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Singapore became one of Malaysia's 14 states from 1963 along with Sabah and Sarawak. Until finally in 1965 separated. Malaysia was formed on 16 September 1963 as a new political entity from the merger of the Federation of Malaya with the former British colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. This event marked the end of the 144 year period of British rule in Singapore, which began with the founding of modern Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819.

However, the union was unstable due to disagreements and ideological differences between the leaders of the State of Singapore and the Malaysian federal government, ongoing disagreements over economic, financial and political matters, Also because Malaysian leaders implemented a policy of granting special rights to Bumiputera, namely ethnic Malays. Ethnic prejudice is spreading with the government in Kuala Lumpur often discriminating against ethnic Chinese citizens. Riots in Singapore are frequent, most severe in 1964.

The United Malays National Organization (UMNO), which is the political party that controls the federal government, declared the participation of the Singapore-based People's Action Party in Malaysia's 1964 general election as a threat to the Malaya-based political system. There were also racial riots that year involving the majority Chinese community and the Malay community in Singapore. During the 1965 Singapore election, UMNO withdrew its support for the opposition candidate Barisan Sosialis.

Feeling that this small country could only be the culprit, the Malaysian parliament in 1965 made a surprising decision. By a vote of 126 to 0, all members of the House of Representatives agreed to expel Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia, which led to Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965.

Singapore eventually became the only country in the world that was independent not of its own accord. Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore, although trying to be optimistic about facing the formidable problems when dealing with the country after independence. Unemployment is high, slums are almost all over the island, and of course, there are no natural resources to fill the state treasury.

With his great skills, he transformed Singapore into one of the most respected cities. Corruption is eliminated, development is encouraged, and cleanliness is strictly maintained. Lee Kuan Yew wants foreign investors and traders to feel at home in transit in the country.
Now, the country which covers only a quarter of DKI Jakarta has become one of the most prosperous and developed countries in the world. 2011 data shows Singapore has a population of 4.8 million people. The national income per capita is US$ 41,430 or equivalent to Rp. 373 million, and the country's unemployment rate is very low at only two percent.

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The Great Pyramid of Giza is a defining symbol of Egypt and the last of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. It is located on the Giza plateau near the modern city of Cairo and was built over a twenty-year period during the reign of the king Khufu (2589-2566 BCE, also known as Cheops) of the 4th Dynasty.

Until the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, France in 1889, the Great Pyramid was the tallest structure made by human hands in the world; a record it held for over 3,000 years and one unlikely to be broken. Other scholars have pointed to the Lincoln Cathedral spire in England, built in 1300, as the structure which finally surpassed the Great Pyramid in height but, still, the Egyptian monument held the title for an impressive span of time.

The pyramid rises to a height of 479 feet (146 metres) with a base of 754 feet (230 metres) and is comprised of over two million blocks of stone. Some of these stones are of such immense size and weight (such as the granite slabs in the King's Chamber) that the logistics of raising and positioning them so precisely seems an impossibility by modern standards.

The pyramid was first excavated using modern techniques and scientific analysis in 1880 by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (l.1853-1942), the British archaeologist who set the standard for archaeological operations in Egypt generally and at Giza specifically.

Although many theories persist as to the purpose of the pyramid, the most widely accepted understanding is that it was constructed as a tomb for the king. Exactly how it was built, however, still puzzles people in the modern day. The theory of ramps running around the outside of the structure to move the blocks into place is still debated by historians. So-called "fringe" or "New Age" theories abound, in an effort to explain the advanced technology required for the structure, citing extra-terrestrials and their imagined frequent visits to Egypt in antiquity.

These theories continue to be advanced in spite of the increasing body of evidence substantiating that the pyramid was built by the ancient Egyptians using technological means which, most likely, were so common to them that they felt no need to record them. Still, the intricacy of the interior passages, shafts, and chambers (The King's Chamber, Queen's Chamber, and Grand Gallery) as well as the nearby Osiris Shaft, coupled with the mystery of how the pyramid was built at all and its orientation to cardinal points, encourages the persistence of these fringe theories.

Another enduring theory regarding the monument's construction is that it was built on the backs of slaves. Contrary to the popular opinion that Egyptian monuments in general, and the Great Pyramid in particular, were built using Hebrew slave labor, the pyramids of Giza and all other temples and monuments in the country were constructed by Egyptians who were hired for their skills and compensated for their efforts. No evidence of any kind whatsoever - from any era of Egypt's history - supports the narrative events described in the biblical Book of Exodus.

