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A bone is a rigid tissue that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton in animals. Bones protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.

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Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals. Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function to produce force and motion.

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A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.

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Bursitis is a common condition that causes swelling and pain around muscles and bones. Bursitis is the swelling of the bursa, a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts, such as muscles, tendons, or skin.

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The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. But you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe. Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion.

Treatment typically involves resting the affected joint and protecting it from further trauma. In most cases, bursitis pain goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment, but recurrent flare-ups of bursitis are common.

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The most common causes of bursitis are repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae around a joint.
Causes

Throwing a baseball or lifting something over your head repeatedly.

Leaning on your elbows for long periods.

Extensive kneeling for tasks such as laying carpet or scrubbing floors.

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If you have bursitis, the affected joint might:

Feel achy or stiff

Hurt more when you move it or press on it

Look swollen and red

Sudden inability to move a joint. Excessive swelling, redness, bruising, or a rash in the affected area. Sharp or shooting pain, especially when you exercise or exert yourself. A fever.

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Your doctor will diagnose bursitis based on your symptoms and findings on a physical exam. Some diagnostic tests may be performed to rule out other causes of your pain. These include the following:

An X-ray of the affected area to look for bony spurs (abnormal areas) or arthritis

Aspiration, in which fluid is taken from the swollen bursa and evaluated under a microscope, to rule out gout or infection

Blood tests to screen for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes

Magnetic resonance imaging test (MRI), although this is rare

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Home treatment is often enough to reduce pain and let the bursa heal. Your doctor may suggest physical therapy to strengthen the muscles around your joints.

Rest the affected area. Avoid any activity or direct pressure that may cause pain.

Apply ice or cold packs as soon as you notice pain in your muscles or near a joint. Apply ice 10 to 15 minutes at a time, as often as twice an hour, for 3 days (72 hours). You can try heat, or alternating heat and ice, after the first 72 hours.

Use pain relievers. Use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation. NSAIDs come in pills and also in a cream that you rub over the sore area. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) can also help with pain. Don't rely on medicine to relieve pain so that you can keep overusing the joint.

Do range-of-motion exercises each day. If your bursitis is in or near a joint, gently move the joint through its full range of motion, even during the time that you are resting the joint area. This will prevent stiffness. As the pain goes away, add other exercises to strengthen the muscles around your joint.

Avoid tobacco smoke. Smoking delays wound and tissue healing.

If you have severe bursitis, your doctor may use a needle to remove extra fluid from the bursa. You might wear a pressure bandage on the area. Your doctor may also give you a shot of medicine to reduce swelling. Some people need surgery to drain or remove the bursa.

Sometimes the fluid in the bursa can get infected. If this happens, you may need antibiotics.

Bursitis is likely to improve in a few days or weeks if you rest and treat the affected area. But it may return if you don't stretch and strengthen the muscles around the joint and change the way you do some activities.

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While not all types of bursitis can be prevented, you can reduce your risk and the severity of flare-ups by changing the way you do certain tasks. Examples include:

Using kneeling pads. Use some type of padding to reduce the pressure on your knees if your job or hobby requires a lot of kneeling.

Lifting properly. Bend your knees when you lift. Failing to do so puts extra stress on the bursae in your hips.

Wheeling heavy loads. Carrying heavy loads puts stress on the bursae in your shoulders. Use a dolly or a wheeled cart instead.

Taking frequent breaks. Alternate repetitive tasks with rest or other activities.

Maintaining a healthy weight. Being overweight places more stress on your joints.

Exercising. Strengthening your muscles can help protect your affected joint.

Warming up and stretching before strenuous activities to protect your joints from injury.

Related

Elbow bursa

Hip bursae

Shoulder bursae

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A Muscle & Bone Disease (OSTEOPETROSIS).

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A Muscle & Bone Disease (OSTEOPETROSIS).

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Osteopetrosis, literally "stone bone", also known as marble bone disease or Albers-Schönberg disease, is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which the bones become less dense and more brittle, or osteomalacia.

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Osteopetrosis is a genetic disease that, in most cases, a child inherits from one or both parents. Genes carry information that determines which features are passed to you from your parents. We have two copies of most of our genes, one from each parent.

People with osteopetrosis have a gene that causes the body to make too few or abnormal cells called osteoclasts. When the osteoclasts are missing, old bone is not broken down as new bone is made, leading to dense, weak bones.

