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Start Of Ancient and Early Imperial China

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first of many ancient Chinese ruling houses

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first of many ancient Chinese ruling houses

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Xia dynasty was the first of many ancient Chinese ruling houses, thought to exist from around 2070 B.C.E. until 1600 B.C.E

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The Xia dynasty was overthrown in 1600 B.C.E. by the first Shang leader.

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Shang king was overthrown by the Zhou king

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Shang king was overthrown by the Zhou king

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In 1046 B.C.E., the Shang king was overthrown by the Zhou king, ending the Shang dynasty.

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The Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.E.) and the first Qin leader, Qin Shin Huang, mark the first use of the term “emperor” regarding the dynastic leader.

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Great Wall Of China/ Death Oh Qin Shin Huang

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Great Wall Of China/ Death Oh Qin Shin Huang

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Qin Shin Huang embarked on an authoritarian government augmented with significant infrastructural development, and began work on what would become the Great Wall of China. Qin Shin Huang died in 210 B.C.E. and was buried in a mausoleum with a massive terracotta warrior army consisting of almost 8,000 statues to serve the emperor in death. The Qin dynasty is also thought to be the origin of the European name for China. Qin Shin Huang was succeeded by his son, Qin Er Shi, whose reign lasted for only three years before he was unseated in 206 B.C.E. due to his unpopularity.

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The Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) marked another Golden Age of China.

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The historian Sima Qian wrote extensively during this period, and Confucianism became the official state religion. In 220 C.E., the last Han emperor was deposed, which ushered in a period known as the Three Kingdoms.

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 saw no major dynastic houses establish themselves over China

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 saw no major dynastic houses establish themselves over China

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The next 300 years between 220–589 C.E. saw no major dynastic houses establish themselves over China. The Three Kingdoms was a period between 220–280 C.E. where the region was divided between the rulers of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Dong Wu. The region further fractured into the Northern and Southern territories between 386 and 581 C.E.

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Sui dynasty emerged to unify the Northern and Southern territories before being overthrown by the Tang dynasty

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Sui dynasty emerged to unify the Northern and Southern territories before being overthrown by the Tang dynasty

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In 581 C.E., the short-lived Sui dynasty emerged to unify the Northern and Southern territories before being overthrown by the Tang dynasty in 618 C.E. The Tang dynasty enjoyed significant stability and is often described as the greatest of the dynasties. Interestingly, in 683 C.E., China’s only empress regent, Wu Zetian, reigned for 20 years, instituting many reforms before being forced to abdicate in 704 C.E.

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A period of warring followed the Tang dynasty, and in 960 C.E., the Song dynasty came to power.

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The Song dynasty defeated by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan

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The Song dynasty defeated by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan

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The Song dynasty lasted until 1279 C.E. when it was defeated by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The conquest of China by the Mongols marked the greatest reach of the Mongol Horde, who then ruled China as the Yuan dynasty from 1279 C.E. until 1368 C.E. During the Mongol rule of China, Marco Polo, the Venetian merchant, visited and wrote extensively about his travels along the Silk Road.

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The Yuan dynasty was deposed in 1368 C.E. by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, who set up a stable, yet autocratic, state. The Ming emperors oversaw extensive building and repair along the Great Wall of China in an effort to preserve their crumbling borders. The invading forces of the Manchu people from the northern border eventually ended the Ming dynasty in 1644 C.E. and ushered in the Qing dynasty.

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The Qing dynasty marks the last of the Chinese emperors, ruling from 1644 C.E. to 1911/12 C.E. The Qing were Manchu people rather than Han Chinese. The Manchu are a nomadic ethnic minority with their own language and customs coming from what is now northeastern China. During the Qing period, Chinese territory reached its greatest extent. While the Qing empire was relatively stable, the 19th and 20th centuries brought China into increasing conflict with Western powers, and in 1911 C.E., the last of the Chinese emperors, Puyi, abdicated in favor of a republican government.

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End Of ancient And Early China