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Linguee | Dictionnaire anglais-français (et autres langues)

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Dictionnaire anglais-français avec des millions de phrases traduites en anglais-français. Moteur de recherche de traductions anglais-français.

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Enjoy cutting-edge AI-powered translation from Reverso in 15+ languages
including Arabic, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Hebrew, Turkish, and Polish.

Exceptional 4.7 rating
180,000+ reviews on App Store and Play Store

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Enjoy cutting-edge AI-powered translation from Reverso in 15+ languages including Arabic, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Hebrew, Turkish, and Polish. Exceptional 4.7 rating 180,000+ reviews on App Store and Play Store

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Read one of the 3 stories from 3 different people who moved to the UK after 1960.

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moving here; stories; experiences of moving to england; migration; archives; museums; libraries; documents; history

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Moving Here: Stories - Experiences of moving to England

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Scroll down to a place of refuge and start gathering information from there.

To dig a little deeper : click on the tabs on the left: Caribbean, Irish, Jewish, South Asian.

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irish; jewish; caribbean; asian; settling

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There have been migrants to what is now known as Britain for more than two thousand years. They helped to create the foundations of the country we know today.

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Scroll down to Reasons for leaving Ireland

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Ireland was one of England's oldest colonial possessions, dating back to the Middle Ages, although the whole island only effectively came under English control in the 17th century. The movement of people and goods between the islands goes back even further.

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Listen to one or two of the shortest of the audio documents available if they are too difficult, or the longer ones if you are curious!

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100 Stories of Migration in Leicester - Kamlesh Purohit - BBC Radio Leicester

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A multimedia exhibition telling stories of migration that have shaped modern Leicester.

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BBC - History: The Making of Modern Britain

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Britain in the late 20th century, from the creation of the Welfare State to multiculturalism.

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This will partially explain why people chose to move to the UK

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE History - What has motivated migration to and from Britain? Geographical summary - Revision 1

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Learn about and revise what has motivated migration to and from Britain with this BBC Bitesize GCSE History (AQA) study guide.

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BBC article
1948: The start of mass immigration to the UK

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The arrival of the SS Empire Windrush in June 1948 at Tilbury Dock, Essex, in England, marked the beginning of post-war mass migration.

The ship had made an 8,000 mile journey from the Caribbean to London with 492 passengers on board from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other islands.

Most of the passengers were ex-servicemen seeking work.

This marked the beginning of post-war mass migration.

When they walked down the gangplank onto British soil they could not have imagined that their journey would begin an important landmark in the history of London and the rest of country.

The passengers on board the Windrush were invited to come to Britain after World War Two, to assist with labour shortages.

Many of the passengers had fought for Britain during the war.

They later became known as the 'Windrush Generation.'

Later, Enoch Powell, the Tory Health Minister from 1960-1963, was to invite women from the Caribbean to Britain to train as nurses.

It was he who several years caused an uproar with his anti-immigration 'rivers of blood' speech.

In reality the response to the call for labour was minimal and by 1958 only 125,000 workers had arrived in Britain from the Caribbean islands. However, there were also other factors at play.
USA 'preferred destination'
There was an increase in prosperity in the Caribbean, mainly from tourism and bauxite mining, meaning that there was more money available for the passage overseas.

The USA had always been an attractive and preferred destination. The Farm Work Programme had given people from the Caribbean islands the opportunity to work for American farmers, and many wished to return when the war ended.

However, the 1952 McWarren-Walter Act passed in the USA considerably restricted the number of Caribbean people who could settle there.

With this door closed to them, many looked to Britain, which until restrictions on entry were imposed by the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962, gave all Commonwealth citizens the status of British citizenship.

Settlement patterns seem to suggest that people from particular Caribbean islands, and even from particular parts of those islands, often came to the same towns and cities.
Pioneers
This was because they could join others who had arrived earlier and so were able to offer valuable help in finding jobs and accommodation. Many of the early 'pioneers''were also able to provide financial assistance for the overseas passage.

Those who arrived on the Empire Windrush in 1948 had been housed in Clapham South Deep Air Raid Shelter, before being dispersed across the country to areas in which their labour was needed.

In the Midlands, semi-skilled workers were needed to work in the furnaces and forges of the manufacturing industries which were expanding.

The new arrivals also went to areas where the cost of living was high. There they were needed as porters, cleaners, drivers and nurses - jobs paying so badly that few whites wanted them.

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BBCCaribbean.com | The Windrush Generation

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The arrival of the SS Empire Windrush in June 1948 at Tilbury Dock, Essex, in England, marked the beginning of post-war mass migration. The ship had made an 8,000 mile journey from the Caribbean to London with 492 passengers on board from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other islands.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE History - How has Britain been affected by migration? Government - Revision 4

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Learn about and revise how Britain has been affected by migration (government) with this BBC Bitesize GCSE History (AQA) study guide.

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Growing up in the UK

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There were sizable Black communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and South Shields but it is likely that for most growing up was a question of struggling to assimilate to life in England as unobtrusively as possible.

After the 1950s, however, growing up under the protection of a larger migrant community began to present opportunities. Over the second half of the century, migrant children began to be the standard bearers of a new identity, which emerged out of the meeting between the heritage of their parentage and the nature of their new environment.
Early Days
Before the 20th century, most Caribbean migrants arriving on British shores were, with some notable exceptions, already adults, or at least young adults. Their children, born in Britain and frequently of mixed parentage, were assimilated with varying degrees of success. However, a number of surveys and reports from the early part of the 20th century tell us of the difficulties that 'coloured youth' faced in obtaining any kind of employment.

