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Before the late 19th century, society had a limited understanding of emotional and metal disorders. Those who suffered from mental illnesses were forced to live in institutions that lacked the support that individuals were in need of. The treatments given to patients were ineffective and were only provided to those who had extreme difficulties.  It was very common for those who had mild or moderate mental and emotional disorders did not receive professional help.

The photo below shows psychiatric patients in Kentucky's Hopskinsville Insane Asylum in 1930 .

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First Force of Psychotherapy : Psychodynamic Approaches

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First Force of Psychotherapy : Psychodynamic Approaches

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Sigmund Freud's development of the psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, led to the evolution of the first force of psychotherapy.  Psychodynamic approaches focused on the understanding that an individual's past experience had an influence on their emotional difficulties.  These approaches developed a strong foundation for the field of psychotherapy but the approaches had obvious limitations and further development was needed, in order properly provide patients with the care that they needed.

Below is a photo of Sigmund Freud

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Second Force of Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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Second Force of Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive Theories and Interventions

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B.F Skinner, along with modern theorists such as, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum's research and work created the development of second force of psychotherapy. The second force includes behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions.

Behavior treatment approaches were implemented in the 1970s and these approaches were combined with cognitive approaches - that were used in the 1980s. The combination of both approaches gained attention in the 1990s. Cognitive and behavioral treatment approaches focus on how a person's thoughts and actions influence their emotions. When using these approaches, counselors make use of interventions that help a client to terminate dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors and replace them with positive thoughts and actions.

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Third Force of Psychotherapy: Existential - Humanistic Psychotherapy

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Third Force of Psychotherapy: Existential - Humanistic Psychotherapy

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Carl Roger's work gained attention in the 1960s and established the third force of psychotherapy: existential-humanistic psychotherapy. This force highlights the importance of emotions and sensations and also the positive effects that can occur when a person takes charge of discovering meaning within their own lives and the importance of the therapeutic alliance. It's important to note that Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl and other's also contributed towards the developments that were established within the third force.

Below is a photo and quote of Carl Rogers.

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The Start of the 21st Century: The Beginning of the Fourth Force

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The Start of the 21st Century: The Beginning of the Fourth Force

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In today's society, the start of the 21st century, clinicians are implementing the elements of the first, second, and third - force treatment approaches, in order to establish a comprehensive and holistic understanding of individuals - this is the start of the fourth force.  By gaining a better understanding of client's identity, such as their gender, culture, age, race, etc., clinicians are able to establish a positive therapeutic relationship with patients and effective treatment plans.

Now, more than ever, it's important for clinicians to have an open mind, while working with their patients and learn about their client's views and understanding of themselves and the world. Collaboration among clinicians has also been found to be beneficial, while creating treatment plans for patients.

The development of the fourth force has caused for there to be a recent change in theories of counseling and psychotherapy, as well as their implementation. As a result, new approaches such as narrative therapy, dialectics, and therapies that integrate Eastern thought and philosophy are more commonly used while treating patients. These approaches are thought to help clinicians gain a better understanding of their patients' experiences and assist them towards making a positive change in their emotions, views and actions.

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All photos were retrieved from Google.com

Seligman, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills, 4th Edition. [Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133346466/