Worker's housing at Giza was discovered and fully documented in 1979 by Egyptologists Lehner and Hawass but, even before this evidence came to light, ancient Egyptian documentation substantiated payment to Egyptian workers for state-sponsored monuments while offering no evidence of forced labor by a slave population of any particular ethnic group. Egyptians from all over the country worked on the monument, for a variety of reasons, to build an eternal home for their king which would last through eternity.

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The Palestinian issue is a dispute resulting from the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. This problem stems from the emergence of the Zionist movement which was pioneered by Theodor Herzl in 1895. Herzl is the head of the Jewish community in England.

Zionism is an understanding as well as a movement that is political, racial, and extreme. The goal is to establish a special state for the Jewish nation. However, not all Jews joined the Zionist movement.

At that time the British government asked Herzl to support Britain during World War I. Herzl also has a condition. He asked the British government to support him in building a country. Britain also agreed to support it. Until then on November 2, 1917 an agreement was created called the Belfour Declaration.

The agreement that was created turned out to be opposed by the Palestinian Arabs, because they were not involved in the formulation of the Belfour Declaration agreement. In response to this, the British then brought together the Jewish community directly with the Palestinians. Well, the meeting finally resulted in the White Paper on October 20, 1930.

Judging from the contents of the White Paper, the Palestinians are the ones who benefit more. Then in 1933, the Nazis under the leadership of Adolf Hitler arrested Jews in Germany. The reason is because the Jews are considered to be disturbing the descendants of the German nation. Eventually the Jews began migrating to Palestine to escape the German Nazi hunts.

The arrival of the Jews in large numbers to Palestine, made the Palestinian people angry. Moreover, after World War II, the Jews became more free to enter the Palestinian territories. Seeing this, the United Nations finally intervened by forming the United Nations Special Commission on Palestine (UNSC).

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations decided to divide the Palestinian territories based on United Nations Resolution No. 181(II). The Palestinian territories, which were previously British mandated territory, are divided into two parts, namely for Palestinian Arabs and Jews.

War after war continues between Palestine and Israel. This Zionist movement never stops. They continue to try to seize the land of the Palestinian people for their main goal, namely the establishment of a state for the Jews. To this day, the vast Palestinian territory continues to decrease due to the Israeli occupation to this day.

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Though the beginning of the Great Wall of China can be traced to the fifth century B.C., many of the fortifications included in the wall date from hundreds of years earlier, when China was divided into a number of individual kingdoms during the so-called Warring States Period.

Around 220 B.C., Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China under the Qin Dynasty, ordered that earlier fortifications between states be removed and a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system that would extend for more than 10,000 li (a li is about one-third of a mile) and protect China against attacks from the north.

Construction of the “Wan Li Chang Cheng,” or 10,000-Li-Long Wall, was one of the most ambitious building projects ever undertaken by any civilization. The famous Chinese general Meng Tian initially directed the project, and was said to have used a massive army of soldiers, convicts and commoners as workers.

Made mostly of earth and stone, the wall stretched from the China Sea port of Shanhaiguan over 3,000 miles west into Gansu province. In some strategic areas, sections of the wall overlapped for maximum security (including the Badaling stretch, north of Beijing, that was later restored during the Ming Dynasty).

With the death of Qin Shi Huang and the fall of the Qin Dynasty, much of the Great Wall fell into disrepair. After the fall of the later Han Dynasty, a series of frontier tribes seized control in northern China. The most powerful of these was the Northern Wei Dynasty, which repaired and extended the existing wall to defend against attacks from other tribes.

The Bei Qi kingdom (550–577) built or repaired more than 900 miles of wall, and the short-lived but effective Sui Dynasty (581–618) repaired and extended the Great Wall of China a number of times.

With the fall of the Sui and the rise of the Tang Dynasty, the Great Wall lost its importance as a fortification, as China had defeated the Tujue tribe to the north and expanded past the original frontier protected by the wall.

During the Song Dynasty, the Chinese were forced to withdraw under threat from the Liao and Jin peoples to the north, who took over many areas on both sides of the Great Wall. The powerful Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1206-1368), established by Genghis Khan, eventually controlled all of China, parts of Asia and sections of Europe.