In 1936, the League of Coloured People appealed for 'assistance in placing the coloured youth in Cardiff who are growing up without opportunities for work' in it's newsletter. 'The average employer,' it continued, 'would much sooner have an alien employee than a coloured British one. So of course it is with hotels and landladies offering appointments.'

Again in 1939, the LCP was reporting discrimination against Black children who were being evacuated from British cities to the country during the early years of the war: 'Among a large party of children which came to our district were two little coloured boys,' reported the League of Coloured People's Newsletter. 'Nobody wanted them. House after house refused to have them. Finally a very poor old lady of seventy years volunteered to care for them. As she folded their clothes, she discovered two letters addressed to the person who adopted them. Each letter contained a five pound note.'

The rejection faced by these children echoes the conditions faced by most young mixed race children during the period.
Post War Growing Up
For Caribbean children who arrived in the wave of Post-War migration, Britain presented huge differences to their previous lives. Growing up in the Caribbean, an area of the world characterised by poverty and high unemployment, could undoubtedly be hard, but it had certain positive and agreeable features.

Within the small populations of the West Indian islands, the extended family provided a safety net, which offered a high level of security. The island communities were a setting which provided a considerable amount of social ease. With the beaches, fields and rivers close to the villages and small towns, children had enormous amounts of space in which to play, and they felt safe and at liberty there. Most people had confidence in the educational system and the prospects it offered, and children treated teachers with as much respect as their parents.

In comparison, most migrant children growing up in Britain found themselves doing so against a background of cramped and tightly contained urban living conditions, and surrounded by dangerous streets occupied by what often appeared to be a hostile and abusive host community. At school migrant children felt pressured, discriminated against and anxious about their prospects.
Schooldays
Young Caribbean migrants growing up in England during and immediately after the Second World War faced a number of prejudices within theeducation system , but there were no alternatives or factors to counterbalance the problems they faced. Unlike the Jewish community, there was no network of charitable resources or sympathisers within the broader society who could establish exclusive schools or clubs. Nor could children retreat to a completely separate cultural sphere. For instance, they couldn't take psychic refuge in speaking in their 'mother tongue'; English was their native language, but they used unfamiliar accents and dialects. All too often teachers assumed this to be ignorance and poor performance.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a disproportionate number of Caribbean migrant children were classified as 'educationally subnormal' and placed in special schools and units. It was easy to tell from the official statistics by the early 1970s that young migrants were disadvantaged within the education system. By the end of the 1980s, the chances of white school leavers finding employment were four times better than those of Black pupils. Read this 1973 education file on the particular problems of Caribbean children attending English schools.

The most important work which The League has recently undertaken for the benefit of the coloured workers of this country, concerns the future of the children. These children seem to suffer no outstanding difficulties as long as they are at school, but on leaving school, all avenues seem to be closed to them. Taken from The League of Coloured People's 7th Annual Report, 1938. Read the full 7th annual report.

At the same time the migrants' perception of police harassment and public hostility, and the dominance of 'rebel music' in their social life, gave young migrants an identity which appeared angry and anti-authoritarian. Ironically, while white youth culture was eager to adopt the style, the language and the music of migrant youths, British society as a whole used these characteristics as justification for discrimination.
Areas of Excellence
There was a significant number of migrants who did not fit this mould. They often came from small communities living in the outer suburbs of Britain's industrial centres, and were relatively isolated from the trends within the larger urban migrant communities.

These young migrants found themselves in a very small minority - one of only three or four Black children in a school. The only choice available was rapid and successful assimilation. Gary Younge, a writer who grew up in Stevenage, draws interesting comparisons between his experience and those of young migrants brought up in inner city areas.

For most of the second half of the 20th century, sport and music were among the few areas which offered young people of Caribbean backgrounds opportunities for successful achievement, whether or not they had been born in Britain. This was partly because success in these spheres did not challenge established prejudices. After all, the most successful Caribbeans in the stifling pre-War atmosphere had been musicians and sportsmen, like the cricketer Sir Learie Constantine who had been revered by the English public. For a time commentators would stereotype Black sportspeople as 'natural' athletes.

Young Caribbean migrants took advantage of the fact that sport was the one arena where it was possible to compete on equal terms and, from the 1950s onwards, many played a prominent part in Britain's sporting life.

Music, on the other hand, presented different opportunities but also problems. In the days before reggae gained general acceptance, young migrants forged their music into a tool of self-expression and used it as a career opportunity. They created their own market for the music which, in turn, gave them a platform from which they influenced British youth culture.

In the process, the music created its own market: clubs, small recording companies and, notably, DJs. It was this music culture which helped to create a new, cohesive identity among young migrants, and one which everyone began to recognise as 'Black British'. Jazzy B, for instance, one of the most prominent of recent Black British musicians, went to school in Islington, and spent his spare time learning to be a DJ and creating his own music to give voice to an emerging Black British culture.

By the 1980s, growing up in this country had ceased to be a tightrope walk between the Caribbean and Britain. Instead, young people with a Caribbean background were forging their own version of what it meant to be British.
Further Reading
The Fire People - A collection of Contemporary Black British Poets, edited by Lemn Sissay, 1998, Payback Press, an imprint of Canongate Books
Buy the Book on Amazon

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Young Caribbean migrants & growing up in the UK - Black History Month 2017

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There were sizable Black communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and South Shields but it is likely that for most growing up was a question of struggling to assimilate to life in England as unobtrusively as possible. After the 1950s, however, growing up under the protection of a larger migrant community began to present opportunities.