# data[].attributes.body
Hawaii, USA

Hawaii. (2021, May 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii

England, UK

Kellner, P. (n.d.). England | History, Map, Cities, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 30, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/place/England

Wikipedia contributors. (2021, May 10). England. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England

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Hawaii, USA

Siegel, J. (2012, June 12). Hawai`i Creole English. Hawaii Edu. https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html

Hawaiian language. (2021, May 9). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language

Beamer-Trapp, K. (n.d). Hawaiian Pidgin English: A Brief History – ʻŌlelo Online. ʻŌlelo Online. https://oleloonline.com/hawaiian-pidgin-english-a-brief-history/

Vieljans, W. (2004). GRIN - How is the English Language reflected in Hawaii Creole English? GRIN. https://www.grin.com/document/62534

England, UK

History of English | EnglishClub. (n.d.). EnglishCLUB. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.englishclub.com/history-of-english/

Crystal, D. (n.d.). English language | Origin, History, Development, Characteristics, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language

Wikipedia contributors. (2021, May 8). History of English. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English#:%7E:text=English%20is%20a%20West%20Germanic,southern%20Denmark%20and%20the%20Netherlands.&text=The%20Late%20West%20Saxon%20dialect%20eventually%20became%20dominant.

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Phonemic Variation

Nordquist, R. (n.d.). Free Variation in Phonetics: You Say “Tomato,” I Say “Tomahto.” ThoughtCo. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/free-variation-phonetics-1690780#:%7E:text=In%20phonetics%20and%20phonology%2C%20free,a%20different%20word%20or%20meaning.

Prosodic Variation

Wikipedia contributors. (2021, April 14). Prosody (linguistics). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

Lexical Variation

M, F. (2014, August 31). Lexical variation. Slideshare. https://www.slideshare.net/fabbiemejiamalthoz/lexical-variation

Lexical Element. (2015). Google Arts & Culture. https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m0b4jmn?hl=pl

Grammar/syntactic Variation

MacKenzie L., Bailey G., Turton D., (2021, February 16). Grammatical variables. Our Dialects. https://www.ourdialects.uk/grammatical/#:%7E:text=Grammatical%20(or%20syntactic)%20variation%20deals,sentences%20are%20structured%20and%20constructed.

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1) Phonemic Variation

K. (2019, December 16). The HURRY-FURRY merger. Ace Linguist. https://www.acelinguist.com/2019/12/the-hurry-furry-merger.html

English-language vowel changes before historic /r/. (n.d). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Hurry.E2.80.93furry_merger

hurry - Wiktionary. (n.d). In Wiktionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hurry

National Geographic Society. (2012, October 9). Continent. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/Continent/

English-language vowel changes before historic r. (n.d). Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/928653#Hurry.E2.80.93furry_merger

American English. (n.d). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English

2) Prosodic Variation

Morrow, P. (2011, March 1). Basics of Filipino pronunciation - part 1. Pilipino Express News Magazine. https://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1165-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-1.html

Prosody (linguistics). (n.d). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

3) Lexical Variation

Hula. (n.d). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula

T. (2012, April 21). Does “pants” more commonly mean “trousers” or “underpants”? English Language & Usage Stack Exchange. https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/10246/does-pants-more-commonly-mean-trousers-or-underpants#:%7E:text=Pants%20is%20the%20normal%20word,on%20the%20English%20learnt%20there.

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS (ENGLAND)

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS (ENGLAND)

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1) Phonemic Variation

The British Library. (2019, April 24). Phonological variation across the UK. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/phonological-variation-across-the-uk

Wikipedia contributors. (2021b, April 15). Phonological history of English close back vowels. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels

Strycharczuk, P., Leemann, A., Britain, D., & Brown, G. (2019). Investigating the FOOT-STRUT distinction in Northern Englishes using crowdsourced data. The University Of Manchester Research. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/126239709/strut_foot_paper_final.pdf

2) Prosodic Variation

But, buts, bus: The Scouse ‘T’. (2011). Retrieved 9 May 2021, from http://dialectblog.com/2011/08/04/the-scouse-t/

Wikipedia Authors. Scouse - Wikipedia. Retrieved 9 May 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouse

3) Syntactic Variation

Wikipedia Authors. Variation (linguistics) - Wikipedia. Retrieved 9 May 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)

Nordquist, R. (2020). What Is Syntax? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/syntax-grammar-1692182

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• Hawaii, United States of America
• England, United Kingdom

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• Hawaii, USA
• Recording of the speaker
derived from International
Dialects of English Archive
(IDEA)
• Details of the speaker

• England, UK
• Recording of the speaker
derived from International
Dialects of English Archive
(IDEA)
• Details of the speaker

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA): https://www.dialectsarchive.com/hawaii-3

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Age: 22

Date of birth: 29/04/1994

Place of birth: Big Island, Hawaii

Gender: Male

Ethnicity: Filipino

Occupation: Photographer

Education: Bachelor's Degree

A nature person

Lived in Los Angeles for four years.