Though the Great Wall held little importance for the Mongols as a military fortification.

Like the Mongols, the early Ming rulers had little interest in building border fortifications, and wall building was limited before the late 15th century. In 1421, the Ming emperor Yongle proclaimed China’s new capital, Beijing, on the site of the former Mongol city of Dadu.

Under the strong hand of the Ming rulers, Chinese culture flourished, and the period saw an immense amount of construction in addition to the Great Wall, including bridges, temples and pagodas.

The construction of the Great Wall as it is known today began around 1474. After an initial phase of territorial expansion, Ming rulers took a largely defensive stance, and their reformation and extension of the Great Wall was key to this strategy.

The Ming wall extended from the Yalu River in Liaoning Province to the eastern bank of the Taolai River in Gansu Province, and winded its way from east to west through today’s Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu.

Starting west of Juyong Pass, the Great Wall was split into south and north lines, respectively named the Inner and Outer Walls. Strategic “passes” (i.e., fortresses) and gates were placed along the wall; the Juyong, Daoma and Zijing passes, closest to Beijing, were named the Three Inner Passes, while further west were Yanmen, Ningwu and Piantou, the Three Outer Passes.

All six passes were heavily garrisoned during the Ming period and considered vital to the defense of the capital.

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The Boxer Rebellion was a movement by Chinese society to support the peasant uprising in the 1900s. At that time the peasants were trying to expel all foreigners from China. “Boxer” was a name that Western academics gave for Chinese people who choose to join a militant group called Yihequan.

Yihequan is an organization that was founded during the Qing dynasty. Yihequan is an organization that does not like the presence of Foreigners who act as they please in China. Yihequan did not hesitate to attack these foreigners using kungfu. The Yihequan attack is known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion.

In this Boxer Rebellion, Yihequan and the peasants did not attack the Chinese government, but instead attacked the foreign people in China. The cause of the Boxer Rebellion was that the mainland of North China was stricken with poverty. Chinese people suspect that the causes of this poverty are natural disasters to foreign imperialism in China. The suspected made Yihequan maximizing security in North China's provinces. Due to the security in Northern China, Yihequan became very famous. In addition, Yihequan is believed to have immunity by the Chinese people because of the kungfu they has learned.

By May 1900, Boxer were roaming the countryside around the capital at Beijing.  In Beijing the Boxers burned churches and foreign residences and killed suspected Chinese Christians on sight. Hundreds of Chinese Christians, were besieged in their legation quarters and in the Roman Catholic cathedral in Beijing.

Perhaps a total of up to 100,000 or more people died in the conflict. The great majority of those killed were civilians, including thousands of Chinese Christians and approximately 200 to 250 foreign nationals.

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the picture of La Tomatina Festival in Spain

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La Tomatina is a food fight festival held on the last Wednesday of August each year in the town of Buñol near Valencia in Spain. It has been held since 1945. Thousands upon thousands of people make their way from all corners of the world to fight in this 'World's Biggest Food Fight' where more than one hundred metric tons of over-ripe tomatoes are thrown in the streets.

While there might not seem to be much to do in Buñol, this town comes to life every August when the La Tomatina Festival takes place. This popular festival began by accident on the last Wednesday in August in 1945 during a parade in People's Square. There was a parade taking place with musicians, giants, and large heads, and a few youngsters made one of the participants fall, hitting everything that got in his way. The crowd became angry and began throwing tomatoes that they found on a nearby vegetable stand.

La Tomatina was banned in the early 1950s by Francisco Franco due to the festival's lack of religious importance, however, this did not stop the participants, who were arrested. The people protested the prohibition and the festival was again allowed with more participants. The festivity was again canceled until 1957 when, as a sign of protest, a tomato burial was held. It was a demonstration in which the residents carried a coffin with a huge tomato inside. The parade was accompanied by a music band that played funeral marches. The protest was successful, and La Tomatina Festival was finally permitted and became an official festival.

As a result of the report of Javier Basilio, a broadcaster from the Spanish television program called Informe Semanal, the festival started to be known throughout the rest of Spain. Since then, the number of participants increased year after year as well as the excitement about the La Tomatina Festival. In 2002, La Tomatina of Buñol was declared a Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary Department of Tourism due to its popularity.

