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- Carried out simple but elegant experiments with fruit flies
- Concluded that genes were physically present on chromosomes
- Test the effect of mutations on physical traits of fruit flies
- Discovered that certain traits were carried on sex-linked chromosomes

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- Studied the epidemiology and pathology of 2 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae; exposed mice to a deadly (Type S) and harmless (Type R) strain
- Jan. 1929:  reported the first widely accepted demonstrations of bacterial transformation

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- Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty
- Determined the cause of the transformation in Griffith's experiment.
- They took live R and heat-treated S and mixed it with one of the two en

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- Erwin Chargaff
- Used paper chromatography and UV spectroscopy to examine the abundance of the nucleobases and he started to notice something very odd
- Measured the amounts of the four bases of DNA in different organisms
- Amounts of A and T are about the same and C and G are about the same
- Chargaff's Rules: the amount of A and T and C and G are always in balance

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- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
- Experimented with bacteriophages: a virus that infects bacteria; made of DNA and protein
- Concluded that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material
- A protective protein coat was formed around the bacteriophage, but the internal DNA is what conferred its ability to produce progeny inside bacteria
- DNA exists in two forms: A form (dry form) and B form ( wet form)

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- Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
- collaborated in order to take an x-ray diffraction image of DNA

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- James Watson and Francis Crick
- Wrote a paper in which they described DNA as a double helix with sugars and phosphates at the center and the nucleobases facing the outside
- The model was shown to be incorrect because it made no chemical sense
- Used the image of DNA to determine that their structure was backwards

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- Grew Ecoli in heavy nitrogen
- DNA copies itself in a semi-conservative form; splits in half to make and connects to new halves