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Power Rangers
1. Original crew was paid $600 per week
2. 5 power ranger colors
3. The black power ranger is missing a finger

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Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live-action superhero television series, based on the Japanese tokusatsu franchise Super Sentai. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, second by BVS Entertainment, later by Saban Brands, and today by SCG Power Rangers and Hasbro, the Power Rangers television series takes much of its footage from the Super Sentai television series, produced by Toei Company. The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai. By 2001, the media franchise had generated over $6 billion in toy sales.

Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has been commercially successful. As of 2021, Power Rangers consists of 28 television seasons of 21 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997, and 2017.

In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise. It was previously owned for seven years by The Walt Disney Company. In 2018, Hasbro was named the new master toy licensee. Shortly afterwards, Saban Brands and Hasbro announced that the latter would acquire the franchise and the rest of the former's entertainment assets in a $522 million deal, with the first products from Hasbro becoming available in early 2019.

Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to use special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series Mighty Morphin, the wizard Zordon recruits " teenagers with attitude" against Rita Repulsa.

When "morphed," the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color-coded skin-tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors; identical except in individual rangers' color, helmet design, and minor styling such as incorporating a skirt. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility. In addition, each individual ranger has a unique weapon, as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting. When enemies grow to incredible size (as nearly all do), Rangers use individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord.

Rangers teams operate in teams of three to five, with more Rangers joining the team later. Each team of Rangers, with a few exceptions, obeys a general set of conventions, outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series: Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight (unless the enemy does so), nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public. The penalty for disobeying these rules is the loss of their power.

As in Super Sentai, the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series. Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team, while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge and Power Rangers Dino Fury. Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series. A Rangers' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series: civilian clothing often matches Ranger color.

Adapting the Super Sentai series

The idea of adapting Sentai series for America emerged in the late 1970s after the agreement between Toei Company and Marvel Comics to exchange concepts to adapt them to their respective audiences. Toei, with Marvel Productions, created the Japanese television series, and produced three Super Sentai series, which had great success in Japan. Marvel and Stan Lee tried sell the series to American television stations including HBO, but found no buyers and the agreement ended.

Several years later, another idea to adapt Super Sentai began in the 80s when Haim Saban made a business trip to Japan, in which, during his stay at the hotel, the only thing that was being transmitted on his television was the Japanese series Super Sentai. At that time, Saban was fascinated by the concept of 5 people masked in spandex suits fighting monsters, so in 1985, he produced the pilot episode of Bio-Man, an American adaptation of Choudenshi Bioman, which was rejected by several of the largest American television stations. His idea only took off in 1992, as Saban came to Fox Kids, whose president Margaret Loesch had previously helmed Marvel Productions and thus was familiar with Super Sentai.

Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards. Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage, Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English-speaking actors spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot (Zord and Megazord) battles with English dubbing. In some series, original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production. Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience, the plot, character names, and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage, though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season. The American arm of Bandai, who co-produced the Sentai shows and manufactured its toys, worked with the adaptation of the Japanese names. A brainstorming among executives led to "Power Rangers", and for the specific show that would be made, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, evoking the transformation sequences. The meeting also brought up the term "Zord" for the giant robots, to invoke both the sword that the Megazord carried, and the dinosaurs that were the team's theme.

Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts, most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart. Generally, the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series (for example, Lord Zedd, Divatox, etc.) are not adapted from the Sentai. Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows.

The series that began the franchise, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series, Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger), began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network. It lasted for three seasons (from 1993 to 1996).

Hasbro announced National Power Rangers Day to be celebrated annually on August 28.

Broadcast history

Saban Entertainment distributed Power Rangers from 1993 until the end of 2001, and Fox broadcast the series until the fall of 2002. The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout of Fox Family Worldwide that took place in 2001. Fox Family Worldwide subsequently became ABC Family Worldwide Inc. This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002, from News Corporation, Fox's parent company, and Haim Saban. The show continued to air on Fox Kids until its replacement by the 4Kids Entertainment-produced " FoxBox. From September 2002, the series had aired on various Disney-owned networks, including the ABC Kids program block, ABC Family, Toon Disney, and Jetix-branded outlets worldwide. When ended, Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand. This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production. Jetix blocks would air in the United States on ABC Family and Toon Disney. On February 12, 2009, Toon Disney was replaced with Disney XD, with Power Rangers being removed from the new channel's lineup. Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups, including Hearst Television, declined to air the series due to the lack of FCC-compliant educational and informational content.

The Saban-era seasons used the "Saban's Power Rangers" moniker. Although Mighty Morphin, Zeo and Turbo occasionally used the Saban Entertainment wordmark (albeit mostly for advertising), this did not become commonplace until In Space. Wild Force also used the "Saban's Power Rangers" moniker pre-production prior to the Disney buyout before production began. Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010, this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai, and will continue with the Hasbro-era seasons.

From 2005 until its discontinuation in 2007, Jetix aired reruns of the series, branded as Power Rangers Generations, and showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder.

2008's Power Rangers Jungle Fury was originally set to be the final season, but due to obligations with Bandai, Disney produced one more season: Power Rangers RPM. An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7, 2009, identified RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run. Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview, "...at this stage we will not be shooting another season." A September 1, 2009, revision to Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia by Disney's head archivist Dave Smith states that "production of new episodes [of Power Rangers] ceased in 2009". Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment, RPM, ended on December 26, 2009.

