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EXAMPLE: Beaded Necklace by  Pebo Smith Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 C

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EXAMPLE: Beaded Necklace by  Pebo Smith Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 C

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Jewelry, such as the beaded necklace seen here, was an important part of the culture and religion of the ancient Egyptians. Jewelry in ancient Egypt represented people's status and showed that the Egyptians had strong religious beliefs. Necklaces were popular but bracelets, rings, neck collars, and pendants were also worn.  Wearing more jewelry meant that men, women, and children were richer and more important.  Wealthy people wore jewelry made from stone, glass, and  metals such as gold and silver while those in lower social classes wore jewelry made from clay, shells, animal teeth and bones. Certain colors and stones were thought to  provide health benefits too.  Regardless of what  jewelry was made of, Egyptians wore jewelry to get the attention of the Gods.  It was believed that if one wore lots of jewelry, the Gods would notice them and would bless them and offer them guidance in their life.  In addition, it was believed that the Jewelry protected them against evil spirits on earth as well as in the afterlife. This is evident as tombs often contained  jewelry and other objects  that  were believed to be needed after one’s death. Clearly,  jewelry was a way for Egyptians to show their position in society and to honor the Gods that they worshiped in the hopes that they would be granted good health and luck.

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Crook & Flail by Vidyut Ramanan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Crook & Flail by Vidyut Ramanan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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The Crook and Flail were very important parts of the social hierarchy, and was also a very big thing to the ancient Egyptians. The Crook and Flail are two of the most iconic Egyptian artifacts. The crook was originally a staff used by shepherds, and the flail was used as a weapon to defend flocks of sheep. They had deep meanings on their own, but when united they symbolized rule. Starting off, the crook, as the name implies, is a mix of a cane and a hook, often plated with gold, and has blue copper bands on top. Sometimes, the crook was made out of wood. This was a great deal back in ancient Egypt, as wood was a very rare material. The flail was made up of 3 beads attached to a rod. Similar to the crook, the flail was special as there could be different types of beads, meaning that each flail could be unique in it’s own way. The Crook and Flail were held by kings and pharaohs, often crossed on top of their chest. They symbolize rule, so when the ancient Egyptians saw
a crook and flail being held by someone in public, it
was a very big deal. The crook and flail were first
seen together in 3150 B.C.E, held by the first king
Narmer, as well as being associated with the
mythical king, Osiris. After the pharaoh died, the
crook and flail would be buried alongside them to
be left in the tomb until discovered. As all this
evidence reveals, the Crook and Flail were a very
important part of the social hierarchy in ancient
Egypt, and were a special part of ancient Egypt.

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The Treasures Of The Great Pyramid by Kaushal Chikka. Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2 A

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The Treasures Of The Great Pyramid by Kaushal Chikka. Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2 A

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Only 3 objects were ever found inside the Great Pyramid Of Giza. Coincidentally only 3 hidden chambers were ever found, partially buried under bedrock. The chambers had doors with copper handles, which is not seen in any other pyramid. A copper hook, a dolerite ball and a broken up cedar plank were the only objects found. The 3rd relic, the plank, was found but lost 70 years ago, never to be uncovered again. It was also thought to be a treasure because of the rarity of trees in Egypt. The other 2 have unknown meanings but might be there because they are made of materials that are harder to obtain. This trio is currently known as the Dixon Relics. They were discovered by a man named Waynman Dixon, with the assistance of his friend James Grant. Regardless of the fact that they were the only ones who saw it, the news about the discovery spread quite quickly. Dixon took the first 2 objects and Grant took the third. Shortly following Grant’s death in 1895, the cedar plank was gifted to the University Of Aberdeen in which he had studied. In 1946 Grant’s daughter donated a 5 inch piece of cedar wood.

The hook and the ball ended up in the possession of a British museum where they still reside to this day. The 3 objects, although with unknown meanings, are considered ancient treasures.

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Pyramid Construction by Kate Grecsek Mrs.Churinskas period 1/2 A 

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Pyramid Construction by Kate Grecsek Mrs.Churinskas period 1/2 A 

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The pyramids were  an important piece of advanced technology for the ancient egyptians.A pyramid is a structure made in a triangular form.  Pyramids are made   up of limestone, but from far away a pyramid looks like its made up of sand. The average size of a pyramid is 755.75 feet  for base size and 481.4 feet for the original height. In addition A pyramid is used for religious purposes.The purpose of the pyramid  is that egyptians believed you could have a second life inside the pyramid. Ancient egyptians used the pyramid. The pyramids of giza were built more than 1,200 years before the rule of king tut, egyptian people built the pyramid of giza(which is 481 feet tall. Pyramids were used between the time of 2550 to 2490 BCE, they were used in egypt.

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Egyptian Toy Horse by Ahmed Rizvi Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2A

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Egyptian Toy Horse by Ahmed Rizvi Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2A

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The egyptian toy horse explains itself, it was of course a toy that kids used to play with, this artifact displayed a part of culture and religion for the Ancient Egyptians.  This toy was also for the people who has rich parents who could afford this luxury, while the kids whose parents couldn’t afford this wouldn’t have the toy.This toy was made around 30-100 circa In Ancient Egypt and this toy would be made out of wood, which on the sides would have wheels and a bolt like item to stop the wheel from getting off, after the horse is created it would be painted. In addition, there are many things that might be related to the gods, but this toy wasn’t related to any god, surprisingly . Therefore, when the Pharaohs were about to be mummified they used to place games,gold and most importantly a toy they used to play with when they were younger,which are kept in their tomb. Undoubtedly we know that kids get bored, so a toy like this would be enough to distract the kids. This toy took lots of effort to do because it was made out of wood and took lots of skill and carving to make. This toy was used to play with of course not only by kids but by adults too.Even though this artifact may look small it might be the size of an average palm the measurements are, 7.6 centimeters high, 67 grams, 11.5 centimeters wide, and 7 centimeters deep. All in all, The egyptian toy horse was a part of belief and a way of entertaining a kid, and was used as something to use in a pharaoh's afterlife.

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The Process Of Mummification by Vincent Hayes Mrs. Churinksas Period 1/2 A

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The Process Of Mummification by Vincent Hayes Mrs. Churinksas Period 1/2 A

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The process of mummification was an important part of religion and culture for the ancient Egyptians. The  process of mummification is when you mummify a person who died. First, you wash the body with water and natron salt. Second, you push a hook in the nose and then you break the brain into pieces then they are removed through the nose. Third you fill the skull with sawdust fourth you make a small cut on the side of the body and drag the organs like lungs, stomach intestines and liver onto a table. Fifth you put them in jars that have been washed with natron salt and the was organized for the type of body part and then they are ready for the tomb.  sixth you clean the body with palm wine and spices then you pack the body with straws or dried grass to dry it out. Seventh you put it on a table and put natron salt and let it dry for 40 days.eighth you put on resin or wax and wrap the body with 375m2 of linen fabric then you put of the mask and now you're finished. Now you might be wondering, what was the point of mummification? Well, The purpose of mummification was to keep the body intact so it could be transported to a spiritual afterlife. About 2600 BCE, during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, Egyptians probably began to mummify the dead intentionally. The practice continued and developed for well over 2,000 years, into the Roman Period (ca. 30 BCE–CE 364). What were the size of mummies? Nevertheless, over this whole period they found that the mean height (of their sample of 150 skeletons) was 157.5cm (or 5ft 2in) for women and 167.9cm (or 5ft 6in) for men, quite like today.

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Ancient Egyptian Cat Statue by Greta Hefele - Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Ancient Egyptian Cat Statue by Greta Hefele - Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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The Egyptians were very fond of cats, cats were an important part of their religion DId you know that Egypta cats would usually sit on the Queen’s lap while she prepared for court? They believed that cats very important and considered it the sacred animal of Bastet (the lioness/cat-headed goddess) In addition, Egyptian women admired cats so much that they even used makeup/powders to make their eyes look more like cat eyes (hence the cat eye in modern day makeup)Another interesting fact is that cats were a symbol for protection because they would scare off/kill dangerous predators such as venomous snakes and scorpions. Although, cat’s were a sign of protection, people started housing cats and domesticating them further. Making cats the playful pets many people have today.

Furthermore, gods/goddesses weren’t limited to just having a cat head, they could make themselves appear as a cat. That's also why it was forbidden to kill a cat, because people were afraid they were killing an important god/goddess. In Ancient Egyptian culture/religions, cats were extremely important. If someone killed a cat, even if it was by accident that person would be sentenced to death. Once a cat died, they were mummified. The owners took it so far to shave their eyebrows in mourning. The people would continue to mourn the loss of their feline friend until their eyebrows grew back. In conclusion, ancient Egyptians were extremely fond of cats and how important they were to cultural/religious beliefs.

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The Temple of Horus by Rahul Tulasi 1/2 A

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The Temple of Horus by Rahul Tulasi 1/2 A

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The temple of Horus also known as The temple of EDFU was a big part of religion and culture. The Temple of Horus is a temple where many ancient Egyptians prayed to the god EDFU at this temple. In addition, this temple was made out of sandstone blocks with giant hieroglyphics engraved in the blocks. The giant hieroglyphics on walls and pillars gave us an idea of what happened back then in ancient Egypt. The Temple of Horus was made so that Egyptians would be able to pray to the God Horus. This god, Horus, was a protector of the pharaoh. The Temple of Horus is located west of the Nile River. Also located 109 kilometers south of Luxor and 130 kilometers north of Aswan. The weather near the temple has a really hot climate. The Temple of Horus took a really long time to build, it took around 237 - 57 Bc to build which also means it took 180 years to build this temple. Clearly, temples meant a lot to them, and praying was a big thing to culture and religion.

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Abu Simbel temple by Andrei Lumezanu Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Abu Simbel temple by Andrei Lumezanu Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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The Abu Simbel Temple was an important advanced city structure and an example of culture and Religion used by the ancient Egyptians.  The Abu Simbel was a temple in ancient Egyptian times; it had 4 big statues and some smaller ones above them and under them.  It is carved into a mountain and has the color of sand, it is 98 feet tall and 115 feet wide, and the statues on the front are each about 69 feet tall.  Since the temple was big it was used by Ramses the second to scare off his enemies and so he could sit amongst the Gods.  It was used by Ramses the second.  The temple was used by Ramses the second from 1279-1213 BCE.  In addition the temple took over 20 years to build.  Another cool fact is that a swiss explorer named Burckhardt was taken to the site of the temple by a little boy named Abu Simbel and that is where the temple got its name from. It was founded in 1813 CE.  The Abu Simbel Temple is in south Egypt and it is near a lake called Lake Nasser.

Abu Simbel’s Coordinates are 22°20′13″N 31°37′32″ECoordinates: 22°20′13″N 31°37′32″E.

The temple is carved into a mountain side. Clearly, as you can see the Abu Simbel is an important feature of Religion, culture, and advanced city structures in Ancient Egypt.

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Headrest by Svecha Bavipati Mrs.Churinskas 1/2A

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Headrest by Svecha Bavipati Mrs.Churinskas 1/2A

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The Ancient Egyptian headrest was an important piece of advanced technology and it was very useful. Headrests have a flat baseboard but are curved at the top where the neck is placed. In Ancient Egypt headrests were honored pieces of technology, back then people believed that the head was the most spiritual part of the body and it had to be cherished. Headrests came from the very beginning of Ancient Egypt. It was believed that Ancient Egyptians were one of the first people to use anything to support their head while sleeping, exactly like our pillows today. When someone goes to sleep on their side, then their head will not be able to touch the surface of the bed. Modern day people use pillows to help with that gap. Furthermore, headrests were used to support one's neck while they sleep, but one pretty big reason and surprising reason that headrests were used was to prevent insects from crawling into mouths, ears, and noses. Headrests tended to be made out of stone or wood. Some headrests were actually decorated with drawings of protective gods who banished evil from dark nights. Like Tutankhamun’s Headrest/ King Tut’s Headrest which was fully decorated with gods and goddesses and it even had lions on it. As you clearly can see Ancient Egyptians honored their headrests a lot so that came to a situation. Headrests were really expensive partly because they were for the higher class and also because back then stone was very high priced so it was really just for the higher citizens. Headrests were also so cherished that sometimes the Kings and Queens were even buried with them because Ancient Egyptians believed they would need it in the afterlife. In conclusion, headrests were a very honored and cherished piece of Ancient Egyptian technology.

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King Tut Sarcophagus By Zara Midha - Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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King Tut Sarcophagus By Zara Midha - Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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A Sarcophagus was an important part of the Ancient Egyptians' religion. The sarcophagus is an elaborate part of the burial process. Ancient Egyptians believed that they would live on in the afterlife. A sarcophagus is a stone-like coffin typically adorned with a sculpture or an inscription. They were painted and inscribed in hieroglyphics with 4 important features.The deceased name and title; a list of food offerings; a false door through which Ka (An ancient god) could pass through ; and eyes through which the deceased could see outside the coffin. King Tut’s sarcophagus was made out of pure gold and weighed about 243 lbs. The coffin was fully covered in linen except the face. The face had a very artistic mask on. Inside of King Tut’s Sarcophagus were 3 coffins that had the form of King Osiris. The outer glided coffin represents the deity of Osiris. Furthermore the gold foil hands crossed and gold foil on the chest were holding the royal badges decorated with blue and red glass paste. In addition to the coffin are silver handles to help open up the coffin. 2 of the 3 sarcophaguses of Tutankahmun were made out of wood which were covered with a gold sheet. Sarcophaguses were used to bury ancient Pharaohs and wealthy residents in Ancient Egypt. For example King Tut was put in his pyramid with all his rich, and beautiful personal belongings.  Clearly the sarcophaguses show a very important part of the ancient Egyptians' religion and culture, and their deep beliefs of the afterlife.