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Pronunciation (Hurry-furry merger)

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Past To Future. (2019, April 21).   Hawaii History: Timeline - Animation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9l7qrUYpMw&t=1s

DFT History. (2020, June 23). HİSTORY OF ENGLAND || 10 MİNUTES Animation Documentary [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vzg32d_kRTs

Rover Random. (2020, November 7). Foot-Strut Split [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1d6_RZgCxQ

English Pronounciations. (2020, March 1). hurry - pronunciation (American, British, Australian, Welsh) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z42VFWMAEH0

English Like A Native. (2017, March 9). British Accents: LIVERPOOL / SCOUSE [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_C4PDSfQJA

Mometrix Academy. (2018, December 4). Syntax in English [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw62E9v9DnU&t=1s

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• Hawaii,  United States of America
- The early spread of English in           Hawaii.

• England, United Kingdom
- The early spread of English in           England.

# data[].attributes.body
• Hawaii
- Phonemic variation
- Prosodic variation
- Lexical variation
• England
- Phonemic variation
- Prosodic variation
- Grammar / syntactic variation

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Hawaii was first visited by Europeans in 1778, and it quickly became an important stopover for ships involved in whaling and trading with Asia. At this time, some of the expressions from the Pidgin English of China and the Pacific were introduced to Hawai'i.

At the beginning of the 19th century, New England whalers began to anchor in Hawaii. Afterwards, the first sugarcane plantation was established in 1835, and the rapidly expanding industry brought again thousands of labourers from other countries like China, Portugal, Japan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Russia, Spain or the Philippines. Thus, the population started mixing.

In the 1870s, immigrant families began to arrive and more children were born on the plantations. Children learned their parents' languages and picked up English at school but the kind of English they spoke on the playground was influenced by the Pidgin English earlier brought to Hawaii, by the Hawaiian spoken by their parents, and by their own first languages, especially Portuguese. By the turn of the century a new Hawaii Pidgin English began to emerge with features from all of these sources. This pidgin became the primary language of many of those who grew up in Hawaii, and children began to acquire it as their first language.

With so many nationalities, a common language was needed on the plantations. This was the beginning of Hawaii Creole English. By the 1920s it was the language of the majority of Hawaii's population. At first, this was Hawaiian and Pidgin Hawaiian, but later in the century, a new variety of pidgin began to develop. While the foreign population of Hawaii, mainly American, increased to about 20% of the total population in 1853, the Hawaiian population was reduced to 70,000. This mixed people played the significant role in the creolization of English in Hawaii.

A creole language, Hawaiian Pidgin (Hawaii Creole English) is more commonly spoken in Hawaii than Hawaiian. Some linguists, as well as many locals, argue that Hawaiian Pidgin is a dialect of American English.

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A brief history of Hawaii.

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Hawaii is one of the states in the United States of America. It is located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the mainland. Hawaii is the only state outside North America, the only island state, and the only state in the tropics. It is also one of a few states in America to have once been an independent nation.

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The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaii. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaii is that it was named for Hawaiʻiloa, a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.

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Although its relative isolation results in one of the nation's highest costs of living, Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state. Honolulu ranks high in several world livability rankings, ranking 22nd out of 140 cities worldwide in the 2019 Global Livability Index, the highest of any American city. Some notable American celebrities were born and raised in the state. Most notably, Barack Obama, whose political career is based in Illinois, was born and raised in the state's capital and most populous city.

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A brief history of England.

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HİSTORY OF ENGLAND || 10 MİNUTES Animation Documentary

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England is in north-west Europe and is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is an island country and also part of the United Kingdom (UK). The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "Land of Angles". The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Furthermore, as in the year of 2019, the total population of citizens of England is approximately 56,286,961 people which compromises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom and, prior to Brexit, the European Union.

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA):
https://www.dialectsarchive.com/england-18

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• Age: 52
• Date of birth: 1969
• Place of birth: Liverpool,
England
• Gender: Female
• Ethnicity: White
• Occupation: Actor/Teacher
• Educated in Cardiff, Wales, for        three years.

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The early spread of English in England started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the citizens of Britain spoke a Celtic language. However, most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" and their language was called "Englisc"- from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.

Old English language, also called Anglo Saxon, language spoken and written in England before 1100 is the ancestor of the Middle English and Modern English. Four dialects of the Old English language are known: Northumbrian in northern England and southeastern England;  Mercian in Central England; Kentish in southeastern England; and West Saxon in southern and southwestern England.

During the 15th century, English underwent extensive sound changes while its spelling conventions remained largely constant. The language then was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing, which also tended to regularize capitalization.  As a result, the language acquired self-conscious terms such as "accent" and "dialect".