On October 1, 2009, Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series using footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series. A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009. On August 14, 2010, ABC's over-the air Power Rangers telecasts ended on the network's West Coast affiliates due to programming preemptions; the network stopped broadcasting the program altogether two weeks later on August 28, and subsequently returned the program's time slot to its affiliates.

On May 12, 2010, Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series. The eighteenth season, , began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7, 2011, with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year. It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie.

On July 2, 2012, it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW, called Vortexx, on August 25, 2012, that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy. The series was removed before the season even finished, ending up doing so on the Vortexx website. The block itself ended in fall 2014.

To commemorate the series' 20th anniversary, Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2, 2013, featuring all of the past rangers from the series' 20-year history in the last episode of the season. On October 1, 2013, Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise. The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013.

In May 2014, Saban Brands and Lionsgate announced that they are planning to produce a new Power Rangers feature film, and would hopefully launch a Power Rangers film franchise. The movie, titled simply Power Rangers, was released on March 24, 2017, with mixed reviews and a failure at the box office, as a result, the future of a cinematographic universe for the franchise is uncertain. RJ Cyler, who starred in Power Rangers stated on August 20, 2018, that Hasbro has yet to announce any plans for a movie sequel. On July 11, 2019, during a Reddit AMA, Dacre Montgomery revealed that the studio had plans to produce a second reboot, without him and the rest of the cast and the director returning. On December 13, 2019, it was reported that Jonathan Entwistle is in early talks to direct the reboot, with Patrick Burleigh being set to write the screenplay. The plot will reportedly involve time travel and will be set in the 1990s.

In January 2016, Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018. In February 2018, the companies announced that Power Rangers would continue airing on Nickelodeon through 2021. Hasbro's long term plans for the franchise include introducing a Power Rangers cinematic universe with tied-in television, films, and many other forms of entertainment to accompany the main series of traditional Super Sentai adaptations. In late April 2021, actor Chance Perez announced in an interview that a second season of Dino Fury (and the twenty-ninth season overall) would premiere on Netflix in 2022, which would be the first season of the show to air exclusively online through a streaming service. However, Netflix would respond that they "do not have anything to announce for season two at the moment." Meanwhile, new episodes of the series moved to the streamer on June 15, 2021.

Television series

The first six seasons (beginning with Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and ending with In Space) followed an overarching, evolving storyline. The second season began the annual tradition of the Rangers acquiring new Zords to battle enemies while the core suits from the first season were used, except for that of the White Ranger. With the fourth season, Zeo, Power Rangers began following the Super Sentai series' practice of annual Ranger suit changes.

Although the seventh season, Lost Galaxy, had ties with the preceding season, it was otherwise the first season to follow a self-contained story, as would later seasons of the show up until the seventeenth, RPM. The season also began the tradition of team-up episodes featuring Rangers, villains, and other characters from past seasons.

Beginning with the eighteenth season, Samurai, the show returned to a multi-season format similar to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, with self-contained storylines told across two seasons each. During its second season, and the twenty-seventh season overall, Beast Morphers would later reveal itself to be a direct sequel to RPM.

Feature films

The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures. The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox, and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate.

A new Power Rangers movie that will be a new reboot is in development by Paramount Pictures and Entertainment One.

Distribution

Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries, with the exception of New Zealand, where the series filming takes place as of 2009. As of 2006, Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets. Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix/ Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children's channels or blocks, either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English. Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands, international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment until early-2019.

Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of 'the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan. Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word "Morphin'" in its title, which could be associated with morphine. The show eventually aired without the offending word. In Japan, many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts, leading to the English-dubbed action sequences being "re-dubbed" or "restored" back to Japanese as well. Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014, with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts. After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force, Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워레인저 (Power Ranger) brand on JEI TV. Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts, such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger.

On VHS, 3 million Power Rangers video cassettes had been sold in the United States by early 1994.

As of October 2009, 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States:

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, 1995; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment

Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, 1997; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie/Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, 1995, 1997; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (DVD compilation set of both movies.)

The Best of the Power Rangers: The Ultimate Rangers, 2003; Buena Vista Home Entertainment (DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers. The episodes include "Forever Red" and "White Light" [Tommy's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger])

Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1-5, 2003; Buena Vista Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1-5, 2004; Buena Vista Home Entertainment

Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1-5, 2005; Buena Vista Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1-3 and 'Dark Wish', 2006; Buena Vista Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1-5, 2007; Buena Vista Home Entertainment (The release of an entire season for the first time in the US.)

Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2, 2008; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (Volumes 3-5 are only available in the UK.)

Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2, 2009; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment

Power Rangers RPM 'Bandai Demo DVD', 2009; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores. Contains the episode In or Out).

Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1-5, 2012; Lionsgate Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Samurai "Monster Bash" and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes; Lionsgate Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Samurai "Christmas Together, Samurai Forever" and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes; Lionsgate Home Entertainment

Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1-4 plus The Complete Series; Lionsgate Home Entertainment

Internationally, additional DVD releases have occurred (such as Lightspeed Rescue, Time Force and Wild Force in Germany) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine, published in the UK. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1, Season 2, and Season 3, Power Rangers Zeo, Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers in Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German, with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German. Additionally, Ninja Storm, Dino Thunder, S.P.D., Mystic Force, and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK. In France, Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes, and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008. In Italy, Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety. Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs, while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands.

The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available: part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, all of Power Rangers S.P.D., and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force. Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store, but as of July 2009, Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available. In 2012, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases. As of February 2013, all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes.

On June 15, 2011, all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix. In 2015, Power Rangers became available on the iTunes Store. In 2021, all episodes of Power Rangers (excluding Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (season 1) and Power Rangers Beast Morphers) were removed from Netflix.