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Basket by Aiza Arif Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 A

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Basket by Aiza Arif Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 A

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Basketry, which is what it is called where you make baskets, was part of advanced technology for the ancient Egyptians. It is advanced technology since it helps people carry. It is a tool that people used to make out of grass, and could also be made out of straw. It was used around the New Kingdom Egypt time period, which was around 1300 BCE, and still makes it out until today. Technically, Ancient Egyptians used it as a tool to carry food, flowers, wheat, or anything that can fit in it to help them carry. Clearly, the purpose for the basket was to help themselves carry more stuff in one go instead of using all their hands, and also to use it as a tool to hold gifts. There could be different sizes of it, like big, small, medium, and there could also be different designs of it. Apparently, some baskets would have handles, some baskets wouldn’t, pretty much because of the designs since the person who was doing basketry wanted to make it like that, and some of them even have lids on them. Basketry could be like pottery, but it isn’t the exact same though. Baskets help Ancient Egyptians hold more materials on their hands.

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Sun God Re (Ra) by Nicole Madjarian Antezana 1/2A 

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Sun God Re (Ra) by Nicole Madjarian Antezana 1/2A 

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Re (Ra), was an important part of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Ra was a God in ancient Egypt, as well as the king, and the father of all creation. He sailed in a golden boat everyday and created a passageway to the underworld, afterwards, he would have to defeat the snake God, Apopis, in order to rise again. In addition, it was believed that when Ra “died” or was swallowed by another God, Nut, he was reunited with another God, Osiris. He had the head of a hawk, and the body of a human, and had a solar disc with a cobra, which in many myths represents the eye of Ra. The ancient Egyptians prayed to him, because they believed that Ra was the “giver of life,” and controlled the ripening of crops. To them, he gave them warmth and growth. In other words, Ra had a secret name, which Isis needed to know. So Isis poisoned Ra with the serpent that she created, so that she could know his secret name, and would only give him the antidote if he were to tell her the name. He was suffering as Isis waited, and at length the Great Father spoke in majesty and said, "It is my will that Isis be given my secret name, and that it leave my heart and enter hers." When he had spoken thus, Ra vanished from before the eyes of the gods. Ra was alive in 1570c- through 1069 BCE. So that's why the Sun God Re (Ra) was important to ancient Egypt.

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Senet Board by Jaszlene Conforti-Martinez | Mrs.Churinskas 1-2A 

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Senet Board by Jaszlene Conforti-Martinez | Mrs.Churinskas 1-2A 

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Senet was a game that many of the ancient Egyptians played as part of their culture, and it was invented by them in 3100B.C.E. It was one of the first board games to ever be invented. Senet was played by both the rich and the poor, as social status did not matter for this game. However, those who were richer could afford fancier boards made out of more durable materials such as ivory and ebony wood, while those who were poor had boards made out of a clay-like material. Each game board has 30 squares arranged in 3 rows, 10 squares per row. Some considered this game as a game of life and death. This was because it was believed by the ancient Egyptians that if you won a game of Senet, it could possibly help them in the afterlife after they passed. To win the game, you must be the first player to move all of your pieces off the board. Since Senet was considered to bring the Egyptians good fortune and luck in the afterlife, it was added to many people’s tombs so they could play forever. All of this shows how Senet was an important part of the ancient Egyptians culture.

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Canopic Jars by Iris Gao Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Canopic Jars by Iris Gao Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Canopic jars were important to the ancient Egyptians as it was an important piece of advanced technology. There are four Canopic jars, each with their own different lid and organ it contains. They were an important part of the mummification process. Ancient Egyptians put the mummy’s internal organs into the Canopic jars. This was so the organs can be preserved forever. The Canopic jars would be placed inside of the tomb and would go along with the person as they went into the ‘afterlife’. During the Old Kingdom the jars were basic, with plain lids and no writing on them. In the Middle Kingdom the jars got a little bit more sophisticated, there were inscriptions on them. Later, during the 19th dynasty, the heads on the lids would each represent a son of the god Horus. Imsety was depicted with a human head, and housed the liver. The falcon representing Qebehsenuef was the protector of the intestines. The protector of the lungs was Hapy the baboon. Lastly, Duamatef the jackal protects the stomach. There was no jar for the heart. This was because the Ancient Egyptians thought that was where the soul of the person was. Clearly, Canopic jars were a prominent piece of advanced technology for the ancient Egyptians.

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Water Screw by Arnav Gupta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Water Screw by Arnav Gupta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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A Water Screw is an important piece of Advanced Technology for the ancient Egyptians. A Water Screw is used to raise water to higher surfaces. A Water Screw was much easier to use than a shaduf because ancient Egyptian farmers would have to bend down and back up again, all day. A Water Screw has screws inside an enclosed cylinder. Water from the Nile River moves up and out the screw when a handle is turned, turning inclined pieces of metal (or clay) attached to each other. Farmers turn a handle attached to the inclined pieces of metal/clay which causes them to move, lifting up water. The open troughs and the design of the screw gives debris the ability to move without clogging (or stopping) the Water Screw from working. Fields of crops were watered by using the screw to pull water from the Nile River. Furthermore, regardless of what social class any ancient Egyptian would be in, it all depended on the lowest classes; the slaves and the farmers. They have to water their crops every day just regrow them. In addition to that, they would also have to grow different crops requiring different amounts of water. They would have to carry the water screw from path to path, turning and turning, lifting and lifting. In fact, that was mostly all they did! Based on how well farmers grew their crops, they would get a better screw, or an even worse screw. If they got a better screw, they would have grown better crops than others. The pharaohs at the time would want them to grow better crops, so they would give them a better screw, which was easier to handle, more lightweight, etc. Clearly, the Water Screw was an important part of Advanced Technology and much easier for farmers to irrigate their crops.

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Rosetta Stone by Ishitasri Harish Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Rosetta Stone by Ishitasri Harish Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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The Rosetta Stone is a 1,680 pound granitoid and it was important for writing and record keeping for ancient Egyptians. Priests created this stone to honor Ptolemy XII and Alexander who were pharaohs at the time.  The Stone describes how these pharaohs benefited Egypt. There are three different languages inscribed in the Rosetta Stone, Hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek.  The Stone is in three languages so everyone can read the stone. Hieroglyphs is what priests and scholars read, Demotic is for the civilians of Egypt and Greek was the language spoken by the pharaohs.  In addition, there are many benefits that the Rosetta Stone gave to the modern world. The Rosetta Stone allowed people to decipher hieroglyphs.  Overtime hieroglyphs were changed by many different civilizations until no one could discover it. During the Napoleonic Wars, when Napoleon Bonaparte was stranded in Egypt, he stumbled upon this stone. Many years later a man named Jean-Francois Champollion examined the stone and gave us a major clue to the  lifestyle of Egyptians. Clearly, without this stone we would have lost 3,000 years of information.

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Obelisk by Dhrishya Kodi Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 A

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Obelisk by Dhrishya Kodi Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 A

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The obelisk was an important piece of religion to the ancient Egyptians. Obelisks first appeared around 2300 BCE, in ancient Egypt. An obelisk is a tall monument that was built in honor of a pharaoh or god's great deeds during their rule. Obelisks were also made for coronations, big victories, or other big events. The height of obelisks are generally around 30-105 feet (9-32 meters) tall. In ancient Egypt, it was the only place that made their obelisk monolithic stone, meaning they carved their obelisks out of only one stone, which was mostly red granite. Workers began using chisels and wooden wedges to carve an obelisk out of the granite. The tools were made out of metal, copper, and stone. This process of quarrying and transferring the obelisk to its destination took around 7 months. The hieroglyphics on each side of the four sides on the obelisk tells us the story and the achievements the pharaoh or god they built it for was honored. Obelisks were mostly located in courtyards of temples. Furthermore, obelisks sustained peace, balance and stability over the ancient Egyptians, because the obelisk showed a piece of a pharaoh or god, and how it was always watching over the ancient Egyptians to keep them safe. Additionally, obelisks were also put up in religious beliefs to help the sun god (Ra) on his journey as he rose from night to morning, crossed the sky, and went away in the evening. When the sun god crossed the sky, he would use the obelisk as a sundial. He would look at the movement of the shadow of the obelisk (except when the sun was overhead and no shadow would be cast). Without doubt, obelisks were a significant and meaningful monument to the ancient Egyptians.

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Hieroglyphs by Suhana Gupta Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Hieroglyphs by Suhana Gupta Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Hieroglyphs were very important to Egyptians, because of that hieroglyphics helped Egyptians have a religion and a culture. Hieroglyphs are pictures used for writing in Ancient Egypt. This is because culture was really important to their religion and religion was really important to their culture. Hieroglyphs were first used/invented in 3100 B.C and they were used for 4,000 years, but when people in more modern times first discovered hieroglyphs they couldn’t  understand them for many years.  Also because hieroglyphs was a written language Egyptians didn’t speak it they spoke Latin, Greek, and Egyptian. According to Egyptians Hieroglyphs were made by the god Thoth, he made it to strengthen their memory and make them wiser. Hieroglyphs were mostly used to make important things look more alive such as Tombs and tombs, and this shows what they do with their culture and religion.  They were also used to write important things down so they could remember them. There used to be 700 hieroglyphs and the same picture (hieroglyph) can be used for different words. Hieroglyphs are in Ancient Egyptian, in English it is “Sacred Carving” or “Sacred Inscriptions”. So as this shows, hieroglyphs were sacred to Ancient Egyptians. It shows their sense of religion and culture, and also what is important to them.

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Pottery Bowl by Syamala Vemparala Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Pottery Bowl by Syamala Vemparala Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Pottery, such as the Ancient Egyptian bowl, was a very important part of Egyptian culture. To start, in around 4000 B.C, the Egyptians made pottery. Pottery was first created by the Egyptians. There were specialized workers for pottery because it became very popular, people who sold their pottery were able to earn money. Pottery was useful for many things such as storing grains, cooking food, storing water, and also for reflecting on their imagination. Clay was one of the materials that was used to make pottery, they used two types of clay which were Nile clay and Marl clay. Egyptians didn’t have access to glaze which was a very important material for pottery. Many Egyptian pottery had things such as boats, animals, people, and geometric designs on them. Egyptian pottery came in many sizes. All of their pottery were handmade. They used the hot weather for drying their pottery, after their pottery was dry, they could dip them in vats of color dye so they could be colorful. Therefore, pottery was very meaningful to the Egyptians in many ways.

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The Great Sphinx of Giza by Shivali Parmar Mrs.Churinskas 1/2 A

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The Great Sphinx of Giza by Shivali Parmar Mrs.Churinskas 1/2 A

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The Great Sphinx of Giza is important to the ancient Egyptians because it represents religion and culture. The Great Sphinx of Giza is a Statue,made in the fourth dynasty by an Egyptian Pharoah named Khafre.In addition, The body of The Great Sphinx of Giza was a lion but the face was human; this is believed to represent a form of the powerful sun god Ra Horakhty. In addition, The Great Sphinx of Giza was 66 feet tall, 240 feet long. Also, it was made out of limestone. When it was being made by the workers it was carved out piece by piece. In addition Scientists estimate that it took 3 years and 100 workers to carve. The Great Sphinx. The Great Sphinx used to be colorful and shiny but as time went on the colorful colors faded into a tan color and developed various cracks along the body, and even the nose was broken.  The Great Sphinx of Giza, is located on the west side of the Nile River where the temples and tombs are. This is evident as the Great Sphinx of Giza was believed by the ancient Egyptians to protect the tombs and temples on the west side of the nile. Furthermore, The Great Sphinx of Giza was used by all Pharaohs to protect anyone from stealing or causing any harm in the tombs to sustain peace to the Pharaohs, for a peaceful journey to the afterlife. Also, the Great Sphinx is believed to have many secret doors and entrances throughout its body. The Great Sphinx of Giza is a meaningful piece of religion and culture to all of the Ancient Egyptians.

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Broad Collar Necklace by Anamika Mrs. Chruinskas 1/2 A

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Broad Collar Necklace by Anamika Mrs. Chruinskas 1/2 A

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The broad collar necklace (also known as the wesekh collar), seen in the picture below, was an important part of ancient Egyptian culture and religion. It was worn by the royal or elite to show their wealth. One of the most famous ancient royals to wear it was one of Ramses III wives. During the 18th Dynasty, the Egyptians believed that the gods loved jewelry just as much as they did,  so if one owner wore the necklace the ones with the necklaces were said to have grabbed the attention of the gods and they were favored by the gods and it was thought to have brought good luck. In addition to good luck it was also seen as a sign of honor,  that the owners of the necklace were rich,wealthy and worshiped the gods. The necklace was made from gold and is normally seen decorated with valuable jewels such as rubies and emeralds. It  started at the smallest sizes of  8.6 centimeters in height and 10.3 centimeters in width and went to the sizes of 12 inches in height.  Archaeologists who have dug up tombs have found the broad collar necklace on the dead, showing that the necklace was used for the royals or rich to help the rich dead have a good afterlife. Clearly, this necklace helped Egypt  create classes and create a stronger bond with their gods.

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King Tutankhamun's Death Mask by Salma Kazi Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A 

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King Tutankhamun's Death Mask by Salma Kazi Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A 

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Death Masks, such as King Tutankhamun's Death Mask seen here, were an important part of the culture and religion of the ancient Egyptians.  A death mask is a portrait for the dead to represent their identity.  King Tutankhamun's Death Mask is over 3,000 years old and is constructed out of two sheets of gold that were hammered together.  Clearly, death masks were based on social classes, since King Tutankhamun was a pharaoh and had a high social class, his death mask was made out of 22.5 karat gold, while those who had a lower social class had a Death Mask made out of either clay, wood, or cloth.  Regardless of what death masks were made out of, the ancient Egyptians created death masks in the likeness of the deceased to help their souls recognize their body and return to it.  Death masks were used since Ancient Egyptian times and continued to be there until the late 6th century AD.  Egyptians held a belief that the death mask helped the soul in searching its human body after death.  In ancient Egypt, burial rites for the dead were a sacred duty that needed to be performed to help put the soul to rest.  King Tutankhamun was only 19 years old when he died, many people created King Tutankhamun's death mask.  To sum up, death masks were a sacred duty to perform so that the soul can go into the afterlife and rest in peace.