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Formed of the union of small Celtic and Anglo Saxon kingdoms during the early medieval period, England has long comprised several distinct regions, each different in dialect, economy, religion, and disposition. Even today many English people identify themselves by the regions or shires from which they come. For examples, Yorkshire, the West Country, the Midlands- and retain strong ties to those regions even if they live elsewhere.

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Laced by great rivers and small streams, England is a fertile land, and the generosity of its soil has supported a thriving agricultural economy for millennia. Furthermore, most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country which makes England has a breathtaking view of nature.

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Vowel (Foot-Strut Split)

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Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess.

||bɪˈfɔː lɒŋ, ðæt ˈɪʧi guːs bɪˈgæn tuː strʌt əˈraʊnd ði ˈɒfɪs laɪk ə ˈluːnətɪk, wɪʧ meɪd ən ˌʌnˈsænɪtəri mɛs.

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Since the speaker was born and lives in Liverpool, which is in the North West of England, it is known that the speakers from that region tend to speak and pronounce words with Scouse accents. For instance, the word 'strut' in the passage is pronounced as 'strut' with the phoneme; /ʊ /. Moreover, the Northerners of England usually rhyme 'strut' with 'foot' different from the way other people saying it which is 'strut' with the phoneme of /ʌ / as in the 'u' in 'cut' and 'luck'.

Research by Strycharczuk, P., et al support that the phonemic contrast between FOOT and STRUT vowels is traditionally a major defining feature for Northern varieties of British English. Furthermore, it is also acts as a marker of Northern English, sometimes taken as an isogloss demarcating the North side of England from the South.

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She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry.

ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ænd wɒʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhɝ.ɹi.

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The hurry–furry merger occurs when the vowel /ʌ/ before intervocalic /r/ is merged with /ɜ/. That is particularly a feature in many dialects of North American English. Speakers with the merger pronounce 'hurry' to rhyme with 'furry'.

The merger of /ʌ/ before intervocalic /r/ with /ɝ/ is also widespread in American English apart from the North-east and the South of the United States. In accents that lack the fern–fir–fur merger, hurry and furry rhyme, but they rhyme because they never split in those accents to begin with.

According to National Geographic, the Hawaiian Islands, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean on the Pacific Plate, are usually considered part of North America. Since the speaker is an American who grew up in Big Island, Hawaii, he is used to pronounce hurry as ˈhɝ.ɹi instead of ˈhʌ.ɹi, which is commonly pronounced and used in British English.

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An example on how American and British pronounce hurry.

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hurry - pronunciation (American, British, Australian, Welsh)

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Brief explanation on The Foot-Strut Split.

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In phonetics and phonology, phonemic variation or free variation in phonetics refers to the alternative pronunciation of a word or of a phoneme in a word that does not affect the the word's meaning. Free variation is 'free' in the sense that a different pronunciation does not result in a different word or meaning.

For example;

• Glottalization of voiceless stops in word-final position: for example, the word stop may be pronounced with a plain unaspirated [p], [stap], or with a glottalized [pˀ], [stɑpˀ], also called a glottal stop or glottal plosive.

• Another example of the difference in pronunciation is loanwords, especially of French and Latin origin, they tend to have multiple different pronunciations, such as route, which can be pronounced as either /raʊt/ (a more anglicized pronunciation) or  /ruːt/ (a pronunciation more akin to French).

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In linguistics, prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such as intonation, stress, and rhythm. Such elements are known as suprasegmentals.

There  is no agreed number of prosodic variables. In auditory terms, the major variables are:

• the pitch of the voice (varying
between low and high)
•  length of sounds (varying
between short or long)
•  loudness, or prominence
(varying between soft and loud)
•  timbre or voice quality (quality
of sound)

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In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon.    Lexical variation refers to the different words and phrases used to refer to the same objects or concepts.  Lexical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words.

For example;

• pants - trousers
• apartment - flat
• football - soccer
• lift - elevator
• wardrobe - closet
• toilet - restroom

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The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease

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Through the recording, it is noticeable that the speaker had difficulties trying to pronounce the word 'rare'. He struggled to pronounce the word along with a stress tone on it. Besides that, the speaker also tends to pronounce the word longer and had a short pause right after finishing the word.

This is also possibly because the speaker's ethnicity is Filipino. According to Paul Morrow (2011), the Filipino R is very different from the English R. It is sounded by flicking the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth. Others roll their R’s from the back of the throat. Hence, the reason why the speaker had complications trying to pronounce the word as he was also reading the script with a fast pace from the beginning.

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• Um, I like, uh, the fishes
• I like to swim and surf; um, I like to, uh, hula around town

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In the recording, it can clearly be heard that the speaker paused a lot as he kept repeating uh and um. Since the script was unscripted, the speaker may be unready as he needs to come up with an immediate self introductory speech.