On March 12, 2012, Shout! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban, which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers. Shout! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012, seasons 8-12 in November 2013, a 20-year collection in December 2013, and seasons 13-17 in April 2014.

On March 22, 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu-ray.

On February 15, 2018, Saban Brands announced that their 25-year partnership with Bandai would end in 2019. The next day, it was confirmed that Hasbro would be the new "global master toy licensee" for the franchise starting in April 2019, with a future option for Hasbro to buy the entire franchise.

Video games

Power Rangers has had several series of comics over the years.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Hamilton Comics, 1994-1995.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Marvel Comics, 1995-1996.

Power Rangers Zeo, Image Comics, 1996.

Power Rangers Turbo, Saban Powerhouse, 1997.

Power Rangers Ninja Storm, Disney Adventures, 2003.

Power Rangers Ninja Storm, Tokyopop, 2003-2004.

Power Rangers Ninja Storm, Jetix Magazine, 2003.

Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Tokyopop, 2004.

Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Jetix Magazine, 2004.

Power Rangers S.P.D., Jetix Magazine, 2005.

Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, Jetix Magazine, 2007.

Power Rangers Super Samurai, Papercutz, 2012.

Power Rangers Megaforce, Papercutz, 2013.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Papercutz, 2014.

In 2015, Boom Studios won the Power Rangers comics license, which brought a lot of award-winning publications.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, BOOM! Studios, 2016-present.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Pink, BOOM! Studios, 2016-2017.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Annuals, BOOM! Studios, 2016-present.

Power Rangers: Aftershock, BOOM! Studios, 2017.

Go Go Power Rangers, BOOM! Studios, 2017-present.

Justice League/Power Rangers. BOOM! Studios/DC Comics, 2017.

In November 2018, Insight Editions released Power Rangers: The Ultimate Visual History, detailing the various toys and television seasons over the franchise's 25-year run.

References

External links

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Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live-action superhero television series, based on the Japanese tokusatsu franchise Super Sentai . Produced first by Saban Entertainment, second by BVS Entertainment, later by Saban Brands, and today by SCG Power Rangers and Hasbro, the Power Rangers television series takes much of its footage from the Super Sentai television series, produced by Toei Company.

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Bill Clinton
1. His favorite song is silent night
2. Favorite book is the bible
3. Favorite movie is The Sound of Music

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Why is Bill Clinton important?

What was Bill Clinton's childhood like?

What is Bill Clinton's family like?

Bill Clinton, byname of William Jefferson Clinton, original name William Jefferson Blythe III, (born August 19, 1946, Hope, Arkansas, U.S.), 42nd president of the United States (1993-2001), who oversaw the country's longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999.

Early life

Bill Clinton's father was a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his son was born. His widow, Virginia Dell Blythe, married Roger Clinton, and, despite their unstable union (they divorced and then remarried) and her husband's alcoholism, her son eventually took his stepfather's name. Reared in part by his maternal grandmother, Bill Clinton developed political aspirations at an early age; they were solidified (by his own account) in July 1963, when he met and shook hands with Pres. John F. Kennedy.

Bill Clinton Clinton Family Photographs, Courtesy, William J. Clinton Presidential Library

Clinton enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1964 and graduated in 1968 with a degree in international affairs. During his freshman and sophomore years he was elected student president, and during his junior and senior years he worked as an intern for Sen. J. William Fulbright, the Arkansas Democrat who chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Fulbright was a vocal critic of the Vietnam War, and Clinton, like many young men of his generation, opposed the war as well. He received a draft deferment for the first year of his studies as a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford in 1968 and later attempted to extend the deferment by applying to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program at the University of Arkansas School of Law. Although he soon changed his plans and returned to Oxford, thus making himself eligible for the draft, he was not chosen. While at Oxford, Clinton wrote a letter to the director of the Arkansas ROTC program thanking the director for "saving" him from the draft and explaining his concern that his opposition to the war could ruin his future "political viability." During this period Clinton also experimented with marijuana; his later claim that he "didn't inhale" would become the subject of much ridicule.

After graduating from Yale University Law School in 1973, Clinton joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas School of Law, where he taught until 1976. In 1974 he ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1975 he married a fellow Yale Law graduate, attorney Hillary Rodham ( Hillary Clinton), who thereafter took an active role in his political career. In the following year he was elected attorney general of Arkansas, and in 1978 he won the governorship, becoming the youngest governor the country had seen in 40 years.

Governor of Arkansas

After an eventful two-year term as governor, Clinton failed in his reelection bid in 1980, the year his daughter and only child, Chelsea, was born. After apologizing to voters for unpopular decisions he had made as governor (such as highway-improvement projects funded by increases in the state gasoline tax and automobile licensing fees), he regained the governor's office in 1982 and was successively reelected three more times by substantial margins. A pragmatic, centrist Democrat, he imposed mandatory competency testing for teachers and students and encouraged investment in the state by granting tax breaks to industries. He became a prominent member of the Democratic Leadership Council, a group that sought to recast the party's agenda away from its traditional liberalism and move it closer to what it perceived as the centre of American political life.

