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Main threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are noise pollution and dumping of plastics into the ocean. For noise pollution, the sound produced by the ships or boat are too loud where it can disturb the communication of mammals. As mammals such as dolphins and whale communicate through echolocation, the loud noise will distract them.  If they  mistaken the noise, they might get lost or unable to detect the predators which resulting as threat to the mammals. Next is plastics dumping. The mammals mainly consume jellyfish as their food source. But the reckless dumping of plastic bags into marine environment give bad impact to these mammals because in the water, floating plastic bags seems like jellyfish. The mammals would not be able to distinguish the plastics and jellyfish so they will eat they plastics. This is dangerous as the plastics consumed cannot be digested or degraded

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From what I know the threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are :
1)They faced the low water quality.As we know the water quality in Malaysia was in bad conditon,this is because of some of the people keep throw the rubbish and pour the oil into the sea.This can cause habitat lost and marine life die.
2)They are being kill by some of people for sale and get aome money.

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1) the unprocessed industrial waste that release into the aquatic ecosystem
2) the loud noise made by human activities such as from factories or the sound of boats engine
3) uncontrolled waste dumping from the land
4) oil spill from the big ship
5) pollution of water by the runoff of agricultural fertilizers

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Toxic spill is one of the threats facing by marine mammals in the Malaysian sea. For example, the indonesian tanker, 'MT Endah Lestari' that was carrying 600 tons of phenol, a corrosive chemical used to make plastics and pesticides happened to spill in the straits between Malaysia and Singapore in 2001. Few years before that, several dugongs were found dead and they still could not figure out why. News can be read here: http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?2285/Toxic-spill-may-threaten-Malaysian-dugongs

Besides, indiscriminate coastal development and pollution from coastal activities are also believed to risk the marine mammals. For instance, nesting sites for endangered marine turtles have been destroyed and disturbed by large numbers of tourists on the beaches.

Reference: http://www.eurocbc.org/pollution_land_activities_threaten_oceans_30may2004page1626.html

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are:
First would be noise pollution from human activities such as shipping and . Some species of dolphin or whales  may be found all along the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, and all along the coasts of Sarawak and Sabah. Tourists who participate in dolphin watching  like to tap on the side of the boat or making loud noises to seemingly attract them. If you pump oil or chemicals into that world, or high levels of unnatural noise, then they will suffer.

Secondly, depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution. Fishermen who depends on fishing for their income will likely  increases in the volume of fishing hauls get more income.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia :

1. Unsafe method of fishing.
The fishermen usually left their nets at the sea for overnight. This method might be effective to catch a lot of fish but it brings harm to the mammals especially young mammals. they tend to be found died entangled in the fish nets.

2. Plastics pollutions in the ocean.
The plastics and trashes that are being thrown to the sea has lead to the mammals death as they always mistaken these plastics as their food. Thus, they innocently eat the plastic. By time, when they eat the plastics in a frequent time as the plastics are not degradable, they will facing trouble to maintain their bouyancy and respiration. Thus leading to their death.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia :

1.

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1. Acoustic Pollution
The loud noises from ships, sonar, drilling rigs, and other human sources can distort messages sent by marine mammals. Scientists believe that acoustic noise pollution prevents these mammals from being able to detect approaching ships or fishing nets, adding to the risk of being killed.

2. Oil Spills
Toxic chemicals in oil causes serious damage to the digestive system and internal organs. Thick, sticky oil has also been shown to clog the blowholes of dolphins and whales, causing them to suffocate.

3. Commercial Hunting
Slaughtering animals for sport or to sell as specialty foods is a practice that has greatly reduced the number of large marine mammals across the world’s oceans.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are firstly overfishing activities had caused the number of fish drop as consequence our marine mammals also will loss their food source. This will lead them to starvation and die because of this.

Besides , trash and plastic pollution also can be a threat for marine mammals . This is because some of marine mammals such as dolphin, whale and turtle might mistakenly thought plastic as food. This will give harm to their digestive system and also effect their bouyancy and also can lead them to death.

Lastly, the threat to marine mammals in Malaysia is human. Humans are illegally hunting for marine mammals for ages. They are hunting them for some personal purpose such as for food or to sell them to illegal black market. This will makes our marine mammals loss their protection and being slaughtered mercilessly by humans

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In malaysia , marine mammals are threated by :

1. Oil and gas
Important reserve of oil , gas and mineral lie deep beneath the seafloor .However , prospecting and drilling for these poses a major threats sensitive espacially to marine mammals.

2. Climate change
Coral bleaching , rising sea levels, changing species distributions- global warming and climate change a marked affect on the ocean. It could make the marine mammals stresses by rising water temparature and level.

3.Noice pollution from human activity such as shipping.

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Based on my opinion, the marine mammals in Malaysia are threatened by :

1. The marine mammals are having their difficult time when they entangled with the fishing gear.

2.The overfishing activities and pollution cause the depletion of prey resources.

3.Large-scale coastal development projects can cause severe habitat degradation.

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The marine mammals in Malaysia threatened by,

1. Noise pollution by human, for example shipping and seismic exploration that can impacted the mammals.

2. The illegal waste dumping, like toxic and garbage that will harm the marine mammals.

3. Low knowledge and awareness on marine mammals.

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In my opinion, noise pollution and plastic pollution are among the most terrible threats to marine mammals.

1) Noise pollution
The sources of noise pollution are Coastal area development, industrial areas located nearby the ocean or river, tanker cruising the ocean and boat. Sound produced during construction works at the coastal area sites, industries and also the boats and cruises will interfer with the soumd produced by the marine mammals such as dolphin as they are using echolocation to find food and families as well as their mates. Therefore, in a long period of time, this pollution will affect their population and cause stress to the dolphin and other marine mammals.

2) Plastic pollution
Next is plastic pollution. Some of the rural areas in Malaysia which are located nearby the sea , they do not have a systematic waste management system. Their domestic waste including plastics, straws, and sewage are directly to the sea or river nearby. Then, these waste will be transported to the sea due to the rain. Therefore, these plastics will float in the sea look like jellyfishes. The dolphins other marine mammals will eat the plastics. As the time goes by, their stomach will full of plastics and cause them to die.

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There are some threats to marine mammals in malaysia .First,fisherman fishing via trawler and gill net.These two types of fishing methods involve running extremely long lengths of fishing net through open water. And also these two types of net is very fine. So, mammals will accidentally entanglement in fishing net.For marine mammals who needs to breath are unable to breath and cause death.
Second, acoustic pollution. Acoustic pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration.Whale and dolphins rely on acoustics to navigate their way through the ocean. These mammals rely on sound to mating,communication and migrating.