Summary :

La Tomatina is Spain’s tomato throwing festival that takes place annually on the last Wednesday in August in the town of Buñol near Valencia in Spain. It has been held since 1945. The tomato throwing continued for a few years until it was banned in the early 1950s. La Tomatina was banned by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco for having no religious significance.

However, after a tomato burial was held in 1957 in protest of the decision during which those in favor of the festival carried a coffin containing a large tomato. The festival was once again permitted after enough locals and others protested in favor of La Tomatina in 1957 and the La Tomatina Festival has since gained in popularity exponentially.

In 2002, La Tomatina was declared a Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Spanish Secretary of the Department of Tourism. It might be a crazy tradition, but it's a lot of fun to be experienced with a huge amount of people.

Name : Florecita Cindy Septiana ( X MIPA 4 / 12 )

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It happened when Japan was ruled from Edo (now Tokyo) by the Tokugawa Shoguns, with the emperors reduced to a ceremonial role. In 1701 a nobleman named Asano Naganori, lord of Ako and two noblemen from other provincial daimyo were asked to help carry out duties at the shogun's palace in Edo. There is a nobleman named Kira Yoshinaka was assigned to train the three daimyo in court etiquette. The other two daimyo gave Kira a lavish gift, but Asano only gave a token gift. Since then, Kira treated Asano badly. Asano loses his temper and attacks Kira, but Kira is only slightly injured. Then Asano's attack was a serious foul, he was ordered to commit seppuku (self-disembowelment). Now 47 samurai of Asano's bodyguard, are demoted to ronin or masterless samurai and decide to take revenge on Kira.

In the winter of January 30 1703, the 47 ronin attacked Kira's house and cut off his head. Kira's decapitated head was then taken to the grave of their master, Asano Naganori in a temple outside Edo.

The shogun known of the ronin revenge but, the ronin had acted in accordance with the warrior code, but they had flouted the authority of the shogun. After earnest consideration, the 47 ronin were ordered to commit hara-kiri/seppuku on March 20 1703.

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Pompeii, unlike the other towns in Campania founded for the most part by Greek colonists, was built by the Oscans, probably around the 9-8th century B.C., even if the evidence now available does not go back beyond the 6th century.
The town developed on lava terracing formed many centuries earlier. It constituted an important natural defence against the threat of invasion by neighbouring peoples. At the same time the volcanic nature of the land meant the territory of the Sarno valley was particularly fertile, thereby allowing for the rapid development of the agricultural economy. Pompeii soon made contact with the nearby Greek colonies, whose culture, way of life and the religion of Magna Graecia it quickly absorbed. Evidence of this is to be found in the shape of the Doric temple which stands in the Triangular Forum. The city was subject to the Etruscans for almost fifty years (until 474 B.C.) when the latter occupied part of inland Campania. Immediately afterwards it came back under the Greek sphere of influence. It then became part of the Samnite area of expansion (5th century), under whom it saw remarkable growth, forming that historical centre whose remains are still visible. This can be identified in part of the most ancient boundary wall, in the architecture of several houses (those characterised by a Tuscan-type atrium), in the public buildings in the Triangular Forum and in the Temple of Apollo in the Civic Forum.
Meanwhile Rome had begun its gradual advance towards southern Italy and had started to overcome the resistance of the Italic peoples. As a consequence even the Samnites were forced to surrender to the Eternal City, though only after three long and bitter wars, the last of which was fought in the years between 298 and 290 B.C. As a result of the conquest of Campania, Pompeii also ended up under Roman dominion, becoming an "associate", a status which allowed for the maintenance of a relative local autonomy. From that time on its history was closely connected with that of the Eternal City and only on the occasion of the social war waged by the Italic peoples in a final attempt to defend their freedom, did it ally itself with the insurrectionary movement (91 B.C.). In 89 B.C., however, it was besieged by Sulla, taken by storm and thus brought back under the aegis of Rome. In 80 B.C. it became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompei. As in the past, Pompeii continued to expand and develop in every sector, in the economic field in particular, greatly helped by its fertile hinterland and its advantageous position. All the activities linked to trade and maritime traffic saw a period of growth. This remarkable development had immediate results: outside, it led to an increase in the level of prestige of Pompeii compared with other Campanian towns; within, as a consequence of growing wealth, there was a general increase in the standard of living for many of the social classes. As a result the "middle-class", that is to say the class of merchants and entrepreneurs who had built Pompeii's fortune and had reaped their reward, was able to establish itself in an increasingly prominent way.
Pompeii's flourishing economy led to a decisive population increase, widespread affluence and in addition the remarkable embellishment of the town. It is true to say that the middle-class derived great pleasure from competing with the nobility in the construction of splendid villas.
The nouveaux riches, in their desire to outdo the aristocratic class who traditionally held power, vied in displaying their own wealth through the opulence of their houses and the preciousness of their ornaments and jewellery. The urban building expansion took place for the most part along Via dell'Abbondanza, a symbolic centre of the new emerging class. However, the life and splendour of Pompeii was destined to come to an end. The first inklings of the tragedy were felt in about 62 A.D., when a violent earthquake devastated the city and the surrounding countryside. It was no mean feat to recover from this blow. The least well-off class suffered the most serious consequences, having seen their houses destroyed. Most of the public and private buildings were still at the strengthening and restoration stage when Vesuvius became active, and in the space of a few hours sowed death and destruction on the city. It was the 24th August in the year 79 A.D. A heavy shower of ash, lapilli and lava from the volcano began to rain down onto the city and onto nearby Herculaneum and Stabiae. All was buried beneath a thick blanket of volcanic material to a depth of several metres. The inhabitants, who for the most part fled in the direction of the coast, were suffocated by the fumes of the gases, others met death in their own homes.

