For decades, the Kurds wanted to establish their own country with their traditional lands but couldn't because their lands crossed over Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. In dealing with this, Turkey banned the native language of the Kurds and lowered their political power in the country.
Struggles:
In the image below we see Turkish Leqader Mustafa Kemal reviewing his troops during the war against the invading Greek.

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Vietnam - Jimmy Aguirre (JC-again, a great example of working as a team to finish the project. Exceptional detail for a highly complicated example of decolonization. Heard you work well with Norman to get this accomplished, demonstrating good problem-solving skills. :))

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Vietnam - Jimmy Aguirre (JC-again, a great example of working as a team to finish the project. Exceptional detail for a highly complicated example of decolonization. Heard you work well with Norman to get this accomplished, demonstrating good problem-solving skills. :))

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MAIN ISSUES: Anti-Imperialism and Warfare
-France want to regain Vietnam as a colony
-Fought against France in order to protect their freedom
-Leader, Ho Chi Minh, and other nationalists founded the Vietminh League which intended to keep Vietnam's independence
-United states want to stop Vietnam from spreading communism due to the domino theory,  which is if one nations turns Communist others will follow
-After the war with France, Vietnam was split at the 17° north latitude between North (Communist Vietnam)and South (U.S.A./France anti-communist Vietnam)
-Opposition towards the Communist government from the Viet Kong of the South
LEADER: Ho Chi Minh
-His name means "He who enlightens"
-Turned to Ho Chi Minh turned to communism brought from the USSR
-Influence from Communist China with military support given to Ho's army/reign
-After the defeat of France Ho Chi Minh took control of Northern Vietnam as a Communist government
-Once said "You can kill ten of our men for every one we will kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and we will win."
METHODS: Communism Under Ho Chi Minh; Increasing Capitalism After His Death
-Ho Chi Minh began to spread the benefits of Vietnam under Communist control because of Chinese military help against the Viet Kong and France
-Help from USSR so they can spread more Communism to surrounding nations
-After his death the U.S.A. started influencing capitalism into North Vietnam
-North Vietnam stayed Communist with capitalist ideas like China
LINGERING PROBLEMS: Spreading Communism to Cambodia and Refugees
-Survivors of the war from the Vietminh and the ones attacked by the US and Viet Kong turned towards capitalism
-Cambodia believed that Communism was more fair to them then Capitalism was
-Refugees oppose Capitalism and begin to embrace communism as a fair government that should rule them all
-A want to have equal rights due to the appeal of communism, and to stay away from Capitalism due to the hardships they brought to Vietnam

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Kenya-- Lizeth Ramirez-Romo (JC-excellent discussion of the issues facing Kenya's struggle for independence. Methods topic on 'westernization' could use work to explain this tactic further).

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Kenya-- Lizeth Ramirez-Romo (JC-excellent discussion of the issues facing Kenya's struggle for independence. Methods topic on 'westernization' could use work to explain this tactic further).

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Issues: Kenya was ruled by the British and began the fight for their independence decades before WWII. However, decolonization was achieved until 1963 because the British had resisted Kenya's independence for that long.  Before decolonization/independence, came conflicts with ethnicity between tribes and  the  British. The conflicts were all about colonial dominance, morality, and cost of living.

Leaders: Jomo Kenyatta- Nationalist , became president of Kenya, and united large ethnic and language groups.
Mau Mau- a secret society of mostly Kenyan farmers who were forced out of the highlands and used guerilla war tactics to push the "white" out of their land.

Methods: The Negritude Movement-- a movement to celebrate African heritage, culture, and values.
Violence Resistance from the British-- By the time Kenya achieved independence, 10,000 Africans and 100 settlers had been killed by the British.
Westernization-- Africans who actually spoke French along with West Indians were the ones to form The Negritude Movement as a way to show their African consciousness.

Lingering Problems: After Kenyatta's death, his successor , Daniel arap Moi, was faced with opposing one-party rule which brought corruption along to Moi's government and reintroduced ethnic conflicts. These conflicts led to hundreds of deaths and leaving millions homeless. After Moi's drop, the new party gained power by providing free elections.

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Indonesia- Alfonso Gutierrez (JC-excellent work on this nation's struggle for independence).

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Indonesia- Alfonso Gutierrez (JC-excellent work on this nation's struggle for independence).

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MAIN ISSUES- Became independent from the Dutch and had many political and economical problems.
Had a crippling economical crisis that caused famine and many political uprisings.
One of the largest populated nations and had a lot of diversity that often caused conflicts
Leaders tried fixing economy but made it worse
Had hard time maintaining order
LEADERS-Sukarno and Suharto and Megawati Sukarnoputri
Sukarno was the first leader after they gained independence and tried to move towards democracy but failed
Suharto took power via coup but ended up failing with a horrible economy and passed power to Megawati
Megawati Sukarnoputri took power after Suharto and moved Indonesia towards a democratic state.
Current president is Joko Widodo who was elected to power via a democratic process.

METHODS- Attempt to democracy but failed. A coup and martial law to enforce rule but ended up failing and bringing Indonesia into a worse economic crisis. Ended up choosing democracy as the final political form of power.

LINGERING- East Timor sought to gain independence from Indonesian and a bloody war with thousands as casualties.
Government corruption is at large in the nation causing many internal political problems.
Ethnic problems due to the large amount of diversity in the islands that make up Indonesia.

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Cuba                                                                         N3M0  Soto🐠

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Cuba                                                                         N3M0  Soto🐠

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(JC-Excellent work Norman. Could use more detail on some of the key events. Example, "bay of pigs", what was that? Finally, proofread, proofread, proofread).
ISSUES-
Economic: When Fidel took over, he also took U.S. owned sugar mills. therefore causing former ally United states, to create an embargo and leaving it to be aided by the soviet union.
Political: Since the bay of pigs, Nikita Khrushchev ordered 42 missile sites on Cuban soil. This lead to the Cuban missile crisis. Fortunately, the soviet union removed them.
LEADERS-
Fidel Castro: The son of a wealthy lawyer, Fidel Castro became involved in politics in the university of Havana. He tried to overthrow the Cuban dictator, Batista, in 1953. He was imprisoned, but vowed to continue the struggle for independence. Despite his declarations, Castro ruled Cuba as a dictator for more than 40 years. in 2008, his younger brother, Raul Castro, succeeded him as 'president'.
METHODS-
Revolution: he overthrew the unpopular dictator Fulgencio Batista, and took over trying to get Cuba an economic reform.
Harsh dictatorship: Besides helping the nation, he also ruled it with a firm hand. Suspending elections, jailed or executed opponents, and tightly controlling the press was some of the things that he often did to remain in power.
LINGERING PROBLEMS-
Cuban economy: The break up of the Soviet Union and also cut off the economic and military aid that it had provided Cuba for its alliance. This caused Cuba to deal with a loss in Cuban economics.