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Scarab Beetle by Makoto Scialis SS 3/4 A

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Scarab Beetle by Makoto Scialis SS 3/4 A

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The scarab beetle is an artifact that the ancient Egyptians used in their modern days, with decoration, art, and blessings. This connects to religion because of how much the Ancient Egyptians honored this creature. The scarab beetle was a remodel of the dung beetle, except they decorated it with some other kinds of blessings and other kinds of priest favors. This is an artifact that the ancient Egyptians used to assure them that the afterlife of a human would be safe, and that they would not be damaged in the afterlife. The scarab beetle looks like a dung beetle, except with a shiny kind of coating. Its size is very similar to the size of a finger, and it is made of stone. Stone was used to make the Scarab tough looking, and to fool the robbers who tried to take it from the tomb. This beetle was used to protect tombs; it was also used as a decoration in some Egyptian houses. Many excavators found these beetles in pyramids. This proves that this is a very exquisite item. Excavators found varieties, which varied between some of the most detailed, and some of the most colorful. This definitely explains that this artifact was sacred to Egypt. As mentioned earlier, this was used in tombs. This artifact was commonly used in 2649 ~ 2150 B.C (Before Christ) or can be recognized as “The 6th dynasty of the old kingdom period”. This is the scarab beetle, the symbol of resurrection, immortality, transformation, and protection.

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Papyrus by Amolika Chatterjee Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Papyrus by Amolika Chatterjee Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Papyrus is a plant that used to grow in Egypt. It is a surprisingly helpful weed that can grow up to 10 ft high! It looks like a palm tree except the stem and leaves are dark green with a yellow middle & the leaves look like the hair of the papyrus plant. They grow in the Marshes of the Nile River and swampy, damp areas. In ancient Egyption times, they used the stem of a papyrus to make many things such as paper, sails, clothing, mats, etc. They had even tried to make a boat, but it did not work because the papyrus absorbs water, making

the boat heavier, therefore causing it to sink. The scientific name for this plant is called Cyperus Papyrus indicating that this plant is from a big Cyperaceae family of sedge plants. The papyrus plant was originally from China and then found all over the area. Many books were created with this papyrus plant’s stem and they used to be extremely long and would end with a long stick, and if you were rich, it would end in Ivory, However, these plants do not grow in the marshes of the Nile anymore, but they were a great help for the Ancient Egyptian people because, with this paper, they were able to write in hieroglyphics, write The Books of the Dead, which are books to guide royal pharaohs in the afterlife. Clearly the papyrus plant and paper were a great finding for the Ancient Egyptians and helped them out a lot during their lives

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Bow and Javelin By Dishay Parekh Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Bow and Javelin By Dishay Parekh Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Long ranged weapons were one of the most advanced technology in ancient Egypt and they still are really useful. They were used by the Military. Some of the Long ranged weapons were Bow’s and Javelin’s. The 2 Weapons down below are a bow and Javelin. A bow is a weapon that has a string at the back of it. It has 6 types currently but there were only 2 types back in ancient Egypt. The two types are Longbow and Recurve Bow. They were made in the late Egyptian era. The image in the picture is the recurve bow. To use a bow, put the arrow facing out the front and the back against the string. Pull the string and arrow backwards and then let go. All in all, the bow is a powerful weapon which uses arrows as ammunition. A javelin is also a long ranged weapon. It looks like a spear and is used for throwing. In ancient Egypt people used to throw it at enemies. It was so sharp that 1 hit from a javelin could kill enemies.  Nowadays since people use guns, javelin’s aren’t used much in war but there is a sport for javelin throwing. Javelins were made in the very late Ancient Egyptian era.  According to research, long ranged weapons are still as deadly as melee weapons.

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Shaduf by Riley Duguay                              Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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Shaduf by Riley Duguay                              Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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Jewelry, such as the beaded necklace seen here, was an important part of the culture and religion of the ancient Egyptians. Jewelry in ancient Egypt represented people's status and showed that the Egyptians had strong religious beliefs. Necklaces were popular but bracelets, rings, neck collars, and pendants were also worn.  Wearing more jewelry meant that men, women, and children were richer and more important.  Wealthy people wore jewelry made from stone, glass, and  metals such as gold and silver while those in lower social classes wore jewelry made from clay, shells, animal teeth and bones. Certain colors and stones were thought to  provide health benefits too.  Regardless of what  jewelry was made of, Egyptians wore jewelry to get the attention of the Gods.  It was believed that if one wore lots of jewelry, the Gods would notice them and would bless them and offer them guidance in their life.  In addition, it was believed that the Jewelry protected them against evil spirits on earth as well as in the afterlife. This is evident as tombs often contained  jewelry and other objects  that  were believed to be needed after one’s death. Clearly,  jewelry was a way for Egyptians to show their position in society and to honor the Gods that they worshiped in the hopes that they would be granted good health and luck.

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By:Gregory Jaison - Mrs.Churinskas 3/4AShield and short spear from middle kingdom Egypt

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By:Gregory Jaison - Mrs.Churinskas 3/4AShield and short spear from middle kingdom Egypt

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Ancient egypts shield and short spear was  a Very Important  advanced technology of Ancient Egypt.The uses of the shield from  Ancient Egypt was used as a protective tool, While the Short Spear was used as a projectile weapon.The approximate size of a Middle Kingdom Shield is 1 ½ meters high and about ½ meters wide, On the other hand the short spear is approximately 3 feet tall.The shield looks like a cow's skin and that's because the shield is made from cow skin,But the short spear is made from iron for the spearhead and a branch from a tree as the pole.Obviously ,the shield was almost always used to defend close or long range attacks and in the case of short spear, it is mainly used as either a projectile to use in the military or used to hunt food from afar.For both the shield and the  spear,  people who consistently used it were the military because they would be the people who would need to have defense and projectiles.Though it is called short spear in present day, the original name of the short spear was called the “assengai”.Clearly, from the title, both the short spear and the shield was created during Middle Kingdom ancient Egypt.Middle Kingdom Egypt’s time period was ranging from approximately 2030 B.C to 1650 B.C (during dynasty 11).But Clearly,the shield and short spear was extremely important for ancient Egypt Military and for them to stay protected and safe.

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Excerebration Hook  By: Anna Hefele Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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Excerebration Hook  By: Anna Hefele Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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The exacerbation hook is used in ancient Egypt and is extremely important because it is a crucial step to mummification while mummification is a huge part in ancient Egypts culture. The exacerbation hook  is used for pulling the brain out of the nose in the process of mummification. excerebration hooks are  metal hooks that are bent into a curve that helps snag the brain tissue when you pull the hook out. There is usually a big selection of hooks each with a different type of bend in case a few hooks aren't working for the brain. Egypt started to use excretion hooks around 2686 to 2181 BC or around 4699 years ago. The exacerbation hook is very useful to ancient Egypt because it helps get the person who passed ready to be a mummy, clearly, this is important because ancient Egypt stuffed the deceased's skull to get them ready for the afterlife and without this tool they couldn't do that. The process of taking the brain out of the skull is an extremely delicate thing to do because you could easily deform the face from having to break through the cranium and if the hook has the wrong movement the face could be ruined. Without the exacerbation hook there may be no way to take the brain out without having to cut open the skull. All in all, the exacerbation hook is extremely important to ancient Egypt because it helps prepare the body to go to the after life, and helps Egypt turn the deceased in to mummies which is an extremely important part of their culture and there community.

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King Tuts Sarcophagus By Ibrahim Husseini Churinskas SS 3/4 A

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King Tuts Sarcophagus By Ibrahim Husseini Churinskas SS 3/4 A

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The symbolization of King Tut's statue is the fact that he was the king of Ancient Egypt and his Sarcophagus was a part of their religion, this sarcophagus of King Tut was clearly important  to Ancient Egypt due to the fact that it resembled the journey to the afterlife and to add on to that, he was the youngest King of Ancient Egypt. To begin, King Tut's sarcophagus was made of gold because it was important to the ancient Egyptians' culture. King Tut's sarcophagus was a coffin for a king in ancient Egypt called King Tut. King Tut's Sarcophagus contains the colors a bright metallic gold color with a red-orange coloring inside. In addition to that, King Tut's sarcophagus is the coffin that King Tut was buried in,  in that coffin is King Tut's mummified body. Clearly, King Tut’s tomb was important to Ancient Egypt, as it represented the culture of ancient Egyptians. For the appearance of the Sarcophagus physically, as well as King Tut’s sarcophagus had 240 pounds of gold and was made with wood covered and layered with gold, the gold on king Tut’s coffin has a value of 22+ Carat gold. King Tut’s coffin is proven to be 1.2 Million USD. Another thing to add on is that King Tut left a great impact on Ancient Egypt. Another thing to add on is that Because of King Tut's death, the people of ancient Egypt started preserving the body of any pharaoh/king who died. Therefore, King Tut's tomb was important to ancient Egyptians because of the impact it left and how it affected Ancient Egypt religiously.

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The khopesh was an important part of the (ancient) egyptian dynasty. The khopesh was a great weapon, and when striking parts of the body it could make the opponent get hurt really bad or even die, it could break shields and also go around other weapons because of its curved edge. It also evolved from axes so that is why it is shaped like the end of an ax with a swordlike blade. The khopesh is a very feared weapon from other places. This weapon, despite being used a lot in egypt, did not originate there. It went to a few other places before it reached egypt. The khopesh was created back in the bronze age, it is normally 50-60cm. It was used with the curved edge on the outside unless it would be better to use it backwards. Khopesh are normally made of bronze. Khopesh were so important that king Tut was buried with two.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cXAZQQuBB1sPGLs4JxXAEoXsfrsvGKkp/view

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The Book of the Dead by Lily Sung Mrs. Churinskas 3/4A

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The Book of the Dead by Lily Sung Mrs. Churinskas 3/4A

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The Book of the Dead was an important piece to the Ancient Egyptians because it was a part of  writing and record keeping and also had an important role in Ancient. The Book of the Dead is a book given to the pharaoh who has passed, also considered to be a guide to the afterlife for the pharaoh who has passed. Therefore it also helps the pharaoh's soul navigate its way to the afterlife. There was also more than one version of the Book of the Dead because each book was written for the pharaoh itself before it traveled to the afterlife. Also the Book of the Dead wasn’t really a book, it was just a bunch of individual chapters, so technically it’s not really a book. There were just spells from the book and they were either on papyrus or the walls of the pharaoh’s tomb to help the soul of the pharaoh get to the afterlife. There were also about 190 chapters in the book. The Book of the Dead also included colorful pictures to help illustrate and help guide the soul to the afterlife. Clearly, this shows that the Book of the Dead was very important and had a big role in Ancient Egypt and helped historians learn more about Ancient Egypt.

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Crook and Flail by Diya Iyer, Mrs. Churinskas, Period 3/4 A

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Crook and Flail by Diya Iyer, Mrs. Churinskas, Period 3/4 A

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The Crook and Flail was an important religious artifact in Ancient Egypt. The Crook was a tall thin rod, similar to the Flail, except the Flail had a couple of beaded strings attached to it. The beaded strings were helpful as the Flail was a disciplinary tool. These symbols of royalty were only made with exotic materials and Egypt’s most iconic colors, yellow and blue. The color yellow symbolized women’s skin and perfection while the color blue symbolized fertility, birth, and rebirth. Together, the Crook and Flail symbolized royalty and fertility of the land. Furthermore, the Crook represented a merciful side while the Flail represented the severity of the punishment. In ancient times, before the Pharaohs, the Crook was used by shepherds to protect their sheep, while the Flail was used as a whip to discipline sheep. Therefore, the Crook represented protection and the Flail represented the opposite, which was punishment. In addition,  the Crook and Flail also allowed Egyptians to show spirituality because it was the connection between Osiris and other Egyptian deities. The first pair of the Crook and Flail was discovered in King Tutankhamen's tomb, next to the body. This was because when pharaohs passed away, they would bury the Crook and Flail along with the pharaoh to represent the journey to the afterlife. All in all, the Crook and Flail played an important symbolic role in Ancient Egypt depicting spirituality and religion.

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Egyptian home by Etash Bhattacharya Mrs.Churinskas  period 3/4A

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Egyptian home by Etash Bhattacharya Mrs.Churinskas  period 3/4A

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Egyptian houses were a very important part for the ancient Egyptians in creating an advanced city because they were able to keep the Egyptians safe from the dangers of nature. It was used for people that were middle class to upper class and provided shelter for the Egyptians. It is a rectangular shape with two rooms. They were built out of clay and mud since when there was sun it would dry and it would make it hard. They had made these types of houses at the start of the Dynastic Era which was 2950 BCE. As a result it was usually used for the people that had lived near the Nile the reason being was because they had gotten mud because of the Nile's regular flood cycle, because of this they were able to get the mud and with that they were able to carve bricks. Every so often the house was so dry sometimes because of the scorching heat that the Egyptians were able to draw and carve things into the wall. These phenomenal Egyptian house’s helped the Egyptian be safe from the force of nature and helped the Egyptian civilization advance in very stylish and easy ways.

