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Take an Olympics approach to the portrayal of women in sports media -- Focuses on their accomplishments and their victories, not the aspect of them being a women.

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ASSESSING THE LONGITUDINAL ROBUSTNESS OF SPECTATORS’ PERCEPTION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SPORT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT MARKETERS (7) 

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ASSESSING THE LONGITUDINAL ROBUSTNESS OF SPECTATORS’ PERCEPTION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SPORT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT MARKETERS (7) 

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Summary:
- Sport is one of the most prominent social institutions in modern society woven into everyday lives
- Explains how sport is marketed and how gender can play a factor
- Sport spectatorship is an important social institution for men and women and warrants serious attention by marketers, an observation that is not lost on some sport practitioners; for example, MLB's "Ladies Day" and the NFL's "Football 101" involve inviting women to the stadium to learn game fundamentals of the respective sports. In addition, the WNBA's (Women's National Basketball Association) Los Angeles Sparks organized a pep rally at a gay bar in West Hollywood to target those within the lesbian community that were current or potential spectators of the team

Connection:
- Provides an example of how sport is marketed and how sport is still marketed predominantly to males and there is a visible separation when wanting to market to women, even though sport is not inherently feminine
Grove, S., Dorsch, M., & Hopkins, C. (2012). ASSESSING THE LONGITUDINAL ROBUSTNESS OF SPECTATORS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SPORT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT MARKETERS. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 20(1), 23-38. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23243693

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Summary:
- Men peaked in the mid-Victorian period and it was an easier time to watch/play sports
- Among domesticity, that is the easiest time for men to be apart of sports as the women take care of the house and family
-  Imperial sport was a favored means of creating, maintaining, and ensuring the survival of dominant male elites and how the various manifestations of athleticism played a role as moral metaphor, political symbol, potent propaganda, and chivalric code
Connection:
- Can still relate to present day as women are in the workforce but overwhelmingly still care for the family and household
Huggins, M. (2012). “Manufactured” Masculinity. Journal of Sport History, 39(1), 147-156. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.147

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Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony (1) 

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Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony (1) 

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Summary:
- Reference journal article for many other journals as a guide to the conversations about how gender hierarchies exist in society
- Overall found that masculinity trumps virtually anything else
-  Openly homosexual athletes were not necessarily stigmatized for being homosexual, furthering the claim and understanding that the benefits of masculinity will overshadow any other part of an identity that society deems unacceptable. In turn, homosexual masculinities are at the bottom of the gender hierarchy among men as they tend to be the most feminine
- POC femininity is different than white femininity -> White women are considered hegemonic femininity (masculinity in a feminine form - power among women)  versus POC (subordinated femininity)
Connection:
- Offers a baseline understanding of the existing societal norms and explains the current precedent for how gender is treated in general.
Schippers, M. (2007). Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony. Theory and Society, 36(1), 85-102. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4501776

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Should the media be held accountable for reinforcing femininity within female athletes?

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Should the media be held accountable for reinforcing femininity within female athletes?

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(Social + Historical)

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Controlling Media, Controlling Access: The Role of Sport Media on Black Women’s Sport Participation (8) 

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Controlling Media, Controlling Access: The Role of Sport Media on Black Women’s Sport Participation (8) 

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Summary:
- Black females have lagged behind in sports participation for years
- The media does not “tell people what to think” but severely influences them, so it reinforces stereotypes in order to maintain its goal: making profit

For example, in the 1950’s the sport of track and field was shunned by Olympic governing bodies for including certain events that were considered unfeminine (e.g., throwing events, 800 run). Consequently, the women that decided to participate were characterized as “amazons”, “muscle molls”, and “hermaphrodites” that motivated the 1967 International Olympic Committee (IOC) to mandate that women participants endure chromosome testing

Black women are always viewed as less feminine - the feminine ideal is disputed by race differences

Connection:
Helps understand the concept of femininity within race and how the Olympics are traditionally not sexist, yet femininity within POC women is constantly brought up to make them feel inferior
Carter-Francique, A., & Richardson, F. (2016). Controlling Media, Controlling Access: The Role of Sport Media on Black Women’s Sport Participation. Race, Gender & Class, 23(1-2), 7-33. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26529186

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Framing the Winter Olympic Games: A Content Analysis of Polish Newspapers Coverage of Female and Male Athletes (5) 

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Framing the Winter Olympic Games: A Content Analysis of Polish Newspapers Coverage of Female and Male Athletes (5) 

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Summary:
- The implications of the study found that often the discourse of nationalism and praising the respective country overrode the comparison of gender and sexism
- First theme: In the case of female athletes doing better in a sport, they featured them more often; if both were successful, they were shown evenly and the nationalistic was shown utmost
- Second theme:  Justyna Kowalczyk’s broken foot  - one of the main candidates to win the medal, emphasis on her injury can be seen as how the media focuses on the physical difficulties to win a medal