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MOHD AMIR SYAHIRAN BIN NORHARIZAN (56681)

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MOHD AMIR SYAHIRAN BIN NORHARIZAN (56681)

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Some of threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are:
1. Sound (acoustic) polution.
- Mammals relay on this sound (acoustic) to navigate their way through the ocean. They relay on this sound  for migration, mating, foraging and communication. Due to the human activity for examples lound of noise from ship, drilling rig and other human source can distort message sent by marine mammals.
2. Open fishing net
- Trowling angd gillnetting fish are the methods involve running extreamly long length of fish net in the open water. So, the mammals can accidently get caught in them.
3. Oil spill.
- oil spill have both short and long term effect on the marine life. This toxic chemical from oil can give the mammals serious damage to the internal organ and digestive system.
4. agricultural runoff.
- Both fertillizer and pesticides runoff from the land that go to the ocean pose a serious threat to marine mammals ecosystem. Runoff with the excess of nitrogen can cause massive algae bloom that can cause toxic to the mammals. They also can die due to this algae bloom.
5. Commercial hunting.
- The mammals are hunting due to their commercial price is high.
6. Climate change.
- The climate change can cause their cannot adapt with the new surrounding. The ocean absorb carbon dioxide from surrounding and make the water become acidic. HIgher pH can cause harmful to fish larvae. With no food to eat, it will cause danger to the marine ecosystem, expecially the marine mammals.
7. Boat collusions.
Many marine mammals always collide with the boat blade and cause them serious injury. So, if not being treated they will die.
8. water pollution
- The water pollution due to the plastic waste which the mammals thought it was thier food can cause danger for them. Many mammals die because of eating plastic bottle, plastic bags and many more.

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Major threat of marine mammals in Malaysia are mainly come from the amount of the rubbish that present in the ocean. Mostly of the mammal that strained on beach has been post-mortem with a lot of rubbish present in the mammal's stomach which causes of the death of the mammals. Mammals often mistake rubbish such as plastic bag which jellyfish which are main diets of theirs and accidentally consume the plastic bag. This lead them to unable to digest the other food they consume and the stomach expand finally causes them unable to dive back into the sea. The second threat are the noise pollution and often causes the the death of the mammals with massive injuries. The noise that came from boat or tank often disturb the mammals communication which most of the mammals are depend on the echolocation to communicate. The sound made by the ship or boat are almost the same with the echolocation by the mammals and accidentally attract them to get closer to the boat and gets injured by the ship. Lastly,  depletion in prey resources also causes treats to mammals population in Malaysia. Over-hunting of food resource by human has causes the mammals are fight along with human for their food sources but mammals often lost the fight due to human are using more efficient technique to gather food resource. Mammals tend to attracted to the fishing gears due they can see an easy meal in front of them but in the end they get entangle in the fishing gears(net). This illustrates some of the real dangers facing marine mammals and this only just the tip of the iceberg.

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FADLIN ILYANA ROSLAN ( 55916 )   1.Sound pollutionMammals such as dolphins rely on acoustic to navigate their way through ocean which rely on sound for their communication , mating , foraging and migration . The loud noises from ships can disrupt the message that their sent to each other . The noise sound can prevent mammals from being able to detect approaching ships and it will decrease the population of marine mammals.      2.Net fishingThese nets are usually will be leave by fisherman for long period and accidentally caught the mammals . This fishing method cause in difficult in moving and their will die due to lack of oxygen .    3.Oil spillsThe toxic chemicals from the oils can cause the damage of digestive system and internal organs . The sticky oil will clog the blowhole of mammals such as dolphins and that causing them to suffocate .

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FADLIN ILYANA ROSLAN ( 55916 )   1.Sound pollutionMammals such as dolphins rely on acoustic to navigate their way through ocean which rely on sound for their communication , mating , foraging and migration . The loud noises from ships can disrupt the message that their sent to each other . The noise sound can prevent mammals from being able to detect approaching ships and it will decrease the population of marine mammals.      2.Net fishingThese nets are usually will be leave by fisherman for long period and accidentally caught the mammals . This fishing method cause in difficult in moving and their will die due to lack of oxygen .    3.Oil spillsThe toxic chemicals from the oils can cause the damage of digestive system and internal organs . The sticky oil will clog the blowhole of mammals such as dolphins and that causing them to suffocate .

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Some of the major threats affecting marine mammal are :
1.traditional meat hunting- people hunt mammals in the ocean for their meat
2. entanglement in fishing gears/ net - newborn mammals such as Dugongs,dolphin are often being caught accidentally in a fisherman’s net causing them to suffocate and die.
3. water pollution - mammals cant survive in a polluted water due to limitation in adaptation of the mammals itself

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58631

1. Polluted waters - the murkiness of coastal water can affect the mammals adaptations  to surrounding.

2.Bycatch (Entanglement in fishing gear) -These will lead to drowning  , laceration,infection and starvation to the mammals. Besides, it will cause broken bones when the mammals try to escape.

3.Noise pollution - Activities  such as shipping and seismic exploration will causes noise in the sea. Mammals are very sensitive  to sound . Disruption of sound will disrupt their normal communication, searching for food and finding mate

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Syarifah Nur Najwa bt Sayed Mohd Kamarudin (58042)

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Syarifah Nur Najwa bt Sayed Mohd Kamarudin (58042)

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1.  Sound pollution
This happens when the noise of some of boats and ship that disturb the populations of the mammals in the ocean. The sounds of the boats and ships prevent the mammals to communicate and mating.

2. Plastic waste
Study showed that there are many plastic waste in the ocean. Because of the plastic waste it could harm the mammals in the ocean. The mammals tend to eat the plastic and this cause the digestion of the mammals becomes bad and die easily.

3. Oil spill
Oil spill floats in the ocean cause the mammals in the ocean to death. This is because the oxygen cannot penetrate through the ocean. The effects of this oil spill also can cause the body of the mammals covered with the oil.

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NUR DIANA BINTI SARIZAN(57185)                The threats are:

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NUR DIANA BINTI SARIZAN(57185)                The threats are:

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1)unsustainable fishing.
The fishermen usually will catch the fishes by using the big nets that towed by the boat.When this happened,they will unconditionally catch the small fishes also.Usually they will just throw the small fishes aside and not back to the ocean.This will cause the survival of the fishes become low.