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Lyre by Shruti Palanivel Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4A

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Lyre by Shruti Palanivel Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4A

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The Lyre is a stringed instrument that has been around for many years . Ancient Egypt used the lyre for different reasons. Lyre is from the 2000 B.C. and It is a crooked instrument. It is also an instrument played with 2 hands . The lyre was made out of wood. It is an Ascribe of Apollo, the god of music and prophecy. Additionally this instrument was created in the 19th century. The Lyre wasn’t only played by Egyptians, it was also used by Greeks. The Lyre was an important piece of art and architecture for the Ancient Egyptians , Since, the lyre is a musical instrument it is a piece of arts and architecture . Also, Egyptians played the Lyre for many different events  such as funerals, religious ceremonies and many more events.. Kithara is a type of lyre, in fact it came from the lyre’s family!  As one can see the lyre is an instrument with strings and has a lot of history behind, they also play it for different events. Lyre is an instrument that has traveled from many places too!

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Obelisks by Arven Sertil Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Obelisks by Arven Sertil Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Special artifacts, just like the obelisks, were very important to the ancient Egyptians. Obelisks were built for two purposes: commemorating the dead and praising the sun god, Ra. Ra was the god that protected them from other evil gods, such as Apopis, who was the demon of darkness and destruction. Obelisks are blocks of stone with a pointed top. Some famous obelisks are Cleopatra’s Needles. These are three huge obelisks, as shown below, that were made for Cleopatra’s funeral. The most famous of the three is the one in Central Park, NYC. It weighs over 200 tons. In addition, there were carvings in the obelisks. The carving at the very top was called “the sun symbol”. The sun symbol was supposedly Ra’s pet. The symbol was the sign that made the sun rise. All in all, the obelisks were very important and special to the ancient Egyptians.

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Ra's Staff by Ved Evani Mrs. Churinskas Perios 1/2 A

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Ra's Staff by Ved Evani Mrs. Churinskas Perios 1/2 A

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The staff is called Ra’s Staff; it was owned by the Egyptian Sun God, Ra. It is a staff. In paintings, it is usually black or dark blue but it is usually black. The top of the staff has the shape of a gazelle’s head and the bottom of the staff has the shape of gazelle legs. Ra, the Egyptian sun god used it. People think because it is so large, it could have probably been used for getting things from far away or to represent that Ra is powerful. Ra was first mentioned in ancient texts around 2400-2300 BCE. So he probably had his staff around that time. It was made from a shaft of wood that was painted. It was used in Sun City or the current suburbs of Cairo in Egypt where Ra lived. It is kind of ironic that Ra has a head of a falcon and a staff with the shape of a gazelle. The staff is a very important artifact because it dates way back in history and Ra is the sun god so that’s why Ra’s Staff is very important

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An Artifact representing the Death Mask of King Tutankhamun

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The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun - Ritwik Mohanty - 3/4 A - Mrs. Churinskas

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The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun - Ritwik Mohanty - 3/4 A - Mrs. Churinskas

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The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun was an important part of tradition and religion in Ancient Egypt, but how? Death Masks helped Ancient Egyptians because they believed that when Pharaohs died, after the mummification process, the souls helped themselves by recognizing their bodies and returning to it. Death Masks are put on dead Pharaohs after the mummification process. How was the Death Mask of King Tutankhamun made? The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun was constructed of two sheets of gold that were hammered together. Death Masks are about the shape of the Pharaoh's head. Death Masks can be in any shape, most likely in the shape of the Pharaoh's head. Early Death Masks were made from gold and silver. The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun was one of the most famous Death Masks found. The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun was made in 1323 BC. In addition to the purpose of Death Masks, Death Masks were also believed to guard the dead Pharaoh from evil spirits in the afterlife. The Death Mask of King Tutankhamun weighs 22.5 pounds (10.23 kg). In conclusion, Death Masks were very important for Pharaohs in their afterlife in Ancient Egypt.

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my version of the Amulet .its upside down.

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Amulet of Ankh by Debby banerjee,Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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Amulet of Ankh by Debby banerjee,Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 A

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The Amulet of Ankh was invented by Africans a long time ago. It's important to the Egyptians because they believed that the amulet gave eternal life (living forever). They would even give their children an amulet. It was very common to wear amulets and actually a lot of famous people wore it as a fashion choice. The amulet is obviously an amulet, which was made about (20,30 BC ago). People would wear it just for fashion or for religious purposes. As well as It looked like a modern christian cross except the ankh had a loop on the top.Also did you know that the Ankh was a religious item that was the like the modern day cross but instead an Ankh.Jewelry was important because the Egyptians tried to get the attention of their gods. So They thought that the more jewelry they wore, the more attractive they would be to the gods. Men and women who had great wealth usually wore the most jewelry. Wealthy Egyptians had jewelry made out of precious jewels and gold. But since not everyone was so rich they would also make jewelry out of beads,wood,silver,gold,stone,copper,etc. That's why the amulet of Ankh is so important.

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The Pyramid of Giza is very important because it  was built as the pharaoh's tomb which is part of their religion and culture. In addition It is also one of the seven wonders of the world. The Seven wonders of the world represent testament to the ingenuity, imagination and sheer hard work of which human beings are capable. The seven wonders are almost like statues in different parts of the world that represent hard work, and imagination. The seven Wonders were built using Ancient Engineering. It took a lot of hard work and 27 years to build the Pyramid of Giza, this is why it is so important, it’s a huge part of Ancient Egypt because it represents the Seven Wonders, and hard work, in addition The Pyramid of Giza isn’t the only part of the Seven Wonders. The Seven Wonders are: The Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Coloso de Rodas, Lighthouse of Alexandria, The temple Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zues at Olympia, and Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Furthermore The pyramid of Giza is a huge pyramid located in Egypt that was built a very long time ago as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu. The Pyramid of Giza is 479 feet tall, with a base of 754 feet. Also The Pyramid of Giza and other Pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs, Egyptologists estimate that the Pyramid of Giza was built in the 26th century and that the construction lasted a time period of 27 years. The Pyramid of Giza was built by Ancient Egyptians as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, but it also is a part of the seven wonders which represents ingenuity, hard work, and imagination. To this day The Pyramid of Giza is still standing and is the only one of Seven Wonders that is still standing.

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Mummy By: Keerthi Medabalemi - Mrs.Churinskas P. 1/2 A

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Mummy By: Keerthi Medabalemi - Mrs.Churinskas P. 1/2 A

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People in Ancient Egypt made their pharaohs into mummies to show that they had culture, religion and that they respected their pharaoh. The pharaohs were sometimes buried with their riches, favorite pets, favorite foods, and favorite games. The type of food they ate and enjoyed was bread, beer, garlic, poultry as well as many vegetables. Considering their love of vegetables and poultry they would make food like vegetable stew, and cooked poultry meats. some mummies could have the remnants of their food still in their body. Except for man-made mummies because, when Egyptian workers make mummies, they take out the intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs were placed in canopic jars Except for the heart, which is said to hold the soul it was left in the mummy. The canopic jars were also placed with their body. Mummies are very old, the oldest mummy was created around 6,000 years old! Therefore mummies are a very important part of the ancient Egyptians religion and culture because it resembled their respect for their pharaoh.

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Ancient Egyptian Clothing by Matthew Cheniara Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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Ancient Egyptian Clothing by Matthew Cheniara Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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Luxurious precious metals in bracelets and necklaces and clothes made from white linen is what made Ancient Egypts, clothes and jewelry in Ancient Egypt is a crucial part of Ancient Egypt’s job specialization. For example, noblemen wore kilts and upper women wore dresses while slaves wore less expensive materials. Both men and women also had jewelry. Men would wear necklaces and sometimes bracelets while women wore bracelets, necklaces, and other modern day items and cosmetics including lipstick made from Henna. These accessories all have purposes. The lipstick and nail polish were thought to protect them from the sun's shine and from bugs and scorpions. Even though they prove to be stylish, they also can stand dessert condition, the light linen fabric keeps the wearer cool as the scorching sun stares them down. Apart from the fact that Egyptians wore makeup and simple clothing, they also wore wigs, makeup, jewelry, and sandals. But not everyone had the privilege. Only the rich got to wear sandals made from leather while the poor wore sandals made from woven grass. Although the distinct classes were a let - down they both wore necklaces and bracelets around their necks and wrist. They believed the bracelets and necklaces symbolized peace against evil. Sadly, Ancient Egyptians cared about their appearances so much that they would consider someone that is not cleaned or dressed nicely inferior. The very fabric of linen or the precious materials used for jewelry was what people thought was the ¨trend¨. People would even go as far to say that others are inferior based on looks and material wealth. Overall, Ancient Egypt's jobs and clothes play a big role in Ancient Egypt's civilization.

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Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Soldiers by Parth Gupta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2B

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Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Soldiers by Parth Gupta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2B

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The evolution of the Egyptian army’s soldiers was very important to the government and central laws of Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian army was a symbol of the Egyptian government's strength and power. During the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, the Egyptian army was small. Ancient Egypt was surrounded by deserts that acted as natural barriers against invaders. During the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, the army wore limited armor and few weapons, as shown in the image below. In addition, during this time period, the members of the ancient Egyptian army worked for individual city-states who were called for battle instead of a centralized army. The weapons the army used during this time included wooden shields, spears, and staffs. As Ancient Egypt engaged in more conflict, the technology that they used became more advanced. The ancient Egyptian government benefited greatly from this improvement, and this allowed the central government to defend its land and civilians. When the Hyksos invaded Ancient Egypt, it was evident that other nations had better weapons and defenses. The Egyptian army began to use more advanced weapons and armor such as bows, axes, and eventually chariots. This advancement was incredibly important to Ancient Egypt, and it greatly expanded its ability to defend itself and fight others. Clearly, the evolution of the ancient Egyptian army was essential to the central government of Ancient Egypt because it greatly improved Ancient Egypt’s government’s ability to keep peace and order, which helped Ancient Egypt stand as a strong civilization for so long.

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The ancient Egyptian river boat was like the cars we have today. Our cars today carry people, and goods on highways. In ancient Egypt, that highway that the cars drive on today was the Nile river and the boats that navigated the Nile river in ancient Egypt. These boats transported people, soldiers, and goods throughout the empire of Egypt. (The boats being cars and the Nile being the highway).

Furthermore, The very fast and agile river boat was an advanced technology because the Ancient Egyptians made sails to help guide the boat up and down the river by using the wind. These advanced boats allowed soldiers throughout the empire to mobilize quickly. Usually the boat had a high stern and bow with a large sail and oars and also a cabin for longer journeys. The boats length ranged from a couple dozen feet in length to a couple hundred. (The pharaoh Khufu’s ship was 142 feet long) The boats were made out of wood imported from Lebanon .In conclusion, The river boat was one of the greatest technologies in Egypt at the time and it allowed trade up and down the NIle River. It encouraged trade, and was of great importance during warfare.

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Canopic Jar by Aashvi Raj Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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Canopic Jar by Aashvi Raj Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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The canopic jar was an important piece of the ancient Egyptians' religion and culture , as it played an important part of mummification. This jar was a small clay jar that can be found in ancient Egyptians tombs. These jars were made out of clay and were used by priests during the time of the ancient Egyptians to hold the  internal organs during mummification, however the heart was not placed in a canopic jar, it was instead wrapped in the mummies bandages. These jars were found in tombs, and where they were found, they were usually found in a set of four, each with different lids. The lids were sculpted to look like four different Gods, or the four sons of Horus, the Egyptian god of the sky. A jar where the lid was resembling a human, was used for the liver, a jar where the lid was resembling a baboon was set there for the lungs, a jar with a lid resembling a jackal was in charge of the stomach, and a jar with a lid resembling a falcon was there especially for the intestines. The human-headed was the head of Imsety, the baboon lid represents the head of Hapy, the jackal lid is a sculpture of the god Duametef, and the falcon is a sculpture of Qebehsenuef. Regardless, Canopic jars were not only there to protect and preserve the organs, canopic jars had a strong religious meaning to the Egyptians as well. As one can see,  Egyptians believed in the afterlife. They had placed the canopic jars there so that in the afterlife, the person being mummified´s body would become whole again. They had in fact placed many things in tombs that belonged to the original person, so that when someone's spirit returned they would find their things. Canopic jars were among these things. However, there was a time that back in ancient Egypt, that Egyptians placed internal organs were placed back in the mummies, but ¨dummy¨ canopic jars were still created.Hieroglyphics are found on canopic jars, both fake and real. These hieroglyphics usually revealed the name of the owner, or they may be inscriptions asking Gods for protection. Evidently,  canopic jars were important to the ancient Egyptians cultural beliefs as they were part of a tradition to preserve the organs and the human body, and, they were a part of the ancient Egyptians religious beliefs as they express the ancient Egyptians relationships with the gods.

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Over 4,500 years ago, in Ancient Egypt, the huge Pyramids were built and contained elaborate burial chambers for royalty and ordinary people were buried in Tombs that were on the side of cliffs. The Tombs were important to the religion because it helped people get ready for the afterlife. In addition, once a royalty was crowned their Tomb started getting built, and once they got married the work on his wife’s Tomb began. Tombs were used to bury the dead and lead them to the afterlife with everything that they would need. The tunnel leading down to the Tomb has markings that are pictures and that represent the name of the person buried there. The pictures of the ancient Egyptians are called hieroglyphs. The tunnel leads into a square room decorated with pictures of the person buried and painted with things that the person would love to have in the next world. People believed that the dead would need food and drinks in the afterlife so they placed things the person needed for the afterlife inside of the dead person’s Tomb. There is another room in the tomb, called the treasure room. it contains all of the buried persons most important belongings. In the last room is where the sarcophagus rests. It is surrounded by paintings of the ancient Egyptian Gods which are, anubis, Thoth, Isis, Horus, and Osiris. Clearly, this ritual helped Egypt pass the dead ones to the afterlife with everything they would need to have a good life in a new one.