Connection:
Contradicts the normal response that media exclusively ignores and is indifferent towards women; Olympics outlier
JAKUBOWSKA, H. (2017). Framing the Winter Olympic Games: A Content Analysis of Polish Newspapers Coverage of Female and Male Athletes. Polish Sociological Review, (197), 67-81. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26383067

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Summary:
- This article reflects on data collected from a 25-year analysis of televised coverage of women’s sports in order to provide an insight into how sexism operates in a professional space
- Men have 4 narratives on them: high production value, action-packed language, dominant descriptors, and lavish compliments
- Gender-blind sexism is “predicated on the assumption that because society is now ‘post-gender,’ what sexism remains resides only in individual acts of prejudice or discrimination on the part of sexist persons who are out of touch with mainstream beliefs about gender

Connection:
Understanding how the media in the present day covers women's stories
MUSTO, M., COOKY, C., & MESSNER, M. (2017). “FROM FIZZLE TO SIZZLE!”: Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism. Gender and Society, 31(5), 573-596. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700

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Strong, active women: (Re)doing rural femininity through equestrian sport and leisure (9) 

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Strong, active women: (Re)doing rural femininity through equestrian sport and leisure (9) 

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Summary:
- Women are recommended to take part in physical exercise to keep their bodies slim and ideal to the feminine form
- There is a fine line between slim and toned and muscular and undesirable

Women who choose the latter are subjected to mocking, ridiculing, and lack of support

Women must confine to the male-defined version of physical exercise and perform conventional femininity in order to be accepted – albeit at a subordinate level – within the male-defined world of sport

Women who cannot or choose not to perform normative femininity are marginalized and trivialized, frequently through accusations of lesbianism and/or questioning their female status

- Men are also contained to their definition of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity)

Connection:
- Specifies the treatment of women in sport under gender constrictions and explains the response to women who don't want to agree to fit in their "place"
Dashper, K. (2016). Strong, active women: (Re)doing rural femininity through equestrian sport and leisure. Ethnography, 17(3), 350-368. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26359138

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Summary:
- Black excellence is more difficult to achieve than white excellence because of racism (African Americans need to work harder to get to the same place as whites)
- Athletes should be focused on their sport, not on carrying a burden of solving social issues

Athletes need to play for themselves, not for other

- The corporate world is still biased toward “good-looking blond girls”
- A “truly perfect world” would be where an athlete only has to worry about winning just to win and not due to carry the burden of winning for a larger cause

Connection:
Connects as we need to support women in sport, yet also recognize the additional burden that POC women will always have
Stimulus Material

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The Power, politics, and Potential of Feminist Sports History: A Multi-Generational Dialogue (6) 

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The Power, politics, and Potential of Feminist Sports History: A Multi-Generational Dialogue (6) 

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Summary:
- “Her-story” approach adopted by early historians; placed women as heroines and provided explanations of oppression

Qualities of women’s experiences that set them apart from men

Were uniquely about and by women
Focused on women as if they were a homogenous group

- Late 1980s - The word “gender” was used and women and men were defined in terms of each other, and no understanding was achieved

Scott argued that “gender” located sexual differences as historically specific

- 1990s - Shifted to new themes and the exploration of masculinity and femininity

Connection:
- Provides insight to the historical lense as to how the conversation around women has changed
Thorpe, H., & Olive, R. (2012). The Power, Politics, and Potential of Feminist Sports History: A Multi-Generational Dialogue. Journal of Sport History, 39(3), 379-394. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.3.379

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Problem: When examining news coverage, it can be found that the way women are spoken about tends to differ from men as the media plays a big role in the narrative female athletes receive and have to uphold/are known as
-  Noticeable discrepancy in the way women are portrayed in the media
-  Examining trends over 30 years to understand how the conversation has changed around women (blatant sexualization to dull + uninspired)
-  Lenses:
Social: Gender hegemony/how women's sports are put on the backburner
- Female athletes have to demonstrate "hypersexuality" in order to fit into a male-dominated area (ex- Sports Illustrated)
Historical: Analyzing trends from different eras of sports coverage to determine the exact problem
- Specific stat: Women/girl’s sports account for 40% of sports in the US but receive 3-5% of the coverage

Empowering Women Through Sport (10): Stimulus Material
The Radical Potential of Women In Sports (2): Christian, S. (2004). The Radical Potential Of Women In Sports. Off Our Backs, 34(7/8), 26-29. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20838128

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Femininity in Terms of Masculinity: The "Ideal" Women

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Femininity in Terms of Masculinity: The "Ideal" Women