2)oil spills
The oil spilled will caused the death of many marine organisms.The layer of the oil at the surface of the ocean will trap the sunlight and oxygen from entering the ocean while the carbon dioxide to get out.When the sunlight not entering the ocean then the photosynthesis by the phytoplankton  cannot be happened

3)The factories' runoff
All the chemicals from the factories usually will be dumped into the river or the ocean.The waste that been dumped mostly is the chemicals.Therefore when the chemicals enter the ocean,it will effect the fishes and other marine organisms.The marine organisms will consumed the chemicals and we humans consumed it also.

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Dg Noorizzaratul Iqma Binti Ahadil (55815)

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Dg Noorizzaratul Iqma Binti Ahadil (55815)

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1.Ships Strikes
Many marine mammals are at the risk being hit by high-spend ships. It is estimated that over 90 manatees die prematurely due to ship strikes every year in Florida.

2. Oil Spills
Oils spills has a long term and short term effect on marine mammals. Toxic chemivals in oil cause serious damage to the digestive system and internal orgran. Animals like otters that are exposed to oil will automatically try and lick oil off from their fur.

3.Agricultiral Runoff.
The pesticide or fertilizer which are runoff from farm cause the excess nitrogen it. This will spawn massive algae blooms that depleted the water of oxygen creating a dead zone for fish.

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What are threats to marine mammals in Malaysia:

1.       Entanglement in fishing gear- mammals such as dolphin and baby dugong accidently caught in fishermen’s net and later found dead upon its release (drowning).

2.       Hunting/poaching- marine mammals are threatened by hunting for their meat, fins, and tusk for illegal trading. Unethical behaviour such as this should be banned and strict law of enforcement should be taken to tackle this problem.

3.       Habitat degradation from development activities- development activities bring more harm than advantages to the aquatic environment. Development activities increase the rate of pollution in the ocean, thus, increasing the rate of disease of aquatic organisms. Since each of the organism in the ocean is somewhat connected with each other, the toxin will be transferred from each trophic level to another. Accumulation of toxins will eventually cause poisoning and lead to death of the highest trophic level which usually comprises of mammals.

4.       Collision with ships and other marine vessels- this does not only happen in Malaysia but also happen worldwide.

5.       Underwater noise- Malaysia’s boats unfortunately are not too well equipped (loud sound produced by engine) compared to boats from other country (US). The high voltage sound can disrupt the echolocation of mammal such as dolphins, when their echolocation is disturbed they may get lost from their pack and this might lead to starvation as dolphins hunt for food in groups.

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Based on my reading, large scale of oil spills is the main cause of marine pollution. This is because high number of oils on the ocean, it will cover up the water surface so oxygen is not panetrate into the ocean.The dissolve oxygen for the ocean water quality is low. Nowaday, the number of ship around ocean area is increasing as people start to explore the ocean. When this happened, the potential for oil spills to happen is big. This is a huge issue as the oil will cover up the marine organisms just like a coat and this will disable the marine organisms to regulate their own temperature.

Washington DC has reported that there are 8.8 thousand ton of plastic waste is throw into the ocean. As we know plastic such as plastic bag, plastic bottels and shoes not to forget the biggest number found around the ocean is packaging material may take 100 years to break down under the sun. This will bring harm to the marine organisms such as dorphine, turtles and whales. Turtles will think that plastic is jelly fish as plastic look alike to jelly fish. It will effect the marine organisms body system. When these marine life feed on these plastic, they will always feel full but the fact is they are not as the body is lack of nutrient.This will bring negative effect on the marine organisms diet.

Lastly, chemical waste is also one of the marine pollution sources. In Malaysia, this happen to the industrial area where they do not have a effective ways to flow the waste. Most of the factory in Malaysia flow the chemical waste directly to the river which flow to the ocean. The present of chemical waste in the ocean water column will force the small marine organisms such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and small fish to consume these chemical waste. The food chain continue as the bigger size of fish start o consume the plankton and small fish. This also bring harm to us if we consume the fish from that area.

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There are several Threats to Marine mammals in Malaysia especially the dolphin :
1. The fisherman nets' which are not properly being watched or observed.
2. The disposal of waste and rubbish into the sea like plastic and bottles which make the marine mammals to confuse whether it is food or or plastic. the domestic waste such as daily or routine of people that using soap or detergent may also effect them for a long term .
3. There are some people that demanding the marine mammals as exotic food or even as a commercial values. So, they hunt for it without any legal observation from the government.
4. Some tourist activities may cause distraction to the marine mammals habitat.

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Threat to Marine Mammals in Malaysia

Nur Aida binti Ahmadi

57110

Marine mammals frequently create headlines when they are beached on our coastlines, attracting huge attention of the media and public. But all the media buzz and attention vanishes once the beached mammal dies. As difficult it is to admit, this has been the normal reaction in Malaysia.

In Malaysia there are many marine mammal especially in Laut China Selatan.

Some of the major threats affecting marine mammal survival include :

traditional hunting for meat,

starvation, vessel collisions,

dynamite fishing,

entanglement in fishing gears,

diseases and degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation and pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantations, as well as other anthropogenic threats. For examples, in Sabah, many fishermen regard cetaceans and dugongs as fish species and the animals caught are consumed, traded or used as fishing bait. Moreover, the slow growth and low reproductive rate of most of the marine mammals’ species further impede their population recovery. Additionally, their generally high trophic levels and degree of habitat specificity make them even more vulnerable.

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Rita Paramitasari Nazaliya binti Dahrir 5914

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Rita Paramitasari Nazaliya binti Dahrir 5914

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Threats to marine mammals in Malaysia:
1.Entanglement  in fishing gear

2.Depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution

3.Severe habitat degradation due to large-scale coastal development projects

4.Noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration

5.Lack of resource data which disable the determination of a species’ conservation status and ecologically important areas for population survival

6.Low levels of awareness on marine mammals

7.Illegal hunting, fishing and catching, illness and loss of marine habitats such as sea grass

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia is :
1. Dumped trash such as plastic bag, nylon ropes, and bottle cups.
2. Starvation because lack of food supply.
3. Dynamite fishing that disturbing the coordination of mammals.
4. Diseases and degradation og seagrass area.
5. Pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantation.
6. slow growth and low birth rate

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Norfatin Adila bt mohamad shayuti (57072)

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Norfatin Adila bt mohamad shayuti (57072)

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Malaysia has a rich marine ecology and its waters are blessed with abundant marine mammals. However, it is tragically becoming a thing of the past and the overall population appears to be at alarming rate. It is because of the threats that Malaysia have :
1. Disease - disease can make the mammal die .
2. No food supply -the mammal is hard to find their own food.
3. Littering - as we know , the people now like to throw rubbish in the water and as for the law of the sea , when they are far enough from the land , they can throw rubbish in the sea . When they do littering , all the trash will be in the sea and the quality of water become low and can effect the quality of water and can make the mammal get the disease .
4. Industrial - the industrial also be the reason to mammal threat as the factory will release their chemical to the sea and it will effect the dissloved oxygen , turbidity and ph of water .
5. Oil spill - the oil spill also can be a threat to marine mammal as the oil will block the entry of the oxygen to water .