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The attack on Pearl Harbor  was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00 a.m., on Sunday, December 7, 1941. The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI,  and as Operation Z during its planning.
Japan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and those of the United States. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. -held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m.  Hawaiian Time .  The base was attacked by 353  Imperial Japanese aircraft in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers.  Of the eight U.S. Navy battleships present, all were damaged, with four sunk. All but USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,  and one minelayer. A total of 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded.  Important base installations such as the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed.  Kazuo Sakamaki, the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
Japan announced declarations of war on the United States and the British Empire later that day , but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. The British government declared war on Japan immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day the United States Congress declared war on Japan. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the Tripartite Pact with Japan, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S., which responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. There were numerous historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while peace negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime

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On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China . The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang , which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920’s. The creation of the PRC also completed the long process of governmental upheaval in China begun by the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The fall of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades.

Chinese Communists joined with the Nationalist Army in the Northern Expedition of 1926–27 to rid the nation of the warlords that prevented the formation of a strong central government. After the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931, the Government of the Republic of China faced the triple threat of Japanese invasion, Communist uprising, and warlord insurrections. As with the first effort at cooperation between the Nationalist government and the CCP, this Second United Front was short-lived. These undemocratic polices combined with wartime corruption made the Republic of China Government vulnerable to the Communist threat.

Though only nominally democratic, the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive U. In 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist and Communist parties, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, met for a series of talks on the formation of a post-war government. Years of mistrust between the two sides thwarted efforts to form a coalition government. Early in 1947, the ROC Government was already looking to the island province of Taiwan, off the coast of Fujian Province, as a potential point of retreat. Government wanted to be charged with facilitating the loss of China to communism.

The unfinished nature of the revolution, leaving a broken and exiled but still vocal Nationalist Government and Army on Taiwan, only heightened the sense among U. policy of protecting the Chiang Kai-shek government on Taiwan. Until the 1970s, the United States continued to recognize the Republic of China, located on Taiwan, as China’s true government and supported that government’s holding the Chinese seat in the United Nations.