Witness President Bill Clinton delivering his first inaugural address, January 20, 1993

© William J. Clinton Presidential Library See all videos for this article

Clinton declared his candidacy for president while still governor of Arkansas. Just before the New Hampshire presidential primary, his campaign was nearly derailed by widespread press coverage of his alleged 12-year affair with an Arkansas woman, Gennifer Flowers. In a subsequent interview watched by millions of viewers on the television news program 60 Minutes, Clinton and his wife admitted to having marital problems. Clinton's popularity soon rebounded, and he scored a strong second-place showing in New Hampshire-a performance for which he labeled himself the "Comeback Kid." On the strength of his middle-of-the-road approach, his apparent sympathy for the concerns of ordinary Americans (his statement "I feel your pain" became a well-known phrase), and his personal warmth, he eventually won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992. Facing incumbent Pres. George Bush, Clinton and his running mate, Tennessee Sen. Al Gore, argued that 12 years of Republican leadership had led to political and economic stagnation. In November the Clinton-Gore ticket defeated both Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot with 43 percent of the popular vote to 37 percent for Bush and 19 percent for Perot; Clinton defeated Bush in the electoral college by a vote of 370 to 168.

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Bill Clinton | Biography, Presidency, Education, Impeachment, & Facts

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Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States (1993-2001), who oversaw the country's longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. Learn more about Clinton's life and career.

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Los Angles Riot
1. 50 people were killed and 2,300 were injured
2. About 1,100 buildings were damaged
3. $1 billion in damage

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Los Angeles Riots of 1992, major outbreak of violence, looting, and arson in Los Angeles that began on April 29, 1992, in response to the acquittal of four white Los Angeles policemen on all but one charge (on which the jury was deadlocked) connected with the severe beating of an African American motorist in March 1991. As a result of several days of rioting, more than 50 people were killed, more than 2,300 were injured, and thousands were arrested. About 1,100 buildings were damaged, and total property damage was about $1 billion, which made the riots one of the most-devastating civil disruptions in American history.

Although many Angelenos in the late 20th century prided themselves on their city's ethnic diversity, there was a strong feeling in Los Angeles's minority communities that the city's predominantly white police force practiced racial profiling and engaged in racist brutality against African Americans and Hispanics. These suspicions seemed to be confirmed by a videotape shot on March 3, 1991, by a man who watched police officers brutally beat Rodney King, an African American motorist who had been pulled over for speeding after an eight-mile chase. When the officers' initial efforts to bring a noncompliant King to the ground failed, they clubbed him with their batons dozens of times. The videotape, which was broadcast across the United States, prompted a huge outpouring of protest.

Emotions were still running high more than a year later during the trial of the officers conducted in Simi Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles. On April 29, 1992, protest and violence erupted almost immediately after the jury-composed of 10 whites, a Hispanic, and an Asian-acquitted the officers of charges that included assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force (though the jury was deadlocked on the excessive-force charge against one of the policemen). Hundreds of protesters congregated outside police headquarters in downtown Los Angeles, chanting, "No justice, no peace." At the intersection of Florence and Normandie avenues, in predominantly Black South Central Los Angeles-not far from Watts, where large-scale rioting had resulted in 34 deaths in 1965-a growing crowd began harassing motorists. Live television coverage captured an assault on a white truck driver, Reginald Denny, who was pulled from the cab of his vehicle, beaten, and smashed with a cinder block (he was rescued by people from the neighbourhood who had been watching the event unfold on television). That incident became one of the most enduring images of the riots, as indelibly inscribed in the popular memory as the King video. The overwhelmed police on the scene had retreated.

That evening and over the ensuing days, violence, looting, and arson spread to encompass much of the Los Angeles region, from Pacoima in the San Fernando Valley to Long Beach, south of the city. Much of the worst rioting, though, occurred in South Central, the Pico-Union neighbourhood, and Koreatown, where relations between Korean merchants and their African American customers had already been tense. As firefighters battled blazes throughout the area, they became targets of snipers, and even air traffic was disrupted by safety concerns.

On the first night of rioting, Mayor Tom Bradley-who had responded to the verdict by saying, "Today that jury asked us to accept the senseless and brutal beating of a helpless man"-declared a state of emergency, and California Gov. Pete Wilson mobilized a first contingent of National Guardsmen (eventually, some 6,000 guardsmen were deployed). On May 1 Rodney King, speaking on television, made a plea for calm, famously asking, "Can we get along?" That day, U.S. Pres. George Bush dispatched 3,000-4,000 army troops and marines, along with 1,000 riot-trained federal law officers, to help restore order. The next day he declared Los Angeles a federal disaster area. On May 4, with calm prevailing, the dusk-to-day curfew that had been imposed on the city was lifted, and Los Angeles businesses and schools reopened.

In June Daryl Gates, Los Angeles's controversial police chief-who was later taken to task for his response to the riots in an official investigation headed by William Webster, former director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation-was forced to resign. Also in the wake of the riots, a dispirited Bradley, the city's first African American mayor, chose not to run for a sixth term. Ultimately, King received a $3.8 million settlement from Los Angeles after two of the officers who had beaten him were convicted in a civil suit of violating his civil rights.

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Los Angeles Riots of 1992 | Summary, Deaths, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Los Angeles Riots of 1992, major outbreak of violence, looting, and arson in Los Angeles that began on April 29, 1992, in response to the acquittal of four white Los Angeles policemen on all but one charge (on which the jury was deadlocked) connected with the severe beating of an African American motorist in 1991.

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Michael Jordan
1. Played on the 1992 Olympic team
2. was 6'6 ft tall
3. Won 6 NBA championships

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Michael Jordan scored 246 points (41.0 PPG) in the 6-game 1993 NBA Finals. Can you name the 2 other players in NBA history to average 40+ PPG in the first 6 games of an NBA Finals series?