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Malaysia are well known for the diversity of flora and fauna. However due to some human activities it lead to various threats that can trigger the extinction of animals and plants especially to marine mammals.For examples,

1. Oil spill from big tank ships can affect the dissolved oxygen in the sea.

2.  Entanglement in fishing gear one of the main threats to marine mammals. When they are caught in one of the big fishing nets they have difficulties to break free from it, for example dolphin is a mammal that need to resurface every 15 minutes, if they get caught for more than 15 minutes they would drown and died.

3. Noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration also causes confusion to the mammals wen they need to find food or shelter. as they easily confuse due to the sound emitted from the boat .

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NUR HAZIQAH BINTI MOHD SAMATHANI (57254)

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NUR HAZIQAH BINTI MOHD SAMATHANI (57254)

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Malaysia is blessed with great diversity of animals especially in marine environment. Unfortunately due to human ignorance a lots of threats threatening their lives and most likely mammals that dominate in the marine environment.

There are few threats that greatly affect the mammals such as a large scale of coastal development which causes severe habitat degradation. The natural habitat no longer be able to support or withstand the species presence at the particular area, reducing the quality of life and survival rates of the mammals such as whale as they only reproduce a calf for years and hardly migrate even though the environment is less suitable for them to lives which really dangerous for their kind.

Next, water pollution that being made by humans. Eliminates rubbish such as plastic or glass bottle into the ocean may seems harmless but it’s really affecting the mammals. They tend to shallow the plastics. The plastic itself is non-biodegradable and takes many years to degrade. Imaging it in a dugong’s stomach. The ‘dugong’ may having malnutrition as the plastics make it full so lesser its feed. Other than that, water pollution also can contributes to depletion of prey resources for sharks as the condition to survive is unfavorable for the smaller organism.

Lastly, noise pollution from ships and boats’ engine will disturb dolphin and whale communication. Dolphin and whale communicate with each other by using echolocation to navigate, locate prey, hunt and protect themselves from predators. They will confuse with the sound produced by the ships and boats with the other dolphin or whale sound and it’s really stressful for them to survive in every day basis.

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Threats to Marine Mammals in Malaysia.

1.Open net fishing that involve running extremely long lengths of fishing net through open water. These net are left unattended to and have been trap shark,dolphins,sea turtles and whales.

2.Agricultural runoff from fertilizer and pesticide become a serious threat to marine mammal's ecosystem. This runoff can cause problem in coastal region where the excess nitrogen from fertilizer can spawn massive algae blooms.

3. Oil spills from tanker have short term and long term effects on marine mammals.Toxic chemicals in oil causes serious damage to the digestive system and internal organs.

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Threats to marine mammals in Malaysia:
1. Noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration
2. Lack of research data which disables the determination of a species’ conservation status and ecologically important areas for population survival
3. Severe habitat degradation due to large-scale coastal development projects
4. Traditional hunting for meat
5. Diseases and degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation and pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantations

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Threats to marine mammals in Malaysia is oil and gas industrial which causes the spills of vast amount of oil in the ocean which lead to disruption of respiratory of mammals in the ocean. Besides, pollution also one of the threats especially water pollution causes by the human activity such as water sewage and dumping. Generally, shipping also affects mammal in the ocean as they are distrupted by the sound of every ship that travel in ocean. This especially will affects the mammals that has echosounding  adaptation. Lastly, despite of human activity, climate change also one of the threats to mammals in marine environment as it can alter the water quality of the marine environment

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Thrats to marine mammals  present within Malaysia:-

1.  Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing:Any IUU fishing practices, such as fish bombing, is still prevalent in parts of Sabah, and is a major cause of dugong mortality. However, due to the lack of any official system in place to monitor fishing effort at sea, the extent of IUU fishing and their impact to marine mammals in Malaysian waters remain undetermined.

2.  Ship strike: Since Malaysia as maritime country, there are significant number of ocean-going vessels per year. With the establishment of new port facilities and expansion of existing facilities, the country is well-placed to attract an increasing amount of vessel traffic in the years to come. There have been numerous reports of stranded animals showing signs of strikes from ship propellers causing injury to death, especially in areas with high vessel traffic density ie. near the ports.

3.  Pollution: In Malaysian waters, pollution typically originates from land-based sources although there are some caused from sea-based sources. Commercial, residential and industrial developments found along the coast are known to discharge wastes into the waterways which end up into the sea causing further degradation to marine mammals’ habitats, and in some cases to the animals themselves.While sea-based sources of pollution include solid and liquid wastes discharged by vessels and offshore facilities as well as recreational users of the sea.
Reported by Gunalan, in 2008, a necropsy was conducted on a stranded Bryde’s whale revealed waste such as rope and plastic bags contained within its stomach (Gunalan et al. 2013).

4.  Oil and gas explorations and development: As oil and gas remain one of the most profitable sectors in Malaysia’s economy, an increasing number of exploration (including seismic) and offshore development projects are being undertaken in the country. For example, companies are moving into previously unexplored areas such as the Brunei Bay and western Sabah coastal waters to explore and develop oil and gas fields. The bay harbours large seagrass, mangrove and mudflat habitats which are  important feeding and possible breeding grounds for dugongs and other biodiversity  oil and gas exploration and development activities involve the generation of underwater noise and discharge of petrochemical/hydrocarbon wastes into the sea. Impacts of the activities may directly affect marine mammal population in the country unless proper and effective measures are taken to mitigate them. To date, no regulation exists for any mitigation measure (ie use of Marine Mammal Observers (MMO) and airgun soft start during seismic exploration activities) to be implemented to reduce any impact that may arise from oil and gas activities. Companies that do implement any mitigation measures does so voluntarily and with no formal guideline or monitoring.

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In Malaysia, marine mammals are threatened by the following:

1) Entanglement in Fishing gear.

2) Depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution like oil spill from the ships.

3) Severe habitat degradation due to the large-scale coastal development project.

4) Noise pollution from human activities such as shipping and seismic exploration.

5) Lack of research data which disables the determination of a species conservation status and ecologically important areas for population survival.