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Cleopatra's Needle by Arya Pradhan Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Cleopatra's Needle by Arya Pradhan Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Cleopatra’s Needles are a beautiful pair of obelisks residing in New York and
London that represent religion and culture. Obelisks are
large, monumental pillars made from different colors of
granite blocks. They can weigh up to 140 tons in weight
and 6 ft in height. Obelisk represents the pharaohs divine
power and his connection to the gods. Cleopatra’s Needle
was created during the reign of Thutmose the III. It was
made to guard a temple of Cleopatra, but it wasn’t very
popular. This all changed when the obelisk was sold to
Britain in 1818 because of an economic crisis. Everyone
was excited because this was the biggest artifact that was
transferred at the time. It was also known as a good luck
charm that helped the Ancient Egyptians in war. This
resulted in many different people from all around the world
coming to see these obelisks everyday. These obelisks
were supposed to represent a transition from life to death, but it was much more!

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Papyrus Paper by Suneet Tejwani Mrs. Churinskas 1/2B

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Papyrus Paper by Suneet Tejwani Mrs. Churinskas 1/2B

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Papyrus paper was an important part of advanced technology for the Egyptians. Papyrus comes from the plant, Cyperus Papyrus. Cyperus Papyrus is an aquatic grasslike plant that has triangular stems, and can grow to be about 15 feet high.  The Egyptians cultivated papyrus for its stem, which was used to create a thin surface for writing, called papyrus paper. Papyrus paper was very useful to the Egyptians, because papyrus paper gave them a surface to write on which was not only for books, but also for documents. Additionally, the papyrus plant is typically grown in marshy areas, around the Nile River. The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make many things. Some of the things they made with papyrus are: boats, rope, mats, baskets, and sandals. They made papyrus paper, by cutting the papyrus off the plant, and carrying it in bundles. After that, they cut it into thin strips and layered them on top of one another and then beat the two strips till they fused together.  Clearly, papyrus paper was necessary for the Egyptians for them to write important documents or books.

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The Sled by Nitya Pandit Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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The Sled by Nitya Pandit Mrs.Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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The sled was an important part of making pyramids because it helped the Egyptians build it. Plus, pyramids were very important in ancient Egypt because pyramids acted like houses to the tombs of the pharaohs. Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to believe in afterlifes. The pyramids were built for religious purposes. They believed that ka, a second self, lived inside every person. Whenever a person passed away, ka, would live forever. Pyramids are here today to remember the ancient Egyptians' glorification of life after death. The Pyramids were built with ramps and a sled. The stones were placed onto the huge sled because the stones were very heavy to carry. Although it was very heavy, the Egyptians worked together to pull the stone to the top. Since there was a lot of friction from the sand, the Egyptians dumped water on the sand so that it made it easier for them to pull the sled with the stone on it compared to if it was dry sand. Since there was less force that was applied when pulling it, Egyptians only needed half the men to pull the sled. The sled was made out of wood. They attached roped to the bottom of the sled and then pulled. Each stone weighed around 2.5 tons. The sleds helped the Egyptians transport heavy stones from the bottom to the top of the pyramid.  This all shows that the sled played an important role for the Egyptians because it helped build the pyramids which were significant for them.

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Clay pyramid By Syam Paladugu   Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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Clay pyramid By Syam Paladugu   Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B 

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Pyramids were an important part of Egyptian culture and religion because they believed that they were a passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built for Pharaoh Khufu and the smaller 3 pyramids for his wives. In addition, no one is sure how the pyramids were built. One theory is that they built ramps. They put the 2000Lb limestone blocks on sleds and pulled them up the ramp. The pyramids themselves are made from Limestone and the outside layer was made with a rarer white limestone which made the pyramids shine a diamond when the sun reflected it. Amazing, The great pyramid is 481ft tall that is about as tall as a 32 story building. Also did you know that the pyramids of Giza are the last standing ancient wonder of the world.The pyramid took 20 years to build.The building of the pyramids started out in  2560 B.C. and was completed in 2540.The pyramids were used to bury Pharaoh Khufu along with all the things he would need to live a happy afterlife. Many of these things were things that the pharaoh enjoyed in his life along with lots of riches. Inevitably many of the riches were stolen by tomb robbers who broke into the tomb and stole everything.  Without a doubt, the pyramids were the most important part of Egyptian culture.

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Hair Pik by Keya Ambashta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2B

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Hair Pik by Keya Ambashta Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2B

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The hair pik was a prominent part in the ancient Egyptians’ religion. A pik is a long tooth comb. It is generally thought that Egyptian piks were the first hair combs. These piks could be as old as 7,000 years old and were mostly made of wood. There were no similar ancient hair piks outside of Africa at the time. Most Egyptian piks have designs of animals on them, probably to represent religious connections or respect of nature. These hair combs and other types of jewelry were believed to hopefully catch the attention of the Gods. Ancient Egyptians used piks to treat head and hair issues such as lice. Additionally, they were left in the tombs of the pharaohs as gifts for a nice afterlife. It should be noted that these were mostly worn for decorative or health aspects, but in Kemet, they were used for religious and ceremonial reasons, and usually contained a picture of an animal. Evidently, these hair combs were a way to show respect for nature and to hopefully catch the attention of the Gods for a prosperous life.

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Ancient Egyptian Mummification by Sohan Vendra Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Ancient Egyptian Mummification by Sohan Vendra Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Mummification was an important ritual of religion for the Ancient Egyptians. Mummification is a process where a priest preserves a dead body by intentionally drying and storing the flesh. Making mummies took about 70 days, and it first starts off with washing the body, and removing the brain very carefully from the body’s nose. After that they start taking out the lungs, stomach, liver, and even the intestines. The priest knew that the heart was important so the priest wrapped it with linen and leaves it in the body. Furthermore, they wash the body inside and outside, and then put cotton inside the body, and then put the body on salt. After that, they rub the skin with perfume and oils, and also pour resin on the corpse. Lastly, the priest now wraps the body for 15 days, and puts jewels on the head, and sometimes a gold mask, and stores the corpse in a sarcophagus. Materials that priests mainly need to actually do the process of mummification are: linen, sawdust, resin, Nile mud, beeswax, etc…… To remove organs from the corpse, priests will need a hooked bronze rod to remove anything that is similar to the brain. Also, priests use a wooden adze-like tool to remove vital organs from the body. Finally, they use a funnel to pour ingredients into the nose like resin. The process of making mummies occurred in early Egypt history. The first mummies were actually accidental, in the early periods. Also, the 4th and 5th dynasty(“golden age” and “old age”), around 2600 BCE, they deliberately started to do mummification. Jars that were used to hold the dead bodies organs, were called canopic jars. Also, humans weren't only living things that were mummified, but animals like cats, bulls, and hawks were mummified too. The process of mummification is very important, because then the bodies will be intact and will be sent to the spiritual afterlife.

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The Blue Crown of War by Rohan Bhamidipati Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 B

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The Blue Crown of War by Rohan Bhamidipati Mrs. Churinskas 1/2 B

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The Blue Crown of War is one of the 3 crowns of Ancient Egypt and was a representation of Egypt’s culture. Firstly, tthe Blue Crown of War was a symbol of Egypt’s pride in their cultural beliefs. During the Eighteenth Dynasty, Kings wore this at home and during battle proudly. It was a portrayal of Egypt’s beliefs. The blue color of the crown was meant to represent the prestigiousness of the king and what the Ancient Egyptians believed about him. Additionally, The crown was a small blue helmet with gold disks attached. It included a royal cobra at the brow and sometimes would have a vulture's head to show Egypt’s ideology in their culture and sometimes in war. It was a long and rounded crown with a ridge along the back. ‘Khepresh’ and ‘War Crown’ are some of the more well-known names of the Blue Crown of War, proving that it was considered as a symbol of Egypt’s power in battle. Lastly, we can conclude that Egypt revealed their self-respect for their culture through the Blue Crown of War.

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Sarcophagus by Harini Selvan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Sarcophagus by Harini Selvan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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A sarcophagus is an important piece of Ancient Egyptian religion. Ancient Egyptians believed that when they died they would go to the afterlife. So when a great Pharaoh who ruled Ancient Egypt died, they would be mummified and then placed into a sarcophagus. A sarcophagus acted as a coffin that would help people go to the afterlife. The earliest sarcophagi were used by pharaohs in the 3rd dynasty. (2686-2613 B.C.E) Sarcophagi are decorated beautifully and have many paintings and carvings on them. The face of the person who had died was painted on the sarcophagus. Many things were written with hieroglyphics on the sarcophagus including the person’s name and title. Some sarcophagi were decorated with the Eye of Horus. Horus was the Egyption god of the sky who had the head of a falcon. The Eye of Horus was thought to ward off evil therefore it was often decorated on the sarcophagus. In addition, the Ankh symbol was also carved on the sarcophagus because it represented life. There were also many different types of gods painted on it too. Some sarcophagi had gold and silver on them but were usually for royalty. Ancient Egyptians of a lower status were usually buried in a sarcophagus made of clay, wood, or even reeds while the wealthy were buried in a sarcophagus made out of different types of stones. Depending on the wealth of the person, a person could be buried in one, two, or even three sarcophagi. Overall,  for the Ancient Egyptians a sarcophagus was a very important religious object which helped people go to the afterlife after they died.

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Lute by Noam Kestenbaum, Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2B

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Lute by Noam Kestenbaum, Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2B

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The Lute is a musical instrument, created around 3100 BC, used everywhere in the world, but most famously in ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. A lute refers to any plucked or bowed musical instrument with a body, a neck and strings elevated above the body. If the instrument does not have any of these things, it will not be considered to be a Lute.  The most famous kind of Lute, also the oldest type of Lute, is the Arab Oud. the Arab Oud is like a guitar, but it has an oval shaped body, with 15-24 strings parallel to the sound hole (hole in the middle of the body created so the instrument makes more/louder sounds), and a neck that has about 17 “frets” that are pressed down on to make different sounds with the strings. The lute was used in Egypt for entertainment and music.  The lute is often associated with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian music, but was used all around the world for thousands of years after Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were destroyed. In summary, the Lute was one of the first  music instruments they be created and was one of the most important ones to Ancient Egypt, as they made most of their music with it.

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The Rosetta Stone by Ayra Avlash Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2 B

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The Rosetta Stone by Ayra Avlash Mrs. Churinskas period 1/2 B

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The Rosetta Stone, as shown above, is an important part of Egyptian civilization as well as the written records. To begin, the Rosetta Stone was a slab of granitoid stone which includes a written decree that was issued in 196 B.C. by a group of Egyptian clergy and Egypt’s ruler named Ptolemy V. The stone was found in July, 1799 near Rashid, a town in the Nile Delta by a police officer named Pierre-Francois Bouchard when the Napoleonic campaign was going on. Furthermore, it was an essential tool in helping researchers understand the long-forgotten language of ancient Greek and even scholars who were trying to figure out the code of hieroglyphics had used it to decipher the language. Along with that,  the top and middle parts of the text are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphics and Demotic scripts which leaves the bottom that is in Ancient Greek. It was written in a black stone of granodiorite that has three inscriptions. The inscriptions were shaded with a white chalk. The Rosetta Stone was important to Egypt because, when it was discovered, the people who found it did not know how to read hieroglyphics but the Rosetta Stone was “a valuable key to deciphering the hieroglyphs.”   Something not many people know is that The Rosetta Stone was shipped to England in February 1802 and then, it was given to the British Museum by George III in July of that same year. One can see how truly important The Rosetta Stone was to Egypt/Ancient Egyptians due to the many great qualities of this stone and how much work was put into it while making the inscriptions.

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The Great Pyramid of Giza by Meera Shah Mrs. Churinskas. period 1/2 B

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The Great Pyramid of Giza by Meera Shah Mrs. Churinskas. period 1/2 B

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The great Sphinx of Giza was an important part of Ancient Egypt's religion. It is a mythological creature with the body of a lion and the head of a  god or a Pharaoh. The Great Sphinx is over 60ft high and 240 feet long. The Ancient Egyptians built these Sphinxes to guard important places such as temples and tombs. This is one of the biggest and oldest statues in the world. Archeologists think that The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved out of limestone, they also say that it’s head was supposed to look like that of the pharaoh Khafra. Archeologists say that the Sphinx used to look a lot more different than it does now, it used to have a nose, a braided beard and was painted in bright colors. it's headdress was yellow, its face and body were red and its beard was blue. Is that crazy or what? There is a legend about the Sphinx that says, after a 1000 years of its building it was almost completely covered in sand covered with sand and a young prince named Thutmose fell asleep under it and had a dream that if he would restore the Sphinx to its former glory he would become the pharaoh of Egypt. Soon after finally uncovering the Sphinx the prince became a pharaoh as promised. Fun Fact about the sphinx, it was named that by the Greeks.

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The Book Of The Dead by Maya Mahabir Mrs Churinskas 1/2 B

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The Book Of The Dead by Maya Mahabir Mrs Churinskas 1/2 B

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The Book Of The Dead is an important book to The Ancient Egyptians religion.