Subscribe to Stathead, your all-access pass to the Basketball Reference database, to answer more questions like this.

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Michael Jordan Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft Status and more | Basketball-Reference.com

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Checkout the latest stats of Michael Jordan. Get info about his position, age, height, weight, draft status, shoots, school and more on Basketball-Reference.com

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Tom Hanks
1. An asteroid is named after him
2. Named America's favorite after
3. Won a presidential award of freedom

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Won 2 Oscars. Another 89 wins & 198 nominations. See more awards "

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Stage Play: Lucky Guy. Drama. Written by Nora Ephron. Associate Director: Kamilah Forbes. Costume Design by Toni-Leslie James. Scenic Design by David Rockwell. Directed by George C. Wolfe. Broadhurst Theatre: 1 Apr 2013- (still in production + 33 previews that began on 1 Mar 2013). Cast: Tom Hanks (as "Mike McAlary") [Broadway debut], ... "

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Tom H. | Tomu Hankusu

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Personal Quote:

My work is more fun than fun but, best of all, it's still very scary. You are always walking some kind of high wire. I guess it's like being a sportsman. When people ask great football stars or cricketers what they will miss most when the time comes to stop, they'll tell you that it's that moment when the ball comes to them. In that moment, there's that wonderful anxiety, that feeling of "Please ... "

Trivia:

Has also credited Joe Spano, former co-star of the television series Hill Street Blues (1981), as being another of his most important early inspirations. "

Trademark:

Likable, mild-mannered and good-natured personality "

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Tom Hanks, Producer: Cast Away. Thomas Jeffrey Hanks was born in Concord, California, to Janet Marylyn (Frager), a hospital worker, and Amos Mefford Hanks, an itinerant cook. His mother's family, originally surnamed "Fraga", was entirely Portuguese, while his father was of mostly English ancestry. Tom grew up in what he has called a "fractured" family.

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1. Pearl Jam   Formed in Seattle Washington
2. 2pac       Was a rapper and actor
3. Dr.Dre    Performed at the 2022 super bowl halftime show

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Rob Sheffield picks the 50 best songs of the Nineties, from Britney Spears and Ace of Base to Beck and Nirvana.

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Forms                Facts
1. Jacket            1. Men wore loose clothing and jeans
2. Nylon             2. Kids wore oversized clothes for the most part
3. Scarves         3. Women wore skirts

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Fashion in the early 1990s was generally loose fitting and colorful. Unless you were going for the grunge look, then color was the enemy.

Who remembers pegging Skidz pants bought from Merry Go Round? We had to wear Air Jordans, too. Our t-shirts were big and our shorts were extra long.

Tapered pants were a big deal. If they weren't tapered, then you had to taper them yourself with a fold and a couple flips.

Boys and girls both wore baseball caps in many different ways. Mullets were stylish for a couple years and every sweater had a turtleneck under it.

But then grunge happened. Suddenly every thrift store in town couldn't keep a flannel shirt in stock to save their backs. Teens were digging through dad's box of old clothes to get their hands on some authentic hole-ridden jeans to wear over top of their long john stockings.

Barbers nearly went out of business because no one under 17 got their hair cut any more (OK, we may be exaggerating just a little.)

Also in the early nineties fashions worn by hop hop artists were becoming increasingly mainstream. And because of the growing popularity of hip hop music among the suburban community, urban styles were seen everywhere, not just in the big city.

By the late 1990s hip hop style was arguably the most popular among young people.

Starting in the mid-90s, industrial and military styles crept into mainstream fashion. People were finding any way to make a fashion accessory out of a piece of machinery. Camouflage pants were ironically worn by anti-war protesters.

By the late 90s, rave culture swept through and people were looking for clothes that were more glamorous again. The grungy styles of the early nineties were old hat. Looking rich was cool again. Name brand designers were back in a big way.

Interestingly enough, late 90s clothing styles are not too drastically different than they are today. In the 1990s, musicians had a much greater influence on what young people wore than designers. All a kid in Kansas had to do was turn on MTV for the latest east and west coast styles of the moment.

For significantly more detail about a certain year in 1990s fashion, click on the plus sign next to the year below.

In-Depth 1990s Fashion Profiles

Fashion in 1990

In 1990, recession-weary shoppers chose to spend money on clothes that would stay in style as long as possible. That meant that the wild shapes and colors of recent years needed to be toned down.

The jacket remained the key to daytime dress. A trend setter in the jacket trend was Chanel, who introduced loose versions of the famous Chanel jacket slit vertically at the hem. Some were bright colors like hot pink, tangerine and white. Other leaders were Giorgio Armani, and Calvin Klein.

The biggest difference in 1990 fashion was an explosion of color, with alarming arrays of bright yellow, orange, red, purple and green. Neon bright colors could be obvious as the primary color of a pair of pants - or they could be subtle as the color of a pair of shoestrings.

Brocade, embroidered satins and laces were important, but the most popular style of eveningwear was the slender black dress, worn quite short with black stockings and high-heeled shoes.

In the winter of 1990 the short, swingy coat was worn in full force. Women loved how racy the coat looked over short skirts. Casual styles, such as anoraks and parkas were prominently seen in cold-weather climates.

A revival of the interest in made-to-order clothing occurred in 1990 when women realized that it wasn't more expensive than ready-to-wear clothing. This surprised many fashion analysts and drew other designers to New York City, following the success of Arnold Scaasi.