The inheritance patterns help determine the type of osteopetrosis the person has.

Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern happens when the parents each carry one copy of the mutated (changed) gene but do not show any signs or symptoms of the disease. It’s important to note that the mutated gene may not be passed from both parents to every child. Some children will not have any copies of the gene, and others may only have one copy, making them a carrier.

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern happens when only one mutated copy of the gene appears. This happens when the child inherits one copy of a mutated gene from one parent; however, sometimes the mutated gene appears with no family history.

X-linked inheritance pattern causes a rare form of the disease and happens when a mutation occurs in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. This type of osteopetrosis usually affects boys.

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The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the type of osteopetrosis. They include:

Bone fractures from brittle, dense bones.

Nasal congestion from narrowing sinus cavities.

Vision and hearing changes from enlarged bones pressing on nerves.

Dental problems due to bone changes in the skull and jaw and because teeth come in later than normal.

Low blood cell levels due to smaller amounts of the bone marrow because of crowding in the center of bones can lead to anemia and infection.

Infections in the bone (osteomyelitis).

Chronic bone pain.

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Doctors diagnose osteopetrosis by:

Taking a family and medical history.

Performing an exam.

Ordering laboratory tests and imaging studies.

Your doctor may order one or more of the following tests to diagnose osteopetrosis:

X-rays to evaluate the bone structure, including dense and misshapen bones.

Genetic testing to help determine the specific cause and type of osteopetrosis.

Blood tests to check:

Blood cell counts.

Vitamin and mineral levels.

Certain hormone levels.

Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate changes in bone marrow space and skull.

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Knowing the type of osteopetrosis helps doctors treat the symptoms and problems from the disease. Genetic testing allows doctors to examine specific changes in the genes so treatment can be tailored depending on the cause and expected severity of the disease. Treatments can include:

Interferon gamma-1b is an injected drug designed to delay disease progression and is the only therapy specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the severe infantile form of the disease. It is not currently approved for the treatment of the noninfantile form of osteopetrosis.

Corticosteroids may help improve some blood cell levels. Because they are potent drugs, your doctor will prescribe the lowest dose possible to achieve the desired benefit.

Physical and occupational therapy can help children develop motor and other skills.

Bone care may include casts, splints, or surgery to correct fractures and misshapen bones.

A bone marrow transplant may be recommended for infants with the severe form of the disease and for people with bone marrow failure. Doctors will recommend this type of treatment on a case-by-case basis after reviewing the risks and benefits. A bone marrow transplant can cure the disease for certain people, but it cannot reverse the damage that has already occurred.

Regular visits with the doctor are important to check symptoms and laboratory testing results and to discuss potential treatments.

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The types of osteopetrosis are broken into categories based on inheritance pattern, age the disease develops, and the severity of the disease. The types include:

Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis is the severe infantile form of the disorder. The symptoms of this type develop at or shortly after birth and shorten life expectancy.

Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis is the noninfantile form of the disorder and is also known as Albers-Schönberg disease. The symptoms of this type develop later than the infantile form and have a wide range of disease severity. Even within the same family, some people have little or no impact from the disease, while others are severely affected by the disease and have significant disability and shortened life expectancy. People with this type of osteopetrosis may not be diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood.

X-linked osteopetrosis is a rare form of the disease and can affect many areas of the body.

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What is the name of the doctors who treat Bone & Muscle Diseases? 

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What is the name of the doctors who treat Bone & Muscle Diseases? 

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The healthcare provider who specializes in bone and joint injuries and disorders is called an orthopedic surgeon, or an orthopedist. Orthopedists specialize in the musculoskeletal system.
Orthopedic surgeons are doctors who specialize in the musculoskeletal system - the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that are so essential to movement and everyday life. With more than 200 bones in the human body, it's an in-demand specialty. Dislocated joints.

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https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/muscle-bone-diseases

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/12254-musculoskeletal-system-normal-structure--function

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qksc4kqSjM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVsm06jzpmo

https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/musculoskeletal-system/musculoskeletal-system-diseases/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14526-musculoskeletal-pain

https://www.healthline.com/health/musculoskeletal-disorders

https://www.healthline.com/health/bone-pain#causes

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Name: Salestina Evelyn
Grade: VI- C

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For your patience..