6) Low level of awareness on marine mammals.

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The struggle of marine mammals to survive are sadly due to human activities. One of the threats they are currently facing is acoustic pollution. Whale and dolphin rely on acoustics to navigate their ways through the ocean besides for communicating and mating. The addition of loud noises from ships, drilling rigs and other human sources can confuse the mammals. This acoustic noise pollution can prevent the mammals to detect the ship or fishing net approaching them adding a risk to be killed.

Next, oil spills both have short term effect and long term effect on marine mammals. Animals like seals and otters that had been exposed to oil will automatically tend to lick oil off their fur. It will cause serious damage to their internal organs and digestive system due to toxic chemicals in oil. As for the whales and dolphins, the thick and sticky oil may clog their blowholes and will cause them suffocating

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Some of the major threats for marine mammals are ship strikes, acoustic pollution, open net fishing, and oil spill. All these threats are common problems faced by the marine mammals.

Ship strikes are very dangerous for marine mammals mainly North Atlantic Right Whales. As the ship is speeding it happens to strike or collide with the whales which cause fatal accident. Many large ships travel into ports along the East Coast with the speeds of around 15+ mph. Right whale tends to inhabit coastal waters and moves slowly so the high-speed ships are difficult to slow down and avoid the whales.

Marine mammals that rely on acoustic for navigation, communication, foraging and mating are whales and dolphins. Loud noises from the ships and drilling rigs cause them to be ‘deaf’. It blocks them from hearing or sending messages to others. Acoustic noise pollution hinder the mammals from detecting ships or fishing nets that are approaching them thus exposing themselves to danger or being at risk.

Fishing methods that involve running long lengths of fishing net through open water are trawling and gillnetting. These two methods are usually left unattended to which  cause marine mammals to accidentally trapped in them. These methods are major culprit for the overfishing of 90% of the large predatory fish.

Marine mammals like seals and otters are usually the victims of oil spills. These two mammals which are exposed to the oil spills will tends to lick oil off their fur. The oil which contain toxic chemicals could cause serious damage to the digestive system and internal organs of the mammals. The oil is thick and sticky, if the marine mammals are exposed to the oil, it could clog the blowholes causing them to suffocate.

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Marine mammals that can be found in Malaysia such as dolphins ,whales and serenians Dugong.

These species are toward extinction due to human activity in Malaysia. Firstly , the sound of fisherman boat engine disturb the dolphins communication and for them to search for food. As we know ,dolphins use echolocation but if there are noises around them , how can they survive if they cannot find food?

Besides that, entanglement in fisherman net/gear. This may cause the marine mammals to die as they cannot move and breath well when they trap.

Pollution also major threat ti marine mammals .For example, like plastic pollution they will thought that the plastic is fish and eat the plastic. This will disturb they body metabolism and eventually they will choke and die from eating too many plastic bags.

Another example of is pollution of seagrass areas in coastal area that been polluted by sedimentation and toxic from factories. This will cause the marine mammals lose they food resources.

Also, marine mammals facing threat from hunting /poaching. In Sabah, there are fisherman who hunt for cetaceans and dugong as they consume it and for fishing bait.

marine mammal have low reproductive rate and slow growth. This explain why they species can be found only in small group .

Last but not least, collision with ship or other marine vessel cause harm to dolphins and whale . The fishermen will catch them and they will either trade or consume by the fishermen.

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Tengku Farah Diana binti Tengku Md Shafie 59228

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Tengku Farah Diana binti Tengku Md Shafie 59228

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Some examples of marine mammals that can be found in Malaysia are dolphin and whales. Unfortunately, they are exposed to pollution that can affect their existence.

These marine mammals are threatened from many sources. One of them is entanglement in fishing gear that usually belongs to fishermen that use for fishing activities. Besides, they also faced depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution. This make them to have less nutrients gained and can affect their health later on.

Other than that, exposure to noise pollution that happen due to activities such as shipping and seismic exploration which can heavily impacted the habitats. Lastly, low knowledge and awareness on marine issues among humans specifically can also lead to marine pollution that can affect marine life especially the mammals.

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Nur Zianah binti Abdul Mutthalib (57388)

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Nur Zianah binti Abdul Mutthalib (57388)

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Some of the major threats affecting marine mammal survival include traditional hunting for meat, starvation, vessel collisions, dynamite fishing, entanglement in fishing gears, diseases and degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation and pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantations, as well as other anthropogenic threats. For examples, in Sabah, many fishermen regard cetaceans and dugongs as fish species and the animals caught are consumed, traded or used as fishing bait. Moreover, the slow growth and low reproductive rate of most of the marine mammals’ species further impede their population recovery. Additionally, their generally high trophic levels and degree of habitat specificity make them even more vulnerable.

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Nowadays, there are a lot of threats occurring to the marine mammals especially in Malaysia. One of the biggest problems is when the depletion of prey resources occurred due to human overfishing and pollution. Most of the fishing methods are unsustainable and destructive to marine ecosystems’ biodiversity and functioning, and are responsible for habitat destruction and by-catch of loads of non-target species. This action will also causes the decrease in resources abundance for marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. Other than that, this action also causes destruction to the ocean floor. Bottom trawling, for example, is among the most destructive human activities carried out in the ocean. It consists of dragging a net between two heavy trawl doors across the seafloor, to get deep fish and shrimps. This activity is responsible for habitat destruction, including fragile deep coral ecosystems. The damage is so bad that it can actually be seen from space. Estimates are that annually 300,000 whales, dolphins and porpoises die entangled in fishing nets, together with thousands of endangered sea turtles, sharks and seabirds. For every pound of seafood that goes to market, more than 10 pounds, even 100, may be thrown away as by-catch. Shrimp trawling is among the most destructive, responsible for a third of the world's by-catch, while producing only 2% of all seafood.

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In my opinion the major threats to marine mammals in Malaysia is mostly due to irresponsible human activities. First, entanglement in fishing gear, this cause they stuck in it. After that,depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution. Severe habitat degradation due to large-scale coastal development projects. After that, noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration, the oceans are huge highways, across which we ship all kinds of goods. Like other human activities, this heavy traffic is leaving its mark: oil spills, ship groundings, anchor damage, and the dumping of rubbish, ballast water, and oily waste are endangering marine habitats around the world. For example, Dolphins rely on echolocation, which is similar to sonar, for hunting, communication and navigation. The dolphins listen to the reflected sound they produce and use this to locate their peers, fish and other objects. Underwater construction works sometimes involve techniques such as percussive piling ,which may interfere with the dolphins’ echolocation capability. In extreme cases, this will result in death for the affected dolphins.
The increasing marine traffic also poses threats of obscuring sounds and acoustic communication, also interfering with echolocation. High levels of boat noise can lead to injuries or disturbance, as manifested by changes in behaviour and use of acoustic signalling. Then, lack of research data which disables the determination of a species’ conservation status and ecologically important areas for population survival and also low levels of awareness on marine mammals.