Fashion in 1991

By 1991, the well-known and well-established designers were in their 50's and 60's. Geoffrey Beene, regarded by many as the most prestigious designer in New York City, has been the head of his own fashion company for 28 years. James Galanos, whose headquarters is in Los Angeles, has been a fashion leader for 40 years.

Designers everywhere focused on the jacket as the key to contemporary dressing. Denim jackets and leather biker's styles appealed to younger people. For the sophisticated woman, there were long, gently curved jackets from major de signers, such as Giorgio Armani and Karl Lagerfeld of Chanel, as well as less expensive versions without
designer labels.

I wore a long, green, army style Eddie Bauer jacket.

A standard way for women to dress for the office was to wear one of these longer jackets over a skirt that stopped short of the knees. But all kinds of combinations were possible, such as jackets with trousers, leggings, or tights. Jackets with shorts also gained acceptance in some areas for more formal daytime wear, as women wore shorts to offices during the hot summer weather.

For women whose lives did not require formal dressing, including most students, T-shirts, sweat shirts, sweat pants, and jeans were the rule. Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, and other major designers introduced special jeans collections to appeal to these women and to
those who dressed informally during the weekend.

The special weekend-wear category was not limited to basic blue jeans. Designers offered white and black jeans, stone washed, and beige styles. Cutoffs and jackets to match appeared in stores, as did overalls and skirts, both short and long.

Skirt length moved into fashion consciousness again. Since 1988, short skirts were considered the standard, though many women wore their hems at midcalf. Designers everywhere in the fashion world introduced some longer styles into their collections. The consensus among fashion leaders was that long and short hemlines could coexist. Many designers claimed that they already did.

Plaids made a strong fall fashion entry, spurred by Oscar de la Renta's suits, coats, and even furs worked in plaid patterns. They were shown at his Paris debut in March. De la Renta was the ﬁrst American designer to join the French ready-to-wear shows.

Fashion leadership still remained in the hands of ready-to-wear designers in 1991. But the couture, or made-to-order branch of the fashion industry, based in Paris, showed renewed vigor. Designers such as Lagerfeld at Chanel, with his denim and motorcycle jackets, and Claude Montana, who introduced space age looks at the House of Lanvin, revitalized couture fashion during the year. But all the couture houses also had ready-to-wear collections that were less expensive than made-to-order clothes.

Fashion in 1992

Fashion in 1992 was so subdued that the most popular color was black. One other major change was the lengthening hemline.

Due to a slow economy, designers that emerged in 1991 didn't take off as expected. The two exceptions being Isaac Mizrahi and Marc Jacobs, who were widely accepted into the fashion world in 1992.

For women who didn't care so much for skirts, there were always pants. The pants resembled the early 1970s styles, with flaring boot cuts. Pants were worn at work, at home or out to the movies.

Animal prints were in high demand in 1992. Many women decided not to buy fur coats unless they were made of synthetic materials. Prints suggesting tigers, giraffes and leopards turned up in everything from t-shirts to shoes to purses to dresses.

Casual weekend fashions were emphasized in collections by Calvin Klein and Donna Karan. These collections included denim separates, long and short skirts, sweaters and pants.

Yves Saint Laurent celebrated his 30th year in the fashion industry. with a spectacular fashion show at the opera de la Bastille in Paris. Adolfo quietly passed his 25th anniversary without fanfare.

Valentino hosted his retrospective show to New York City in September, exhibiting clothes of his design that spanned 30 years.

Fashion in 1993

In 1993, there was a brief flurry of interest in bell-bottom pants and platform shoes. But most fashions presented by the world's leading designers fizzled and failed to affect the ready-to-wear market.

For example, top designers had successfully reintroduced the long skirt in 1991, but in 1993 a significant segment of the fashion-conscious public rejected the long skirt. Stored reported that calf and ankle-length skirt sold well, but women simply weren't wearing them. Women frequently chose short skirts or pants instead.

It was in 1993 that the fashion world began to lose touch with what women actually wanted to wear. The extravagance and polish of fashion shows approached the best Broadway production. Some designers introduced styles as diverse as ancient Greece and Victorian England, but these clothes were unsuited to the electronic age.

Designers turned to top models such as Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer and Christy Turlington, but observers noted that the top models look great in anything, but "normal" women wearing the same style found it difficult to achieve the same effect.

A surprising success in Fall 1993 was the long, black, fitted winter coat.

Teenagers everywhere were seen growing long hair and wearing tattered flannel shirts a la Pearl Jam and Nirvana. Even the preppiest kids were sporting the new "grunge" look. Parents everywhere shook their heads in disbelief, thinking they had successfully shook the sloppy 1970s style.

The ball cap was a popular accessory in 1993. The bill was typically bent modestly and the bill rested above the hairline.

Big, fat cotton t-shirts had completely replaced the skinny, tight blended t-shirts. In 1993, 80s t-shirts were not ironic, just out of style.

Green canvas, military style jackets were commonly seen, and Nike Air Jordans were the tennis shoe of choice.

Fashion in 1994

In early 1994, the "grunge" style had completely taken over the American fashion world. A style derived from clothes worn by Seattle rock musicians, grunge was an assortment of jackets, vests, sweaters, skirts, scarves, and footwear that resembled hiking boots.

Marc Jacobs developed a grunge collection. Gianni Versace did too, but women found themselves hard pressed to pay designer prices for what they thought resembled second-hand clothes. While grunge remained popular with the younger crowd in 1994, women over 30 were unimpressed.

By the end of 1994, women were wearing high heels and dresses made of satin, metallic or other high shine fabrics. Feathers and fringe, beads and sequins adorned clothes that hugged the body. 1972 glam was back!