The Book Of The Dead is a book which is made from Papyrus which is like a paper for the Ancient Egyptians. My first piece of Evidence, The Book Of The Dead is a 200 chapter book with pictures and symbols of spells and the underworld. Each page of Papyrus width is from 15cm to 45cm. Papyrus grows near the Nile River. They used reed brushes to write on the papyrus. Reed Brushes are in a wooden platte which has red ink and black ink. If someone was going to die soon they would go to a Scribe. They paid the Scribe to make a book for that person containing spells and information about the afterlife. The Scribe needed to know what adventure and spells that person would need for the afterlife. People believed the Book Of The Dead could protect them from demons and anything bad that can harm than while in their tombs. Most Egyptians and Rulers would put a Book Of The Dead in their tomb as well as a few other things which they would need in the afterlife. My next reason is Most people would have it but people who were lower on the Social Hierarchy wouldn’t be able to afford a book. Some people would buy a pre-written book and have a Scribe write their name in the spaces they needed their name. This process wasn’t cheap but they did it so they would have a Book Of The Dead in their tomb. Some names in the book were scary, one being, “He who dances in blood,” I would call that scary. Several Books Of The Dead were found in numeries tombs but none of them contained 200 chapters which had history inside of it. Another fact is that The Book Of The Dead came from Cave Pictures. A lot of Egyptians gathered items which they would need for the afterlife and one of them would be The Book Of The Dead. It was placed in their tomb with other items. We all know that The Book Of The Dead is old, it dated back to 1600 BC. The pictures from the cave paintings are from 2670 BC to 2613 BC. The spells were old, they came before The Book Of The Dead existed. In Summary The Book Of The Dead was a part of Egyptians religion, because  poor people would spend good money on this book, they would hire someone to write a book for them, and they count one of the items to take to the afterlife was this book, and these are only a few reasons, there is much more. From being written on to being placed into a tomb then being found centuries later and being in shreds the Book Of The Dead will be and always be a part of The Ancients Egyptians religion.

(Works Cited)
Britannica. Encyclopaedia, Sept. 2017,

www.britannica.com/topic/Book-of-the-Dead-ancient-Egyptian-text. Accessed 9 Feb. 2022.

Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Book of the Dead." World History, Jan van der Crabben., Mar. 2016, www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2022.

Technological Solutions, Ducksters. "Ancient Egyptian History for Kids: Book of the Dead." Ducksters, Technological Solutions, www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egypt/book_of_the_dead.php. Accessed 9 Feb. 2022.

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Ancient Mask of Anubis by Shreya Visvanathan - Mrs Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Ancient Mask of Anubis by Shreya Visvanathan - Mrs Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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The artifact displayed here is an Anubis Mask, which is a mask depicting the Egyptian god Anubis, a significant religious figure in ancient Egypt that represented the embalming and mummification process. Anubis, also called “Inpu” or “Anpu,” is thought to have developed around 6000-3150 BC, and was represented as a muscular man with a head of a black jackal. Anubis also had a black and gold striped headpiece which is referred to as nemes. His eyebrows, whiskers and forehead were in gold with a symbol of a sword at the top of the forehead meaning life over death. His nose was quite pointed like a dog and entirely in black, while his ears were also in black and always erect to show his thoughtful nature. Egyptians believed that the color black symbolized death and decay. Even so, since this was also the color of the Nile’s rich soil, they also believed black represented life and fertility. These masks were typically worn by priests during important death ceremonies to honor the dead. One notable example of a death ceremony is the “Opening of the Mouth” ceremony, where features of the face were touched to rehabilitate the senses and let the dead move on to the next world. Another good example is the “Weighing of the Heart” ceremony, where the heart was removed from the body and weighed against a feather. If the heart and the feather were of equal weight, Egyptians believed that the person had led an equal life and could go on to the next world. Consequently, as the deity of death, Anubis had the all important cultural and religious role of guiding the deceased to their afterlife and granting their souls with eternal life. He was the “god who kept evil away from Egypt.”

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Egyptian Bracelet by Rishabh Ramakrishnan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Egyptian Bracelet by Rishabh Ramakrishnan Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Jewelry, like the ancient Egyptian bracelet seen below, was a very important part of the culture of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians wore bracelets because they wanted to get the attention of the gods. They thought that if they wore more and more jewelry like bracelets, that they would be more attractive to the gods. In ancient Egyptian times, jewelry served two purposes. One was for decoration, and the other for protection. Bracelets were known to be magic protection signs as part of their design. Everyone in ancient Egypt wore jewelry and bracelets, from poor farmers, to wealthy royals, such as the pharaoh. Wealthy citizens of ancient Egypt wore bracelets made of pure gold and precious material, while the poor citizens of ancient Egypt wore bracelets with less precious material.  The ancient Egyptians made good looking and attractive bracelets and armlets from gold, lapis, carnelian, red jasper, turquoise, and malachite. They used beads and molded pieces, and produced wonderful designs that they included on the bracelets. The beads used in the bracelet are made of gold, turquoise, lapis lazuli, and amethyst, and they are created with great craftsmanship.  High quality Egyptian jewelry was a great desire in trade in the ancient world. Ancient Egypt’s craftsmanship was found across places including Turkey, Rome, ancient Persia, and Greece. Egyptians traded their jewelry along the Nile River and beyond. Everyone, whatever their age, or gender, wore a lot of jewelry. They wore headdresses for special occasions, earrings, necklaces, rings, and most of all, bracelets. The materials that the bracelets were made out of ranged from gold, silver, and precious stones, to glazed and colorful beads, shells, and polished pebbles with attractive colors. Ancient Egypt was rich in gold, and many other precious materials, which caused them to realize that they can build great and precious bracelets, using the rich and great materials. They built many designs, using these materials. Ancient Egyptian jewelry was also considered important because it was a sign of protection from evil and for protection in the afterlife. This is shown when pharaohs put all their precious items and their jewelry in their tombs. When they put their precious materials and items like jewelry in their tombs, they put them in their tombs because they wanted protection in the afterlife and the jewelry was a sign of that protection. Evidently, this shows that Jewelry was a way for Egyptians to show their position in the social hierarchy, and to worship and honor their gods so that they could get all their desired wealth and blessings from them.

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Cleopatra's Headdress by Tamoghna  Banerjee Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Cleopatra's Headdress by Tamoghna  Banerjee Mrs. Churinskas Period 1/2 B

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Cleopatra’s Headdress was a royal item that was given to her when she became the last pharaoh for the ancient Egyptians. It was part of the government and laws of the Ptolemy Dynasty that went on from right after Alexander the Great’s death, and ended after Cleopatra VII’s passing. Although, this headdress wasn’t just a royal artifact. Also, it symbolized her reign as pharaoh and at the top of the social hierarchy back then. Furthermore, she was the daughter of the previous pharaoh, Ptolemy XII, and lover of Gaius Julius Caesar. Afterwards, her death in 30 BC left Egypt with a Roman successor and the Roman empire already having the upper hand, Egypt became a Roman Province. It had gems wedged right below the crown of the headdress and with protrusions coming out of opposite sides at the crown of the headdress. The sides are wing-like and have multiple layers to protect the head from the side and to represent the God of the Sun, Ra, in the pharaoh. Additionally, it was made by merchants and royal servants using gold, and rubies. Although, it’s significance at the time let Octavius, otherwise known as Augustus Caesar. Additionally, he also did it with the intent of conquering Egypt, as well as getting revenge on Julius Caesar, for leaving him earlier in his life. As the economic crisis increased in the time of the empire attacking, Cleopatra took her own life, leaving her throne to her son, Ptolemy XV Caesar. Since he was the heir to the throne, he got her headdress to keep and Egypt then became a Roman province. Oddly enough, it tried to be stolen several times and was unsuccessful because it was stored in Cleopatra’s tomb, which only her son was allowed to access at any time. In summary, when Cleopatra wore this headdress during the Ptolemy Dynasty during 305 BCE was a pharaoh at the top of the social hierarchy and was in control of the government and laws, in addition being in possession of her son after her death and was later stored in her tomb.

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Crook and flail by Kaeden Moyne 1/2B Churinskas 

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Crook and flail by Kaeden Moyne 1/2B Churinskas 

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To begin, a crook and flail are an important and big part of Egyptian religion. It was first used during the early dynastic period. The crook and flail wasn't only a big part of the religion, it was also an emblem of Osiris. Osiris was known as a god but not only as a god he was known as a decreased king. Furthermore the crook and flail represented something to the Egyptians. The crook means kingdom and the flail means the fertility of land. Also the crook was a cane with a hooked handle. It was made out of gold-plates and blue glass bands. The flail is a rod with 3 bead strands. The crook and flail first was used by the first king of Egypt whose name was Narmer or Menes. However they were used for ceremonial events and by pharaohs only. However on very rare occasions the crook would be held by viziers. Also the flail would be held in the left hand and the crook would be held in the right hand. On the other hand the flail has another name which is known as flabellum. Thus, the crook and flail is a huge part and an essential part of their religion.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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King Tut's Death Mask by Moksh Rajpal Churinskas Period 1-2 B 

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King Tut's Death Mask by Moksh Rajpal Churinskas Period 1-2 B 

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King Tutenkamen, or king Tut, as more commonly referred to, is one of the most famous pharaohs in the world. His tomb, the place where they buried him alongside his treasures, was the only tomb to be found in modern day times, due to grave robbers pillaging the rest. As such, king tut’s mask was a very important piece of architectural prowess. King Tut’s death mask is a kind of statue, placed on top of the king’s head. It utilized valuable gemstones and gold plates with the head and face decor made from lapis lazuli (blue paint) and quartz(eyes), along with obsidian(pupils) and glass. King Tut’s death mask, and other general death masks were very important in ancient Egypt; they were said to help the pharaohs' lost souls guide them to their bodies in the afterlife. They were also believed to protect the pharaoh's souls as he/she made their journey to the afterlife. These masks were used during the middle kingdom (1938-1630 BC) all the way to 1CE! Pharaohs believed that you could take your belongings to the afterlife, and as such, buried their belongings with them years in advance! They even ordered their tomb to be conducted when they were starting to rule! So in turn, King Tut’s mask, being the one of the few found, along with the fact that the Egyptians treasured this so much, makes this find a true archeological wonder.

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The blue faience cup by Nikki stulak simalova - Mrs churinskas 

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The blue faience cup by Nikki stulak simalova - Mrs churinskas 

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The faience blue cup was used for their culture, the afterlife, they used it to drink beer. The cup was made out of Nile clay and shaped with their hands. It was coated with faience, faience is a clear glaze that goes on top of pottery once it's made. That's why it's called The Faience blue cup. Faience is made out of crushed quartz or sand, with small amounts of lime and either natron or plant ash. On the picture below there is blue on the cup the blue made out of, quartz, chalk, calcium carbonate, malachite copper carbonate and soda ash.The cup it self is made with Nile clay and that is made from sediments, which were washed down the wadi and mixed with local slate and limestone. In the picture below there are petals on the cup and those petals have a meaning. The meaning of the petals is creation and birth. The blue on the cup also has a meaning, it means fertility, birth, rebirth and life. Lasty,The Blue Faience cup was very important to the Egyptians, it was important to their culture to use in the afterlife.

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Ancient Egyptions believed that there were over 2,000 different dieties and gods, each reperesenting and monitering their item, emotion or element. One of these gods was Kek or Kuk who was believed to be one of the gods of the night,darkness and chaos. Kek was depicted as being a frog, or a man with the head of a frog, appearing with 7 other dieties belonging to the ogdoad of hermopolis. The ogdoad consisted of four gods and their conterparts of the oppiset gender, each pair repersenting the four creative powers, water, eternity, darkness and air, from the Egyptian myth of how the universe was created. Gods and godesses were part of daily life for egytions, because there was a god for almost everything. Although some gods were more magor than otherers. Kek was a higher up god because he was believed to be directly related to the creation of the universe.

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A Piece of The Calendar Pia Singh Period 3/4 B

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A Piece of The Calendar Pia Singh Period 3/4 B

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The Ancient Egyptian Calendar was a very important point in the field of advanced technology in ancient Egypt and was a useful tool for ancient Egyptians. To begin, the calendar was used to determine climate and agricultural conditions. This calendar, a solar calendar, had 365 days in its year. In addition, It was one of the first calendars to ever be known to man. It was accurate in the climate and agricultural fields, and it was used to determine several factors of agriculture. In this calendar, a year has 365 days. This year consisted of twelve months. This year also had three seasons in it. The year’s weeks had 10 days each in them, and each month had 3 weeks in total. Also, In the calendar, there were five extra days to celebrate the birthdays of gods Osiris, Isis, Horus, Seth, and Nephthys. The calendar was pretty big compared to the size of your hand. This calendar consists of hieroglyphs, and different symbols and illustrations can be written on it, as well. This calendar has a rectangular shape, not a rectangular prism, but not a two-dimensional one. To the left, there were different hieroglyphs written, and to the right, there was a word or phrase written. This pattern repeats throughout the whole calendar. Some interesting facts about the ancient Egyptian calendar are: The ancient Egyptian new year is July 19th, because that marks the start of the flood season of the Nile River. In addition, the seasons of this calendar are based on the climate and agricultural conditions of ancient Egypt, and this calendar is the most accurate calendar known to man. Finally, this calendar was important because it determined climate and agriculture, and it contributed to the development of other calendars. This calendar was a piece of advanced technology because it helped ancient Egypt develop and rise to become more of an advanced civilization. To summarize, this calendar was a piece of advanced technology in ancient Egypt to help the ancient Egyptians rise and grow, and become a better place.