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French Revolution, Movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reaching its first climax in 1789, and ended the ancien régime.
Causes of the French Revolution included the loss of peasant support for the feudal system, broad acceptance of the reformist writings of the philosophes, an expanding bourgeoisie that was excluded from political power, a fiscal crisis worsened by participation in the American Revolution, and crop failures in 1788. The efforts of the regime in 1787 to increase taxes levied on the privileged classes initiated a crisis.
In response, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General, made up of clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate (commoners), in 1789. Trying to pass reforms, it swore the Tennis Court Oath not to disperse until France had a new constitution. The king grudgingly concurred in the formation of the National Assembly, but rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” led to the Great Fear of July 1789, and Parisians seized the Bastille on July 14.
The assembly drafted a new constitution that introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaiming liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Constitution of 1791 also established a short-lived constitutional monarchy. The assembly nationalized church lands to pay off the public debt and reorganized the churchvia the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. The king tried to flee the country but was apprehended at Varennes.
France, newly nationalistic, declared war on Austria and Prussia in 1792, beginning the French Revolutionary Wars. Revolutionaries imprisoned the royal family and massacred nobles and clergy at the Tuileries in 1792. A new assembly, the National Convention—divided between Girondins and the extremist Montagnards—abolished the monarchy and established the First Republic in September 1792. Louis XVI was judged by the National Convention and executed for treason on Jan. 21, 1793.
The Montagnards seized power and adopted radical economic and social policies that provoked violent reactions, including the Wars of the Vendée and citizen revolts. Opposition was broken by the Reign of Terror. Military victories in 1794 brought a change in the public mood, and Maximilien Robespierre was overthrown in the Convention on 9 Thermidor, year II (in 1794 in the French republican calendar), and executed the next day.
Royalists tried to seize power in Paris but were crushed by Napoleon on 13 Vendémaire, year IV (in 1795). A new constitution placed executive power in a Directory of five members.
The war and schisms in the Directory led to disputes that were settled by coups d’état, chiefly those of 18 Fructidor, Year V (in 1797), and 18–19 Brumaire, Year VIII (in 1799), in which Napoleon abolished the Directory and declared himself leader of France.

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The American revolutionary era began in 1763, after a series of victories by British forces at the conclusion of the French and Indian War ended the French military threat to British North American colonies. Adopting the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the costs associated with keeping them in the Empire, Britain imposed a series of direct taxes followed by other laws intended to demonstrate British authority, all of which proved extremely unpopular in America. Because the colonies lacked elected representation in the governing British Parliament, many colonists considered the laws to be illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen. In 1772, groups of colonists began to create "Committees of Correspondence", which would lead to their own Provincial Congresses in most of the colonies. In the course of two years, the Provincial Congresses or their equivalents rejected the Parliament and effectively replaced the British ruling apparatus in the former colonies, culminating in 1774 with the coordinating First Continental Congress. In response to protests in Boston over Parliament"s attempts to assert authority, the British sent combat troops, dissolved local governments, and imposed direct rule by Royal officials. Consequently, the Colonies mobilized their militias, and fighting broke out in 1775. First ostensibly loyal to King George III and desiring to govern themselves while remaining in the empire, the repeated pleas by the First Continental Congress for royal intervention on their behalf with Parliament resulted in the declaration by the King that the states were "in rebellion", and the members of Congress were traitors. In 1776, representatives from each of the original 13 states voted unanimously in the Second Continental Congress to adopt a Declaration of Independence, which now rejected the British monarchy in addition to its Parliament, and established the soverignty of the new nation. The Declaration established the United States, which was originally governed as a loose confederation through a representative democracy selected by state legislatures.

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English seaman Francis Drake returns to Plymouth, England, in the Golden Hind, becoming the first British navigator to sail the earth.

On December 13, 1577, Drake set out from England with five ships on a mission to raid Spanish holdings on the Pacific coast of the New World. After crossing the Atlantic, Drake abandoned two of his ships in South America and then sailed into the Straits of Magellan with the remaining three. A series of devastating storms besieged his expedition in the treacherous straits, wrecking one ship and forcing another to return to England. Only the Golden Hind reached the Pacific Ocean, but Drake continued undaunted up the western coast of South America, raiding Spanish settlements and capturing a rich Spanish treasure ship.
Drake then continued up the western coast of North America, searching for a possible northeast passage back to the Atlantic. Reaching as far north as present-day Washington before turning back, Drake paused near San Francisco Bay in June 1579 to repair his ship and prepare for a journey across the Pacific. Calling the land “Nova Albion,” Drake claimed the territory for Queen Elizabeth I.
In July, the expedition set off across the Pacific, visiting several islands before rounding Africa’s Cape of Good Hope and returning to the Atlantic Ocean. On September 26, 1580, the Golden Hind returned to Plymouth, England, bearing its rich captured treasure and valuable information about the world’s great oceans. In 1581, Queen Elizabeth I knighted Drake during a visit to his ship. The most renowned of the Elizabethan seamen, he later played a crucial role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada.The explorer died in 1596 at the age of 56.