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For the marine mammals I wanted to say whaling but this question involves only in Malaysia and whaling usually occurs in the Antarctica , so, for me the greatest threat in Malaysia is the sound made by the fisherman boat , pollution in the form of sound. it marine mammals such as the irrawaddy dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin uses sound mostly for everything such as finding its mate , navigating, orienting and communicating with each other .

The sound from the boat will make the mammals disorienting and also cannot able to communicate with each other and this will cause the dolphin  to be under stress and eventually the number will decrease and also end up extinct.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are plastic bags pollution, severe habitat degradation due to large scale coastal development projects and noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration.

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Marine mammals in Malaysia are exposed to a lot of threats including the habitat loss, the oil spills, open net fishing (involve running long lengths of net through open water and usually left unattended), agricultural runoffs (fertilizer and pesticide runoffs from farms could pose a serious threats to marine mammal's ecosystems) and the noise pollution (where this could interfere the navigation of mammals like whales and dolphins).

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Threats that faced by marine mammals in Malaysia are plastic bags pollution, oil spills and open net fishing.  Plastic never goes away. It will fragments into millions of tiny toxic pieces that are ingested by wildlife. Marine mammals cannot distinguish between floating jellyfish which is main component of their diet and plastic bags. They will definitely accidentally swallow these indigestible plastic bags as food. These plastic bags will wrap around their intestines and make them feel full. Ultimately they will die of disease like intestinal cancer and toxic chemical remnants. Besides that, oil spill also harmful to marine mammals. Toxic chemicals in oil cause serious damage to the digestive system and internal organs of marine mammals. Thick and sticky oil will clog the blowholes of marine mammals and causing them to suffocate. In the long term, exposure to petroleum can cause reproductive damage. In open net fishing case, trawling and gill netting are two types of fishing methods that will normally use by fishermen in Malaysia. These methods involve running extremely long lengths of fishing net through open water. These nets are usually left unattended to and have been devastating to marine mammals that accidentally get caught in them.

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Threat to marine mammals in Malaysia
1) DDT pesticide
2) Hand feeding to marine mammals
3) Human ignorance cause decreasing population of marine mammals
4) Sound pollution from boat
5) PCB coolant chemical waste dumped in ocean
6) Global warming
7) Plastic waste

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Marine mammals in Malaysia are threatened by....
- Too much waste especially plastic found in the ocean.
- Noise pollution from shipping and seismic exploration.
- Death and injury from the collision of boat or ship.
- Uses of destructive fishing gear.
- Pollution and over-fishing that can cause depletion of prey resources.
- Habitat degradation due to excessive coastal development activities.
- Lack of awareness towards marine mammals.
- Mammals being caught by fisherman and used as fishing bait or being traded.

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In Malaysia, our marine mammals are threatened mostly due to human activities itself. Some of the reasons marine mammals are threatened are because they get entangled in fishing gear such as nets that were cast in the sea. Once they are stuck in the net, the mammals cannot free themselves and drown. Marine mammals are also threatened with overfishing and pollution. These occurence causes the mammals to lose their habitat and their food source. Some of the marine mammals habitat are also suffering from severe habitat degradation due to large - scale coastal development projects which forces them to strive for survival in other places. Noise pollution is also a threat towards marine mammals. Sounds coming from shipping and seismic exploration may disturb the mammals and may affect them such as sonars from boats may affect mammals like dolphin which relies on sonars for navigation. Low levels of awareness towards marine mammals and the lack of data to determine a species’ conservation status and important areas for population survival also contributes to marine mammals threats.

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In Malaysia, our marine mammals are threatened mostly due to human activities itself. Some of the reasons marine mammals are threatened are because they get entangled in fishing gear such as nets that were cast in the sea. Once they are stuck in the net, the mammals cannot free themselves and drown. Marine mammals are also threatened with overfishing and pollution. These occurence causes the mammals to lose their habitat and their food source. Some of the marine mammals habitat are also suffering from severe habitat degradation due to large - scale coastal development projects which forces them to strive for survival in other places. Noise pollution is also a threat towards marine mammals. Sounds coming from shipping and seismic exploration may disturb the mammals and may affect them such as sonars from boats may affect mammals like dolphin which relies on sonars for navigation. Low levels of awareness towards marine mammals and the lack of data to determine a species’ conservation status and important areas for population survival also contributes to marine mammals threats.

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In Malaysia, our marine mammals are threatened mostly due to human activities itself. Some of the reasons marine mammals are threatened are because they get entangled in fishing gear such as nets that were cast in the sea. Once they are stuck in the net, the mammals cannot free themselves and drown. Marine mammals are also threatened with overfishing and pollution. These occurence causes the mammals to lose their habitat and their food source. Some of the marine mammals habitat are also suffering from severe habitat degradation due to large - scale coastal development projects which forces them to strive for survival in other places. Noise pollution is also a threat towards marine mammals. Sounds coming from shipping and seismic exploration may disturb the mammals and may affect them such as sonars from boats may affect mammals like dolphin which relies on sonars for navigation. Low levels of awareness towards marine mammals and the lack of data to determine a species’ conservation status and important areas for population survival also contributes to marine mammals threats.

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Threats to marine mammals in Malaysia:
-uncontrolled plastic throwing into ocean
-pollution such as noise pollution, chemicals
-habitat destroy
-starvation because losing food sources
-entanglement in fishing gears
-over-fishing by human cause decrease in food sources
-disease

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Some examples of treat towards marine mammals are:

1.       Illegal hunting for meat

2.      Entanglement in fishing gears

3.      Illness and diseases causes loss of marine habitats such as sea grass

4.      Accidently caught in fisherman’s net

5.      Overfishing and pollutant lead to depletion of prey resources

6.      Too much waste especially plastic found in ocean

7.      Underwater noise

8.      Collision with ships and other marine vessels

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Marine mammal in Malaysia facing threats such as:
•Hunting
•Bycatch in nets
•Pollution (solid waste,
chemical, noise)
•Habitat destruction and degradation
•Use of illegal and destructive
fishing methods
•Disturbance and displacement from habitats
•Death and injury from
boat strikes
•Irresponsible tourism interactions in the wild
•Captive animals
used for entertainment taken from unsustainable sources.