Voiced or unvoiced, the pause is a form of interruption to articulatory continuity such as an open or terminal juncture.

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I like to, uh, hula around town, and also the community there is amazing.

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Affrication ('T' Syllables)

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Since the speaker was born and bred in Hawaii, he tends to use Hawaiian term in his daily conversation. This can be seen through his usage of words when he mentioned that he likes to 'hula' around town. Normally, people would use the word 'dance', however, Hawaiians would use the word 'hula' which refers as dance. Hula is a cultural dance form accompanied by chant or song that was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there.  In this context, the speaker stated that he likes to 'hula' around town which indicates that he likes to dance around town.

This is similar to the usage of the words 'pants' and 'trousers' in certain countries. Even though both words bring the same meaning, its use varies according to place and region. According to Tristan (2012), trousers is a normal word in British English which are commonly used in the UK. There is a difference in use of the word in different forms of English. While in American English, the word 'trousers' is usually replaced and being called as 'pants'.

This somehow could lead to confusion especially to foreigners or people living outside of the area. For example, if an American use the word 'pants' to a British, the British person could misunderstand the word since 'pants' means 'underpants' or 'underwear' in their country  (the UK).

As for this Hawaiian speaker, outsiders could get puzzled and misconceived when the speaker uses the word 'hula' while communicating with them. This is because the sentence "I like to, uh, hula around town.." can carry other meanings such as he likes to walk around town or having fun at the town. Another reason is because not everyone knows and aware of what 'hula' means.

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All pictures are taken from Google Images.

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Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

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Another unique feature that is distinct on this particular speaker's recording is the way he renders the letter 'T'. The Scousers tend to say the 'T' syllable as affricated or stressed at the beginning or at the end of a word.  It becoming something of a /ts/ sound: tree becomes 'tsree' and 'right' becomes 'rights'.

However, in the recording we can hear the speaker pronounced the 'T' letter in the word put as fricative or also popularly termed as the 'slit t'. This also might be described as a sound between /t/ and /s/. Like /t/, it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue making contact with the alveolar ridge (the hard ridge right behind the top row of teeth). Nevertheless, for /s/, the 'slit t' is a fricative, pronounced by passing air through the small opening created by the tongue's position (hence the 'slit')

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Brief explanation and examples on the Scouse accent.

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Improper Grammatical Structure
of Sentences

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As for the England speaker, there is also a distinct feature or a noticeable pattern in the recording which shows that the speaker did not follow the syntax rule of a sentence. For instance, the speaker could be heard to continue her sentence without proper sentence connectors or linking words which makes the sentence to be ungrammatically correct. Furthermore, the speaker also omitted the adjectives which describing the subject.

For example; In the scripted speech, the sentence was supposed to be said as 'Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess.

However, the speaker continued her sentence by saying 'The goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess' in which the speaker did not bring clarity and understanding towards the listeners as she omitted the sentence connector and also the adjectives of the subject. Following syntax rules is important in order to make our sentences more clear and consistent.

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GRAMMAR/SYNTACTIC VARIATION                

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GRAMMAR/SYNTACTIC VARIATION                

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Grammatical or syntactic variation deals with the ways in which sentences are structured and constructed. An example of something syntactic is a sentence that uses the correct form of a verb which is called as syntactic sentence.

The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb + direct object formula. That is, "Jillian hit the ball". Syntax allows us to understand that we wouldn't write, "Hit Jillian the ball."

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Before we proceed with our reflection, we would like thank Miss Nadiah for assigning and giving us this task. We believe, without this assignment, we would probably remain unaware of global englishes from all around the world. This assignment has built up our confidence in using the language due to different contexts and language users appropriately and comfortably. It also helps us to avoid miscommunication because to have a good communication can not solely depend on lexis and syntax. By learning and understanding this task, we are more alert and become mindful of using the right word, pronunciation and terms as now we  know that even if people speak the same language, they can still have difficulty understanding each other if they are from different regions of the same country.

Without us realizing, this assignment also has given us the ability to communicate in different language. Believe it or not, this assignment has its own twist as we enjoyed and had a lot of fun completing this task. It comes to surprise that we can now speak a bit of Hawaiian language, Hawaiian Pidgin and we can also speak with a British accent even though it sounds quite horrible. We truly had a good time in finishing this e-portfolio, it also gives us a little excitement as we imagined ourselves in the Disney movie; Moana and also Bridgerton.

In summary, this assignment gives us a whole new experience on learning and understanding the diversity of variation of the same language which is English. Moreover, we also learnt how despites with all the variations of English around the world, we all have our unique ways of speaking that reflect our personal identities. Through our linguistic choices, we have an opportunity to express who we are and where we come from. Thus, it is important for one to embrace one distinctive dialect, accent, and linguistic choice as their own unique identity and as part of their cultural background.