Comfort persisted in the clothes women wore in their downtime. Tights made of spandex, t-shirts and loose sweaters dominated the weekend.

Women still found the suit to be the most useful way to dress for the increasingly faster-paced modern world. Giorgio Armani figured out ways to tailor clothes that both men and women loved.

As Yves Saint Lauren found out, using real fur was an invitation for passionate protests from animal rights activists. During his first visit to the U.S. in 12 years, he was greeted by angry picketers who took issue with the fox trim on his jackets that were on display at a New York City Saks Fifth Avenue store.

Fashion in 1995

Men and women did not blindly follow fashion designers in 1995. Sure, they still dressed up for weddings and special events, but for the most part everyone wore casual clothes. T-shirts were seen everywhere.

Women ignored the supposed hemline of the times and interchanged short and long skirts when they felt like it. Women were less interested in provocative clothing, trading in sheer fabrics and tall heels for comfort and freedom. Some women looking to enhance their curves, however, were quite fond of the push-up bra.

The American fashion buying public had all but lost interest in high fashion. Designers spent millions on lavish shows, parading supermodels around in fashions that no common woman would be able to afford, let alone wear. To the average woman, fashion shows became something of an amusing novelty and not really something to be taken seriously.

Expensive labels gave way to practical ones like The Gap. Many cost-cutting women were getting their clothing from Wal-Mart, K-Mart and Caldor. They would often "cross shop", meaning they would get one or two pieces in an upscale shop, then supplement it with a cheaper pair of jeans or a sweater.

Almost every designer that made a profit focused on lower-priced styles. Geoffrey Beene made lower-priced styles for men and women that were sold in 135 shopping malls.

The "dress for success" style that dominated previous decades practically disappeared in 1995. Increasingly, companies were offering "casual Fridays" in which employees were allowed to wear jeans to work.

And although sportswear had been around for 50 years, designers like Calvin Klein, Donna Karan and Ralph Lauren were still finding ways to put a new twist on an old plot.

Fashion in 1997

Popular fashions in 1997 included casual dress at the office and a return to the styles of the 1970s.

Men, women, children - almost everyone took to wearing baseball caps in 1997. Bending the bill was necessary, but it was also common to see people wearing them backwards, or even sideways (in an ironic sort of way).

Monochromatic shirt and tie combinations kept men's clothing subtle. But close-fitting knit tops, flared pant legs and tall platform shoes reminded us of an era two decades prior.

The fashion industry was shocked by the senseless murder of Giovanni Versace on July 15.

Interest in fashion, which had peaked in the 1980s, had been waning for several years. To restore that interest, designers created styles to fit an increasingly relaxed era.

For women in the workplace, the pants suit replaced, once and for all, the traditional jacket/skirt combo.

Sportswear like casual jackets, t-shirts, sweatshirts and tennis shoes (ie: sneakers, trainers) were acceptable for many occasions.

Even for formal settings, elaborate dresses were inappropriate. Women chose the "little black dress", with or without subtle embroidery. Luxury was expressed quietly, with precious fibers like silk and cashmere.

Surprisingly, fur was making a comeback, despite constant anti-fur protesting. But it wasn't the full length coat of yore, the fur was used more for trim, handbags and casual uses.

Fashion in 1999

The fashion world's focus in the final year of the millennium was on mergers and acquisitions much more than fabrics.

Up until the 1980s, smaller fashion firms were able to stay in business by being more flexible and being able to react quickly to the newest trends. Since then however, these companies had struggled to keep up and many fashion boutiques merged into huge corporate enterprises.

The biggest acquisition of 1999 featured Gucci, who was almost purchased by Louis Vuitton. Gucci ended up going to Pinault-Printemps-Redoute instead.

In the U.S., Kasper of New Jersey bought the Anne Klein Company and Estee Lauder swept up Stila, an emerging cosmetics company.

Sportswear remained the dominant choice worldwide. Some sportswear designers tried dressier looks to little fanfare. Women wore fitted tops over t-shirts or tank tops, while jeans featured embroidery and other decorations.

In order to spice up their sportswear, women were turning to colorful accessories. Brightly colored handbags, glittering hair ornaments and jewelry, such as arm bands and bracelets had made a strong comeback.

The Pashmina shawl, made from the finest cashmere on the planet, was a huge success. It came in bright pastel shades and was worn over casual clothes as well as evening wear. Even thought prices of this shawl could easily top $100, they still won worldwide acceptance as a luxury fashion item.

With the impending turn-of-the-millennium parties approaching, fashion designers put all of the efforts into evening wear. Dresses were sleek, in all lengths, made of luxurious fabrics. The were adorned with embroidery and beads.

By the end of the century the business suit in the office had all but vanished. Men and women both were embracing the new "business casual" look, not just for employee comfort, but as a tactic to recruit younger generations.

Supermodels no longer carried the same sway that they used among the fashion industry. Instead, movie stars were the trendsetters. Stars such as Gwyneth Paltrow and Nicole Kidman were featured more prominently in fashion magazines by 1999.

1990s Women's Fashion Pictures

1990s Men's Fashion Pictures

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1990s Fashion: Styles, Trends, History & Pictures

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What clothing did people wear in the 1990s? Research 1990s fashion here with a year-by-year timeline & 50+ pictures.

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1. Airplane tickets were very expensive
2. People used to travel by train
3. People started getting their own cars

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In the 1990s

The transportation sector showed little increase in energy efficiency as transportation activity and energy use continued to grow.