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Muhammad Zafri Zuhairi bin Mohamed Radzi (58853)

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Muhammad Zafri Zuhairi bin Mohamed Radzi (58853)

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In Malaysia, marine mammals are threatened by the following:

Entanglement in fishing gear

Depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution

Severe habitat degradation due to large-scale coastal development projects

Noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration

Lack of research data which disables the determination of a species’ conservation status and ecologically important areas for population survival

Low levels of awareness on marine mammals

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Malaysia is one of the country that actively developed country into urbanization. Along with this processes, the destructive of the natural habitat keep increasing especially marine environment . The main treat that destroy marine mammals is runoff waste. The waste from agriculture, domestic waste and industrial waste run off from river to the ocean. This increase the chances of  heavy metal and toxic chemical from the run off consume by mammals accidently. The toxin consume cause harm to the mammals itself since it will destroyed their organs. Apart form that the ocean trash also cause harm since they always be mistakes as food by mammals. For example turtle accidently eat plastic since it float like a jellyfish  Not just turtle , but also dolphin and filter feeder whale.
For marine mammals that live near domenstic fishery, the treat that destroyed the mammals is by alien net . Since it is left overnight, the mammals that trapped cannot breath and death due to drown.

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There are some list of threats to marine mammals in Malaysia, which are oil spillage, plastic litter, toxic waste runoff and overfishing.oil discharge from ships by tanker accident will also affect the mammals in the sea. Due to oil spillage , the mammals in the sea unable to breath freely and lead to die.Some irresponsible human throw rubbish into the sea instead of the bin. As we all know plastic do not decompose very easily which lead to the dead of mammals when they consume the plastic as their food. Moreover, overdose amount of chemicals used in land areas often being washed away into the sea by the rain as well as the river and cause the mammals in the sea are affected by those chemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers. Overfishing is one of the major cause of mammals in the sea being threatened. This is due to human’s greed where fishes are caught excessively until the population density drops drastically. Even some human miscatch the mammals instead of catch fishes. This lead to the threatening of mammals in the sea.

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Today, although they have been numerous sightings of marine mammals recorded in Malaysian waters, the overall population appears to be continuously dwindling at an alarming rate. In general, there are various threats to marine mammals’ survival such as entanglement in fishing gear, severe habitat degradation due to large-scale coastal development projects, and depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution. On the other hand, due to lack awareness of the importance conserving the marine mammals, some of the locals would hunt these marine mammals for their meat. As the country continues to develop, so does the pressure increase on the health of the marine mammals. These marine mammals are exposed to the noise pollution such as shipping and seismic exploration. Although the awareness of pollution is spread globally, there are still irresponsible people that would go and throw rubbish into the sea. Items such as plastic bags, plastic bottles and other non-biodegradable items carry a high chance of ending up in the stomach of a marine mammal because they might confuse its appearance (plastic) with food. This could lead to death due to the clogging in the digestive tract of the animal.

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The major threats that marine mammals are currently facing are the traditional hunting for meat, starvation, vessel collisions, dynamite fishing, entanglement in fishing gears, diseases and degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation and pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantations, as well as other anthropogenic threats. Besides that, depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution, noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration and low levels of awareness on marine mammals.

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Malaysia’s waters are polluted due to the murkiness of our coastal waters. Although these exotic marine mammals can still be encountered in certain parts of our waters, the overall population appears to be dwindling at an alarming rate. It is interesting to note that a post-mortem showed plastic bags, nylon ropes and bottle caps in the intestines of some of these whales. Some of the major threats affecting marine mammal survival include traditional hunting for meat, starvation, vessel collisions, dynamite fishing, entanglement in fishing gears, diseases and degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation and pollution from coastal development and palm oil plantations, as well as other anthropogenic threats. For examples, in Sabah, many fishermen regard cetaceans and dugongs as fish species and the animals caught are consumed, traded or used as fishing bait. (Cheryl, 2010) Moreover, the slow growth and low reproductive rate of most of the marine mammals’ species further impede their population recovery. Additionally, their generally high trophic levels and degree of habitat specificity make them even more vulnerable.

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The list of threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are expanding exponentionally. Namely, acoustic pollution, open net fishing, agricultural runoff, commercial hunting, tourism, and habitat loss. Acoustic pollution and open net fishing are threats that caught my attention as I heard of the rest of the threats listed. For acoustic pollution, it mainly focusses on whales and dolphines who rely on acoustics or echolocation for navigation, communication, mating and so on. The word pollution in acoustic pollution stresses on the natural acoustics being distrupted by other much louder noises from ships, boats, drilling rigs and results of other human activties. This in turn will prevent the marine mammals from being able to detect any danger or obstacles approaching them such as ships, boats or even fishing nets. Thus, their lifespan will be shortened greatly. Also, they are unable to communicate among each other and will lose their pack which results in them living life in soliditary. This may result in lower mating and a decline in the population of the species. For open net fishing, the fishermen are at fault for being ignorant and practicing wrong fishing methods such as trawling and gillnetting which requires running extremely long lengths of fishing nets through open waters. Since the nets they use are extremely long not to mention heavy, they often leave it unattended and overnight. This results in many marine mammals namely dolphins, turtles and sharks getting caught in the nets and drown to death. Marine mammals need to resurface in the waters for air and being trapped under the waters will drown them.

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The threats that threatened marine mammals in Malaysia are sewage runoff, ocean dumping and overfishing. The waste from industrial, agriculture and domestic used run off to the ocean. These waste cause harmful effects to the marine mammals as they release toxin from the chemical waste and may cause algal bloom. In addition, ocean dumping also cause threats to marine mammals. For example, dumping trash such as plastic bags near the beach which later will be washed off to the oceans. The plastic bags can suffocated marine mammals as they can be mistaken as jelly fish which as the food sources of some marine mammals. This suffocation will cause the marine mammals to die eventually. Lastly, overfishing. Human might use illegal way of fishing such as fish bombing. The fish bombing will kill all the marine mammals in the area and the number of fish they caught is uncontrollable.