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Ankh Amulet by Allison Cartmill - Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Ankh Amulet by Allison Cartmill - Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The Ankh Amulet was important to the Ancient Egyptians religion and Culture because they believed that the Ankh amulet gifted them eternal life after death. It represents the Eternal life they would receive in the afterlife. The Ankh has no origin, but it grew from a sandal strap with the top loop going around someone's ankle. It is made from the top, by a circle, a symbol that has no end and neither a beginning which also represents the celestial world. The purpose of the Ankh amulet was for it to be placed in the sarcophagus to make sure the Pharaohs would have eternal life in the afterlife. It was also used to represent the power of the Pharaoh it was placed with. It helped to preserve the immortality of the pharaohs and kings. Also, It supposedly represents an intricate bow, other ideas suggest that it could mean the forming of heaven and earth. It was usually shown in the hands of important Egyptian figures, such as pharaohs and kings. The Ankh is used as a symbol of life or even the key of the nile. It’s supposedly the first ever cross to be created. The Ankh became well known in the dynastic period in Ancient Egypt, along with the rise of Osiris and Isis. In the start only pharaohs were allowed to wear the Amulet, but overtime the whole population was allowed to wear it. It was used in the early 21st century. In addition, the Ankh amulet was taken by Hebrews from the Egyptians and was introduced to the language by Moses. As christianity became more known around the world in the 4th century CE, many symbols from the old religion were no longer liked or banned or even forgotten about the Ankh but continued to be used in Ancient Egypt. Therefore, the Ankh Amulet was important to Ancient Egyptians not only because of their religion but their culture as well.

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Wedjat Amulet by Lizzie Sagirashvili Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Wedjat Amulet by Lizzie Sagirashvili Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The wedjat amulet is one of the most popular amulets in Ancient Egypt. It was an important part of the culture and religion of the ancient Egyptians. The wedjat amulet represents Horus’s healed eye. Horus was a man with a falcon head. Horus is also the god of the sky. And, he was in charge of the sun. Horus’s right eye represents the sun star and his left eye represents the moon star.  Secondly, to make the amulet they used Egyptian faience, glass, gold, and semiprecious stones like lapis lazuli. Also, the alive and dead wore this amulet. It symbolized healing and rebirth. It was thought to protect whoever wore it. That is why it's such a popular amulet. In addition, this amulet has been made in many different variations for over 3,000 years. The size of the amulet can be 0.8 cm in height, 1.3 cm in length, and 0.2 cm thick. wedjat eyes can either be the left or right eye. Something that is pretty cool is that people actually still currently wear the Eye of Horus for fashion or for protection. Some people also hang the Eye of Horus in their cars to keep them safe. Overall, this is an important artifact for the ancient Egyptians. It was a way for people to feel safe by wearing it.

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Great Sphinx of Giza by Avni Shivpuriya Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Great Sphinx of Giza by Avni Shivpuriya Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The Great Sphinx of Giza is a sculpture showing the religion of ancient Egypt. The Great Sphinx  protects the temple doors, and represents royal power. The Great Sphinx sits outside the Great Pyramid of Giza, where the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu rests. The Great Sphinx is about 66 feet high and about 240 feet long, The body of the Great Sphinx is of a lion, and the head is of a man. To add on, The Great Sphinx was painted when first made. The body and face were red, the beard was blue, and the headdress was mostly yellow. Also, this massive sculpture was carved from one single piece of limestone, making it that much more interesting. It is believed to have taken 100 workers and three years to build. To make the Sphinx more interesting, it is unknown who built it, or how they were able to carve it from one piece of limestone. Additionally, a legend rests with the Sphinx. Thutmose IV fell asleep near the Sphinx, and had a dream that the Sphinx was talking to him. The Sphinx told Thutmose IV that if he cleaned off and restored the Sphinx, he would become the Pharaoh of Egypt. Thutmose IV did that, and became pharaoh. A stele that has this story rests in between the paws of the Sphinx. It is clear that the Great Sphinx of Giza is a sculpture that holds the religion of Egypt, by protecting the tomb, and holding the legend of Thutmose IV.

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Tivona ~ Khepresh/War Crown/Blue Crown - Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 B

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Tivona ~ Khepresh/War Crown/Blue Crown - Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 B

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The Khepresh, also known as the Blue Crown or War Crown, is a headdress and is an important symbol of the religions of the Egyptians and the power that is given to pharaohs. The Khepresh is an ancient Egyptian headdress worn by pharaohs. It was used in battle. But it was frequently used in ceremonies and important events according to painting artifacts. In addition, this crown was frequently used during the Eighteenth Dynasty. The Khepresh turned into a crown that the pharaohs used a lot during that time period. For example, famous pharaohs like Pharaoh Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, and Ramesses II wore the Khepresh. This reveals that this Egyptian headdress was used a lot with the Egyptian pharaohs throughout  ancient Egypt’s existence. The Khepresh is thought to be made out of blue leather or stiffened cloth by the Egyptianologists. They came to this conclusion because they looked at the paintings on the ancient Egyptian walls they had found. The Khepresh was decorated with a precisely organized arrangement of different things like sequins, discs, bosses, or rings. As many other crowns, The Khepresh also has the cobra, the Wadjet (also spelled Wadjit, or also known as Buto, Uto, or Edjotaken). This represents the cobra goddess of Egypt, which is placed on the bottom front of the crown.The creators of The Khepresh added a lot of work into the Khepresh to represent its importance to ancient Egypt. Clearly, with all of the work that has been put into the making of the crown, how frequently it was used with the Egyptian Pharaohs,  and how they honored the cobra goddess in the same time, reveals how important it was to Egypt and the key role it played in Egyptian Pharaoh crowns and other aspects of a Pharaoh’s life.

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Great Pyramid of Giza by Vihaan Gupta 3/4B Mrs. Churniskas 

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Great Pyramid of Giza by Vihaan Gupta 3/4B Mrs. Churniskas 

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To begin, the  Great Pyramid of Giza is an important piece of the city for Ancient Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Giza is made up of 3 pyramids made by pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Khufu made a pyramid called The Great Pyramid, Khafre made a pyramid called Pyramid of Khafre and Menkaure made a pyramid called Pyramid of Menkaure. The Great Pyramid is in the middle, the Pyramid of Menkaure is on the left while the Pyramid of Khafre is on the right. These pyramids are located in Giza, which is near the Capital of Egypt, Cairo. Each pyramid was made out of millions of stones. The size of the Great Pyramid base is 230 meters per side, the size of the Pyramid of Khafre is 210.5 meters per side and the size of the Pyramid of Menkaure is 105 meters squared. Clearly, the Great Pyramid is the biggest, followed by the Pyramid of Khafre and the smallest one is the Pyramid of Menkaure. The pyramids were made for the pharaoh to be buried. For example, Khufu would be buried in the Great Pyramid. To conclude, this shows that these pyramids were important for the pharaoh because they would be buried in the tomb that is inside the pyramid.

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Sailboat by Krisha Bhatt Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Sailboat by Krisha Bhatt Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Sailboats were very important as it is related to advanced technology for Ancient Egyptians and their transportation over the Nile. In this advanced city sailboats were a type of boat that rode on the Nile River for different uses. This type of boat is mostly made of papyrus (read like plant) and wood. Also, this artifact is commonly 75 ft long and 7 to 10 ft wide making them very narrow. Sailboats were used for religious purposes; after a pharaoh dies, they are placed in a special room called tombs with things they think they need in their afterlife. Sailboats were furthermore placed in the tombs to help them in the “Journey To Afterlife. Another use for sailboats was for traders to travel to trade their products. Sails on a sailboat were used to help move sailboats using the wind momentum and steering oars were used to steer sailboats. Furthermore, grain was most commonly traded as grain was mostly grown in Egypt. Ancient Egyptians used sailboats as early as 3500 B.C. Looking at all this information, it is evident that sailboats were a crucial part of ancient Egypt's way of life as they had religious importance and were a critical part of transporting and trading goods.

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Egyptian Collar by Yona Choksi - Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Egyptian Collar by Yona Choksi - Mrs.Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Jewelry was an important part of the culture in ancient Egypt. Specifically, the Egyptian collar. Ancient Egyptians would wear jewelry to protect them from sickness and danger which was one of their strong religious beliefs and to make simple clothes look more fashionable and show their status in the social hierarchy. There were all different types of jewelry such as bracelets, pendants, earrings, rings, special buttons, and heavy neck collars but the most worn piece of jewelry were necklaces. Now, there are many different types of necklaces but one specific type of necklace was the most known. It was the Egyptian collar. The Egyptian collar would come in different forms and would be made out of many different things so there would be a variety of types of collars to have and choose from. Some materials Egyptian collars were made out of were gold, silver, lapis, and faience. These materials, though, were very expensive for ancient Egyptians so only the very wealthy Egyptians were able to afford these types of collars. On the other hand, when the Egyptians that weren’t as wealthy wanted jewelry, they would craft their jewelry or buy jewelry that was made out of beads, flowers, gems, and molded clay which would be much cheaper to make and buy. Along with that, Egyptian collars could have row after row after row of these materials plus metals. Sometimes, you would see the Egyptian collar colored a different color which was done for decoration or just for style. Some of the most commonly used colors were blue, red, green, yellow, and white. Sometimes though, depending on different occasions and scenarios, different colors of jewelry were worn. For example, red was worn unless a god was depicted. In that case, the color worn was blue. Of course, there was a certain time period that these collars were worn which was between 3000 BCE to 300 BCE, also known as the time Romans conquered Egypt. Clearly, jewelry was a way for Egyptians to show where they were in the social hierarchy and to honor the gods that they worshiped in the hopes that they would be granted with good luck and health.

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Ba Bird by Medha Thippireddy Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Ba Bird by Medha Thippireddy Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The ba bird was an important part of the culture in ancient Egypt. As shown from their extensive burial rituals of preserving the bodies of the dead and equipping them with resources such as food, drink, weapons, and money, embarking on life after death was a big deal to the ancient Egyptians. In some parts of Egypt, the ba is thought of as the spiritual part of the human body which comes alive after the material body dies, possessing the deceased person’s traits and personality. According to an Egyptologist named Žabkar, the phrase ba is similar to what we know today as personality and/or power, and had a relation to god. Usually, they are made of wood, coated with a type of paint called gesso, and then painted and decorated. The bird wears a sun disc on its head, a gold diadem (crown) and a red fillet (a type of clothing), as well as a large collar and a djed-pillar amulet (a symbol of eternity). Typically, The ba is portrayed as a bird, with a human head and face, a bird-like body, and sometimes with other human-like features such as arms. They were either put in coffins or attached to large stone columns. The duty of the ba was to feed the dead, but the bird needed food and drink of its own and had to return to the corpse every night. Lastly, the ba would represent different powers or gods, and would sometimes be shown pulling the sun god’s barque. In conclusion, the ba bird played a role in the culture of the ancient Egyptians because it symbolizes eternity in the afterlife after death, which was very important to their customs.

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Book of the Dead by Grace Ning  Mrs Churinskas 3/4 B

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Book of the Dead by Grace Ning  Mrs Churinskas 3/4 B

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Spells and enchantments are cultural things in Ancient Egypt, The Book of the Dead is one of the many popular spells which  ancient egyptians use for their religious purposes. The popular Book of the Dead is made out of different Egyptian texts and/or hexes. These spells are usually written on pieces of papyrus, they mostly include colorful, detailed  pictures and Egyptian texts. The special texts are written in cursive and all different. This was a way for them to meet the God Osiris in the afterlife. The afterlife seems like a wonderful place. However to get there they needed help from sorcery, to get through the Hall of Truth. In addition, they have to make a Negative confession that the gods have to approve of.  These ancient Egyptian spells that were sold like how people sell books, they used to get it with different types of papyrus paper, different spells, and even what drawings they included with. Truly, the ancient egyptians believed in the Gods, afterlife, and eternal life existed.

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Canopic Jar by Arshiya Roy Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Canopic Jar by Arshiya Roy Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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A Canopic Jar was an important part of the religion in Ancient Egypt. They were containers which had mummified organs inside them, preserved for the afterlife. Canopic Jars are usually made out of stone, pottery, or wood. They have lids with the heads of the Four Sons of Horus. Horus was the the God of the Sky and the Protector of Pharaohs. The first son Imetsy, was the protector of the liver and had a human shaped head. Next, the second head Hapy was the guardian of the lungs and was Baboon headed. The third head, Duamutef, looked after the stomach and had the head of a Jackal. Finally, Qebehsenuef was responsible for the intestines and had was Falcon headed. Jars with the heads of the Four Sons are used as dummy jars, and are put on display inside the tomb of Pharaoh. This is because the jar’s hole is either very small or non-existent. For this reason, another jar was used to hold the organs. People from the Old Kingdom time period didn’t have the God heads closing the jar, it was bare and some didn’t have a lid at all. Ultimately, the Canopic Jar was very important to the Ancient Egyptians and was a necessity in the process of mummification.

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Rosetta Stone By Prahalad Setty Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4B

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Rosetta Stone By Prahalad Setty Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4B

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The Rosetta Stone, this was an oustanding showing of the religious community efforts. This 3 foot 9 inch tall and 2 feet 4.5 inch giant black granite slab was such a good way for the people of Ancient Egypt to know about Ptmoley V. the pharaoh and the good deeds he has done for the people of Ancient Egypt. As a bonus the Rosetta Stone was very intelligently used to decipher hieroglyphics. Furthermore, this one of a kind granite slab was written in 2 languages and 3 scripts. The languages being Ancient Egyptian and Greek, the scripts being, demotics, hieroglyphics, and Greek . Advancing 1800 years later, to circa 1799, in Rashid, French soldiers while rebuilding a fort, found this mysterious slab. Afterwards, 20 years later, in 1822 to 1824 scholar Jean-Francois Champollion decipher already knew Greek, making a few guesses he deciphered hieroglyphics unveiling the secrets of many other inscriptions. Back to the past, the Rosetta Stone was made during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. To conclude, the religious community’s efforts are remarkable, priests of this time period were very dedicated to what they did.

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Pyramids during creation by Viswesh Ranjith Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Pyramids during creation by Viswesh Ranjith Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Pyramids were made to be used by Pharaohs traveling to the after life. Citizens put all the Pharaohs' possessions in the tomb.  Pyramids were built by thousands and thousands of workers, they had to move one block at a time and there were hundreds of blocks. Regardless, they had a way to move the heavy blocks. They moved the blocks by dragging them on slick ramps with many people pulling the blocks.  The blocks once placed into position created the outer structure. Once the entire blocks were placed till peak, it was topped off with a golden top. The structure was finally finished with lime stone filling giving the structure a white reflective view. This made the structure visible from thousands of miles away.