Passenger travel energy-efficiency levels improved slightly, mainly due to efficiency gains in the aviation sector.

Freight transportation energy-efficiency levels declined slightly as modes of transportation that consumed the most energy for freight movement became less energy efficient.

Energy Efficiency

For many, "miles per gallon" comes to mind when energy efficiency and transportation are mentioned in the same sentence. But energy efficiency isn't just fuel economy. Many other factors greatly influence how effectively we use our transportation fuels, such as the choice of vehicle we drive, the average number of passengers boarding aircraft, and the method we choose to move our freight. In sum, factors such as these will determine the overall energy efficiency of our transportation system. This Issue Brief looks at transportation trends of the 1990s and how those trends affected the efficiency with which we used our transportation fuels and systems.

Transportation Sector Shows Little Increase in Energy Efficiency: Just as miles per gallon is used to measure fuel efficiency, the overall energy efficiency of our nation's transportation system is measured by the ratio of activity (total miles traveled by all passengers and all tons of freight) to consumption (total Btu of energy consumed). Our transportation system carries two distinct cargoes-people and freight, with passenger travel consuming about 70% of transportation energy while freight transportation consumes the rest.

Although the overall energy efficiency of our transportation system improved at the beginning of the decade by as much as 4%, by 1999 it had reverted to its 1990 level as less energy efficient options for transporting passengers and freight combined with neutral or declining fuel efficiency improvements (see Figure 1-1). Total energy efficiency gains in passenger travel, mainly due to efficiency gains in the aviation sector, were offset by energy efficiency losses in freight transportation.

Between 1990 and 2000, the growth rate in transportation activity was slightly greater than the annual 2.0% increase in energy consumption, which grew from 21.1 quadrillion to 25.7 quadrillion Btu. This increase in the amount of activity coupled with a slightly slower growth in energy use (with petroleum accounting for 97% of the transportation sector energy requirements) is responsible for the slight gain in energy efficiency experienced in the 1990s.

Passenger Travel Efficiency Gains Mainly in Aviation: By 1991, passenger energy efficiency had improved by 5% over the 1990 level, but was only 4% over that 1990 level in 2000 (see Figure 1-2). Passenger-miles of travel (activity) rose 23% while energy use (consumption) grew only 18% between 1990 and 2000. The most significant gains were achieved in commercial air travel, with passenger energy efficiency improvements of about 32% from 1990 to 2000. In 2000, air travel represented about 11% of all passenger-miles, but only 8% of the total energy used to move passengers. Both domestic and international flights had a combined increase of 9% in load factor during the 1990s, indicating more passengers per plane. These factors contributed to the 49% increase in air passenger-miles of travel, the highest growth of any mode of travel. The energy efficiency of commercial air received another boost as overall aircraft fuel economy improved by 20% between 1990 and 2000.

Highway passenger travel (passenger car, motorcycle, and light truck) energy efficiency improved by only 1% from 1990 to 2000. Highway is the largest component of passenger travel, comprising 85% of all passenger-miles and consuming 88% of energy used for passenger travel in 2000. The 1990s marked a shift in consumer preferences that was largely responsible for bringing gains in energy efficiency to a virtual standstill. Rather than buying cars, many drivers purchased less energy efficient light trucks, while others bought even larger versions of these vehicles, such as full-size sport utility vehicles (SUVs), that burn even more fuel. As a result, efficiency improvements for passenger cars (6%) were virtually offset by the loss in efficiency from light trucks (5%).

Freight Movement Becomes Less Energy Efficient: Freight energy efficiency improved slightly at the beginning of the decade, but declined 6% by 2000 (see Figure 1-3). The decline in freight energy efficiency occurred as a result of a slow 2% annual growth rate in ton-miles (the movement of 1 ton of cargo the distance of 1 mile) paired with a relatively rapid annual growth rate of 2.5% in freight energy consumption. Contributing to this trend was the decline in the energy efficiency of freight trucks and waterborne modes. The largest growth in freight energy consumption came from trucks, which represented 84% of the total freight energy consumption increase from 1990 to 2000. Fuel economy of trucks fell by 2.0% from 1990 to 2000, from 5.97 mpg to 5.85 mpg. Despite this loss in fuel economy, an expected rise in ton-miles per vehicle-mile (indicative of heavier loads), did not occur, leading to an overall decline in energy efficiency (ton-miles per Btu) of 2.1%. The growth in ton-miles for this period was mainly from trucks and rail with water declining by 21.3%. Total waterborne ton-miles decreased as a result of waterborne tonnage declining by 4.6% while the average length of haul fell by 17.1%. Furthermore, waterborne freight energy efficiency declined by about 25%.
Look for a full report on this subject in the fall of 2003.
For More Information:

Ivy Harrison, Mathematical Statistician
U.S. Department of Transportation
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Office of Advanced Studies
400 7th Street SW, Suite 3430
Washington, DC 20590
Phone: 202-366-5235
Fax: 202-493-0568
Ivy.Harrison@bts.gov

¹ Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2002, table 4-6.

² U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 22, table 2, 4, p. 2-6, Oak Ridge, TN, September 2002.

³ Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2002, table 4-8.

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Transportation Energy Efficiency Trends in the 1990s

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In the 1990s The transportation sector showed little increase in energy efficiency as transportation activity and energy use continued to grow. Passenger travel energy-efficiency levels improved slightly, mainly due to efficiency gains in the aviation sector. Freight transportation energy-efficiency levels declined slightly as modes of transportation that consumed the most energy for freight movement became less energy efficient.