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AINI HANNANI NAQIAH BINTI ABDUL MANAFF (58417)

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AINI HANNANI NAQIAH BINTI ABDUL MANAFF (58417)

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Many marine mammals are endangered species and are currently protected under the Fisheries Act 1985 and the Wildlife Act 1972 in Malaysia. The main cause why these marine mammals are threaten is directly and indirectly because of human activities. How human activities give threats to marine mammals in Malaysia include:

- Entanglement in fishing gear

- Habitat degradation from development activities

- Pollution

- Depletion in prey resources

- Collisions with ships and marine vessels

- Underwater noise

- Hunting / Poaching / Overfishing
- Plastic industries

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The main treats for marine mammal in Malaysia are shore side development , uncontrollable development of fisheries and water pollution. shore side development not only the factories build up at the shore, instead it included the tourism development at the shore. This conditions was quite obvious at West Malaysia.For example, fill the sea to increase the land area to build the hotel, resort for tourism activities.When the sea is fill up, some important habitat for marine mammals can be destroy like coral reef. This may affect the food chain in the marine system instead marine life.
Furthermore, the uncontrollable fisheries will cause sharply decline of fish. Besides that, the nets set up and method to catch fishes for Malaysian fisherman are not being improve. They just set up the fish net at the sea and  collect the net at the next day. This method is harm to the larger marine mammals like dolphin. When they struggle in the net and cannot escape from the net , they will die since they cannot breath in the water, they need to breath out the water. In additional, the motor used in Malaysian boat are not advanced compare to overseas, The sound from the motor may cause the confusing of the dolphin since the echoes from the motor is too high.
Besides that, the water pollution in Malaysia was also affect the marine life. Even through the sewage is not runoff directly to the sea, it also affect the marine life indirectly since the sewage runoff through the rivers and streams will runoff to sea finally. The harmful contents in the water may cause the sensitive marine mammals die.This condition very obvious at West Malaysia. Besides that, the illegal dumping also affect the marine life. The most serious problem is the plastic. The plastic will be eaten by turtles since the plastic look alike with jellyfish.

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Threats that the marine mammals facing in Malaysia are one of it is Agriculture runoff . Agriculture these days using too many chemical containing fertilizers. The water run off may containing chemical that might be harmful to marine mammals. This also can stunt the growth of the marine mammals and also their health. Next, climate change also maybe one of the threats that the mammals are facing with rising of water level some mammals might lost it's way. Climate change also might change the norms of certain mammals due to unfavourable condition. Lastly, Tourism can be a threat, example the sound of the boat might interrupt the locomotion ( echolocation) of the mammals.

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The treat for marine mammal in Malaysia is the industrial development that occurs by the shore side. This industrial will dispose their waste into the sea. One of the waste is the untreated sewage. This can cause harm to the nekton which is the main food source for the marine mammal. The industrial also produces sound pollution that can interupt the communication of the marine mammal. The noisy nose made by the factory and also the boats as well as ship for industrial purposes will harm the marine mammal because they are unable to communicate and will having difficulties to hunt their pret as they hunts using echoes sound. This can highly harm the marine mammal especially in Malaysia which is a developing country, full with progressing ongoing industrial by the shore e.g the Johor port.

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MUHAMMAD IQBAL RAZIN BIN MOHAMAD IDRIS (58823)

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MUHAMMAD IQBAL RAZIN BIN MOHAMAD IDRIS (58823)

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Malaysia high in diversity of animals but lack of technology to discover and conservation those animals. Marine mammals expose to a lot of threat such as waste rubbish from the house trash causing the ocean been polluted. The trash contain harmful chemical that will be consume by the mammal because the mammals identified the trash as a food. Other than that, some fisherman just leaving their net that sometimes will trap mammals and they will die because of lack of oxygen.

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Marine mammals in Malaysia exposed to a several threats but mostly are irresponsible action of human being. Waste dumping such as plastic bags cause harm to these mammals. Plastic is jellyfish look-a-like and the mammal will consume it which will cause harm to their digestive system. Eventually, excessive waste dumping into the ocean cause decreasing of number of marine mammals. This solely caused by human irresponsible action

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Ku Muhamad Rais Safiuddin Bin Ku Abd Rahim 58686

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Ku Muhamad Rais Safiuddin Bin Ku Abd Rahim 58686

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Marine mammals are of the highly most anticipated animals in the universe not just they live in water but also give birth instead of laying eggs and breath using lungs too. However, there are few threats to these mammals that are facing difficulties in live continuation. The illegal waste dumping. This has become a major issue as the illegal dumping will congest the part of the sea and creating insufficient space for the mammals. For example, the toxic waste dumping into the sea. This action not just contaminate the sea, it also reduce the dissolved oxygen in the sea.Further more, the illegal dumping also cause the marine mammals to consume the garbage and harming the digestive systems of the marine mammals and it will harm the live of the marine mammals.

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I believe the major threats to marine mammals in Malaysia is due to the fact that we are lacking in exposures and knowledge to handle or care for these mammals. Our attitude which reflects to irresponsible behaviour indirectly cause harm to these mammals. Among the faults that we made are, lack prior knowledge on conserving these mammals, do not maintain a condusive environment for these mammals to reside in and we dismiss this issue as something unimportant. In simple form, irresponsible humans are the major threats to marine mammals.

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The main threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are entanglement in fishing gear,depletion of prey resources due to overfishing and pollution, noise pollution from activities such as shipping and seismic exploration, and low level awareness on marine mammals.  The uses of fishing gear has cause the marine mammals to be caught in the equipment such as fish nets and this eventually lead them to suffocation where some marine mammals such as dolphin need to breath after 10-15 minutes in water. The noise from the seismic activities can confused the marine mammal like dolphin because they used echolation to detect position and   for communication between its species. This has cause the growth of the marine mammals to be retarded because marine mammals only less offspring in their lifespans and taking care of them until mature.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are traditional hunting for meat, dynamite fishing, entanglement in fishing gears, degradation of seagrass areas caused by sedimentation, pollution from coastal development and others threats that may effect the survival of the mammals. These kinds of threats will cause in decreasing of growth and reproduction rate of the mammals species for long term. Eventually, these will make them even more vulnerable.

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The threats to marine mammals in Malaysia are the over extent fishing via trawlers. The trawlers use very fine nets which not only capture fish fries but also mammals that dwell in the waters. The fishes which are food for the mammals will decline as the fishermen keeps on using the fine nets. Sometimes, torn nets are thrown into the waters which either float on the surface or stuck on the sea floor which can trap marine mammals who needs to breathe occasionally.

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In Malaysia, our fisheries industry are quite big, as many fisher man didn't follow the protocol while catching the fish and using old method which is big net or any nekton net which catch fish in very big amount. The disadvantage of this net is it can trap marine mammals and brings harm to them. For example dolphin need to breath after 10-15 minutes in the water, so when fisher man use net, the dolphin will being trap in the net and unable to breath, this cause threats to the dolphin because it cannot breath.