But after over hundreds of pyramids were built they stopped making the pyramid, the reason for this was that robbers/thieves kept robbing the tombs of their gold jewelry and riches. So instead of making tombs in pyramids, they built tombs underground to prevent robbery. But even after all these steps the underground tombs continued to get robbed, the only tomb that was still intact was King Tut's Tomb

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Crook & Flail by Logan Lee Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Crook & Flail by Logan Lee Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The crook and flail was an important piece of the ancient Egyptian government, and is the symbol of their power. The crook and flail was the symbol of Osiris. He was thought to be the first king of Egypt. The crook became the symbol of the Pharaoh, it looked like a snake made out of wood, the ancient Egyptians used wood to make the crook and flail because wood was very rare in Egypt and that made it even more special. In addition, one of the most popular images of the crook and flail is the pair that Tutankhamun used, his crook and flail survived for thousands of years, the staffs were made of wood, bronze, glass, obsidian, and gold. When Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb, he also found his crook and flail. When he saw the crook and flail, he knew that it was a king’s tomb.  The crook was first seen used by pharaohs in the First Dynasty, used by the Pharaoh Den, while the flail was first used in the Second Dynasty by Pharaoh Nynetjer, the two were completely separate until Nynetjer, and after that they were basically inseparable. The crook and flail represent the most important jobs of the pharaoh. The crook symbolizes kingship, while the flail symbolizes fertility, and protection, the flail is a weapon used to protect flocks of sheep, just like the crook, but the flail can also be used as a tool for punishment. The ancient Egyptians changed normal tools for farming and agriculture, into a symbol for pharaohs and power.

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Anubis mask by Erik Liu  Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Anubis mask by Erik Liu  Mrs. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Anubis is a god that people in ancient egypt respected and out of the 2,000 he is one of the most respected. And people thought that he would protect them from evil. when the pharaohs died and guided them and will bring them back to life . Anubis was the god of the underworld then Osiris took his place as the lord of the underworld was the oldest god. And is one of the most powerful gods. Surprisingly he is the most iconic god and he does not kill for what he looks like . As you can see in the picture he has the head of a jackal but the skin is black and has a human body with a cane. He can be found in tombs but you can not find them so easily it is really hard to find a tomb even if he is to protect the people from evil. He was created during the mummification process And With the moon god Thoth, Anubis weighed the hearts of the dead on the scales of justice in the underworld, judging the merit of their souls

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Tomb of Ramesses II by Arush Mynampati Ms. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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Tomb of Ramesses II by Arush Mynampati Ms. Churinskas Period 3/4 B

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The Tomb of Ramesses II is a true show of advanced cities. It is the largest of all of the tombs, about 8,800 square feet, with 16 rooms. The construction started in the second year of his reign. The architecture is beautiful, with carved pillars and walls, with scenes from the Books of the Divine Cow, the Amduat, the Book of the Dead, and the Litany of Ra. The walls were painted with these books to assist the dead pharaoh in the underworld. Ramesses II, for all of his military prowess and knowledge, chose the worst place for his tomb. The location he chose was an area in the valley that was susceptible to flash floods when the Nile River overflowed. When his tomb flooded for the first time, priests moved his body to a different tomb after rewrapping it. After the fall of Egypt, the Romans reused the tomb for their leaders. To this day, the tomb has flooded 7 or more times. Studies show that his tomb was robbed twice. The tomb had been excavated in 1817, but the tomb was empty. These are the precious gems of history that still remain in almost perfect condition. This is one of the Egyptian treasures that lasted more than 3,000 years.

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Set's Mask by Raima Bhattacharjee Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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Set's Mask by Raima Bhattacharjee Mrs. Churinskas 3/4 A

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To begin, Set was the ancient Egyptian god of war, chaos and storms, brother of Osiris, Isis, and Horus the Elder, uncle to Horus the Younger, and brother-husband to Nephthys. Moreover, Set can also be known as Sheth, Setesh, Sutekh, Setan, Seth Merksamer, Seteh, Setekh, or Suty, but he is most widely known as Set. His name is usually translated as "instigator of confusion" and "destroyer".
Set was one of the many gods the egyptians worshiped, and one of the first five gods created by the union of Geb (earth) and Nut (sky) after the creation of the world.It is important to note that in the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE), he was an important god of Upper Egypt who was known for love spells and inscribed on amulets which served as love charms. In addition, he was also the deity who saved the sun god Ra from the serpent Apophis, a creature who tried to stop the sun god's journey through the night sky toward dawn. In doing so, Set assured that the sun would rise the next morning. Set was also seen as a benefactor who helped the people in life and provided for them after death, but by the time of the New Kingdom (c. 1570-c. 1069 BCE) he came to be best known as the first murderer, who killed his older brother Osiris to reign over the world and then tried to murder Osiris' son Horus. Similarly in myths, Seth was the brother of Osiris, the god of the underworld. After Osiris got murdered, Isis gave birth to their child, Horus. On the other hand, as Horus grew, Set tried to murder him many times to attempt to cut off his side of the royal bloodline. He didn’t succeed, though, and ended up being banished from Egypt, and by the 1st millennium BCE his name and image were erased from most monuments and statues.

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King Tuts Death Mask by Saahil Niyas 3/4 b 

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King Tuts Death Mask by Saahil Niyas 3/4 b 

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ath mask of King Tut is a old item that was used in funerals. The mask is 59cm in height and very large in width. It is made out of 2 sheets of pure gold,glass and gems,lapis lazuli,quartz and obsidian. The mask is about 22.5 pounds and is priceless. The purpose of the death mask was to be an opening to the afterlife and respect for somebody. The death mask specifically of King Tut was shown as a sign of his power over upper and lower egypt. These golden masks are more commonly given to pharaohs because they are royalty. People who used the death mask would most likely be sent into afterlife. Slaves and free people would not be given a golden mask but a normal wooden one. The people who would put on the mask would be Anubis and the men who help in the mummification process. When people discovered Tut’s mask they had to go within the coffin through 3 solid layers.The third layer would contain his full mask and some black substance in it. This mask represents a sign of power. Something interesting about this artifact is that it is the only one intact and in a good condition. The death mask itself would be sold for a whopping 2 millions dollars. King tut's tomb discovery was so big because he was the few pharaohs who has not been robbed. Not so long ago when scientist were trying to study the mask they knocked over his beard! They used super glue to put it back together! The mask was originally placed on King Tut at the valley of the kings. Since Tut was a king he was buried there and the mask was placed with his coffin. Overall,King tut's death mask was a sign of power and respect and his pathway to the after life.

Citations.1.Khanacademy.org.8Aug.2015,www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-egypt-ap/a/tutankhamun's-tomb. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.,Orti, G. Dagli. King Tut's Mask. 2019. 2. Nationalgerographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/tutankhamun. Accessed 14 Feb. 2022.,Dorman, Peter F.. "Tutankhamun".

3.Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Apr. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun. Accessed 14 February 2022.

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Queen Cleopatra was an important part of ancient Egypt, she represented their culture and social hierarchy. Acreologysts have been searching for her tomb for the past 15 years but to this day, haven't found it yet, they believe her tomb might be in alexandria. Cleopatra’s sarcophagus is believed to have pure gold and carvings along the sarcophagus The best place to start is, who was Queen Cleopatra? One of the  greatest Pharaoh’s, Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of Egypt and lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Cleopatra was born in 69 B.C and she was made queen Cleopatra VII after her father,Ptolemy X|| Auletes died. Cleopatra was a member of mecdonian dynasty that controlled egypt ever since Alexander the great died in 323 B.C. Cleopatra had no Egyptian blood, but she still learned egyption alone in her ruling house. Cleopatra was convinced to be the daughter of Re, the Egyptian god of the sun. Furthermore, Cleopatra had a huge dispute with her brother, and there was a civil war around 48 B.C. Along with that, the Roman general Mark Antony saw that Cleoptra and her lover's armies were executed in the battle of actium in 31 B.C. After that, they didn’t have the best future in Alexandria. In the same light, Queen cleopatra did suicide because she couldn't stand losing her kingdom, she let two poisonous snakes bite her

to death. All in all, the great Pharaoh Cleopartra was a meaningful piece of Egyptian culture and the social hierarchy.

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sundial 3/4b Churinskas by Raghav sukhtankar

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sundial 3/4b Churinskas by Raghav sukhtankar

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Time is one of the most important things but how do you tell the SunDial actually l you are thinking no it's chock and what is the sundial.Sundial is the oldest method  of telling time and is testminte to egyptians technology advancement. It was a tool used to tell time as you know it was 6 meters in diameters  it was typically made wood and stone it help egypt keep track of time how is that important you ask well say  egyptians have to harvest 5:30 am but if they don’t know time they can’t harvest the crops at the right time sure you can a rough estimate but not exactly also did you know that the very first sundial was valley of kings in 1550 BC it was found and used up until late 19 century. This was also connected to the sun god ra their main god per say it was used far past egyptians like really far.so the sundial is amazeing feat set by eygptianos

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Hatshesut Punt Ship James Yin Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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Hatshesut Punt Ship James Yin Churinskas Period 3/4 A

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One of the most important things that helped Egypt thrive was trading. Trading is what gave the Egyptians what they could not get, for example cedar from Lebanon used for making the best sarcophagus. Hatshepsut's punt boat was made for an expedition to punt in 1493 B.C.E. This expedition brought back 31 incense trees which are still in Egypt making it the first successful transplant. If you think about it the boat looks like a smaller Olympias trireme. This boat helped the Egyptians trade weapons and trinkets for rare woods and other things the Egyptians could get their hands on by trading. Egyptians had the earliest recorded use of boats. Egyptian boats primarily did trade and the navy was used to ward off Egypt’s enemies. Hatshepsut's expedition was not the first as trade already existed between the nations.

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Egyptian Calendar by Shruthi Kurella Mrs.Churinkas Period 1/2 B

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Egyptian Calendar by Shruthi Kurella Mrs.Churinkas Period 1/2 B

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One of the world's first calendars that is being shown here, was very important to the Ancient Egyptians because it was a part of their math and science. The Ancient Egyptians created a calendar because farmers relied on when to determine the seasons or agriculture and crop yielding for thousands of years. The Calendar was based on A year of 365 days, with twelve months and three seasons. Each month had three ten-day weeks for a total of thirty days. The last five days were the birthdays of the five deities; Osiris, Isis, Horus, Seth and Nephthys. But Since the Egyptians did not take leap years into account, their calendar got further and further away from the seasons. This meant that at one point, the summer months actually fell in winter. But, despite that, the calendar went for 2,464 years. With all of this, thousands of years have passed since the beginning of the Ancient Egyptian calendar, and we use the version that Julius Caesar altered About 46 BCE with the addition of a leap year occurring every four years.

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Scarab Amulet | Aryan | Social Studies, Mrs.Churinskas, B 3/4

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Scarab Amulet | Aryan | Social Studies, Mrs.Churinskas, B 3/4

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Artifacts, such as this Scarab Amulet here were popular among

the Egyptian civilisations. Scarab amulets were used for their magical

rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. Scarabs were

used by living individuals as seals. These ancient popularities were

used from 2055 BCE onwards. This ancient artifact was a amulet, like

stated in its name. Amulets are like mini statues but really aren’t.

These amulets are rather small and look pretty fancy like in the photo

Below. Scarabs were generally either carved from stone or molded

from Egyptian faience. Once carved, they would typically be glazed

blue or green and then fired. The most common stone used for

scarabs was a form of steatite, a soft stone which becomes hard when

fired (forming enstatite). They were used in ancient egypt.Scarabs

were popular amulets and impression seals in ancient Egypt. They

survive in large numbers and, through their inscriptions and typology,

They are an important source of information for archeologists and

historians of the ancient world. They also represent a significant body

of ancient art. The Egyptians saw the Egyptian scarab (Scarabaeus

sacer) as a symbol of renewal and rebirth. ... Scarab amulets were used

for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the

dead. Scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of

the Middle Kingdom.

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Upper Class Houses by Meera Gupta, Mrs. Churinskas, Period 3/4 A

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Upper Class Houses by Meera Gupta, Mrs. Churinskas, Period 3/4 A

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Upper Class Houses were an important part of advanced cities and social classes. If everyone in the city had the same house, there would not be a clear way to define their social class. Adding on, the houses of the upper class were made from limestones or oftentimes from mud bricks that were whitewashed. Richer houses had 2 to 3 layers of mud bricks while poor houses had only 1. The mud bricks that made up the house were made by mixing mud and straw, then shaped, and finally left out in the sun to bake and dry. Additionally, other than the standard mud brick structure, some palaces had rows of columns supporting the house while also being a design to the house. The walls and ceilings of palaces for gods and goddesses were painted with rapidly done watercolors showing hieroglyphics and images of the gods. Similarly, the rooms in the houses or palaces had pottery, mirrors, chairs, tables, etc. Some small windows are sometimes seen on the tops of the houses as well as reed mats to keep the flies, dust, and heat out. Furthermore,  most of the ancient houses in Egypt had three floors and a flat roof which was used as a living area. The upper floor(s) are used as a living area or a place to sleep while the lower area is to store crops for trading.  Also, some of the houses of the wealthy had courtyards which consisted of fruits, vegetables, and flower gardens. Likewise, a few of the richest people had money to make granite stone gateways. All in all, Upper Class Houses were a way for Egyptians to show their position in social hierarchy and were an important part of the cities in ancient Egypt.