Summary :
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Francis Drake, in his ship The Golden Hind, set outfrom England on 13 December 1577 on a mission to raid Spanish holding on Pacific Coast of the New World.

He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean until he reached the coast of South America. The voyage was full of danger and some of the ships were not strong enough. After crossing the Atlantic, Drake abandoned two of his ships in South America and then sailed into the straits of Magellan with the remaining three. A series of devastating storms besieged his expedition in the treacherous straits, wrecking one ship and forcing another to return to England. Only the Golden Hind reached the Pacific Ocean, but Drake continued undaunted up the western coast of South America, raiding Spanish settlements and capturing a rich Spanish treasure ship. Drake then continued up the western coast of North America, searching for a possible northeast passage back to the Atlantic. Drake paused near San Francisco Bay in June 1579 to repair his ship and Calling the land “Nova Albion,” Drake claimed the territory for Queen Elizabeth I. On September 26, 1580, the Golden Hind arrived home in Plymouth, England, bearing its rich captured treasure and valuable information about the world’s great oceans. In 1581, Queen Elizabeth I knighted Drake during a visit to his ship. The most renowned of the Elizabethan seamen, he later played a crucial role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

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The Black Death was one of the first recorded pandemics in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. All across the continent, people learned just how gruesome and horrific disease could be as the plague, killing everyone equally. The ferocity with which the plague swept across the continent, demonstrated how unprepared they were for something on such a large scale.

Incurable disease caused by a bacterium name is Yersinia pestis. The Black Death killed virtually everything it attacking both human populations and animals that to wipe out all of humanity. It is thought to have originated in China each time making a passage toward Europe, its emergence struck fear in the hearts of people as it spread through towns and cities.

The Black Plague caused terror in populations who felt helpless in their lack of knowledge. The extent of its spread and the terrible toll it took wiping out as many as 20 million people which was 60% of the human population. And if a family member became infected, they might simply be left to die with no known treatment available often whole families would die one after the other and entire towns would succumb.

The general consensus was that the disease was brought on by rats while this may have been partially true. It can be transmitted while rats could potentially infect humans directly. There are two other means of transmission flee to human and human to human. An infected rat could infect many fleas. These relationships quickly spread the bacteria, then moved quickly in a massive spread to fleas which then infected other vermin and animals.

The bacteria will attack the lung tissue and thrive there. It causes flu-like symptoms, which can include a call during coughing the bacterium can be ejected influence becoming airborne if these droplets are inhaled an infection will likely occur in the new host.

The Black Death has and continues to have far-reaching effects on humanity may have been some benefits in the strengthening of the human species and knowledge gained in fighting pandemics, the ultimate loss of life was catastrophic leaving an indelible scar on scar humanity.

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World War II, or Second World War, (1939–45) International conflict principally between the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allied powers—France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. Political and economic instability in Germany, combined with bitterness over its defeat in World War I and the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, allowed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to rise to power. In the mid-1930s Hitler began secretly to rearm Germany, in violation of the treaty. He signed alliances with Italy and Japan to oppose the Soviet Union and intervened in the Spanish Civil War in the name of anticommunism.

Capitalizing on the reluctance of other European powers to oppose him by force, he sent troops to occupy Austria in 1938 (the Anschluss) and to annex Czechoslovakia in 1939. After signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939. Two days later France and Britain declared war on Germany. Poland’s defeat was followed by a period of military inactivity on the Western Front, known as the Phony War.

At sea Germany conducted a damaging submarine campaign by U-boat against merchant shipping bound for Britain. By early 1940 the Soviet Union had divided Poland with Germany, occupied the Baltic states, and subdued Finland in the Russo-Finnish War. In April 1940 Germany overwhelmed Denmark and began its conquest of Norway. In May German forces swept through the Netherlands and Belgium on their blitzkrieg invasion of France, forcing it to capitulate in June and establish the Vichy France regime. Germany then launched massive bombing raids on Britain in preparation for a cross-Channel invasion, but, after losing the Battle of Britain, Hitler postponed the invasion indefinitely.

By early 1941 Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria had joined the Axis, and German troops quickly overran Yugoslavia and Greece in April. In June Hitler abandoned his pact with the Soviet Union and launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive surprise invasion of Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow before Soviet counterattacks and winter weather halted the advance.

In East Asia Japan expanded its war with China and seized European colonial holdings. In December 1941 Japan attacked U.S. bases at Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines. The U.S. declared war on Japan, and the war became truly global when the other Axis powers declared war on the U.S. Japan quickly invaded and occupied most of Southeast Asia, Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, and many Pacific islands. After the crucial U.S. naval victory at the Battle of Midway (1942), U.S. forces began to advance up the chains of islands toward Japan.

In the North Africa campaigns the British and Americans defeated Italian and German forces by 1943. The Allies then invaded Sicily and Italy, forcing the overthrow of the Fascist government in July 1943, though fighting against the Germans continued in Italy until 1945. In the Soviet Union the Battle of Stalingrad (1943) marked the end of the German advance, and Soviet reinforcements in large numbers gradually pushed the German armies back.

The massive Allied invasion of western Europe began with the Normandy Campaign in western France (1944), and the Allies’ steady advance ended in the occupation of Germany in 1945. After Soviet troops pushed German forces out of the Soviet Union, they advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania and had occupied the eastern third of Germany by the time the surrender of Germany was signed on May 8, 1945. In the Pacific an Allied invasion of the Philippines (1944) was followed by the successful Battle of Leyte Gulf and the costly Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945). The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, and Japan’s formal surrender on September 2 ended the war.

An estimated 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 people died during World War II, including about 6,000,000 Jewish men, women, and children who died in the Holocaust. Millions more civilians were wounded and made homeless throughout Europe and East Asia.

Summary:

Political and economic instability in Germany, combined with bitterness over its defeat in World War I and the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, allowed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to rise to power.  He signed alliances with Italy and Japan to oppose the Soviet Union and intervened in the Spanish Civil War in the name of anticommunism.  After signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Germany invaded Poland on Sept.  Poland`s defeat was followed by a period of military inactivity on the Western Front, known as the Phony War.

At sea Germany conducted a damaging submarine campaign by U-boat against merchant shipping bound for Britain.  By early 1940 the Soviet Union had divided Poland with Germany, occupied the Baltic states, and subdued Finland in the Russo-Finnish War.  In April 1940 Germany overwhelmed Denmark and began its conquest of Norway.  In June Hitler abandoned his pact with the Soviet Union and launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive surprise invasion of Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow before Soviet counterattacks and winter weather halted the advance.

The U. S.  declared war on Japan, and the war became truly global when the other Axis powers declared war on the U. S. Japan quickly invaded and occupied most of Southeast Asia, Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, and many Pacific islands.  After the crucial U. S.  naval victory at the Battle of Midway (1942),

U. S. forces began to advance up the chains of islands toward Japan.  The massive Allied invasion of western Europe began with the Normandy Campaign in western France (1944), and the Allies` steady advance ended in the occupation of Germany in 1945.  After Soviet troops pushed German forces out of the Soviet Union, they advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania and had occupied the eastern third of Germany by the time the surrender of Germany was signed on May 8, 1945.

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Anglo-Dutch Wars, also called Dutch Wars, Dutch Engelse Oorlogen, four 17th- and 18th-century naval conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic.The first three wars, stemming from commercial rivalry, established England’s naval might, and the last, arising from Dutch interference in the American Revolution.

The First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54) began during a tense period following England’s institution of the 1651 Navigation Act, which was aimed at barring the Dutch from involvement in English sea trade. An incident in May 1652 resulting in the defeat of a Dutch force under Adm. Maarten Tromp led England to declare war on July 8. The Dutch under Tromp won a clear victory off Dungeness in December, but most of the major engagements of the following year were won by better armed men-of-war of England. In the summer of 1653 off Texel (Terheide), in the last battle of the war, the Dutch were defeated and Tromp killed, with both sides suffering heavy losses.The war was ended by the Treaty of Westminster (April 1654).

The commercial rivalry of the two countries again led to war in 1665. England declared war in March 1665 and won a decisive victory over the Dutch from Lowestoft in June. After the destruction of the Dutch carrier, only hasty actions by Vice Admiral Cornelis Tromp prevented the defeat at Lowestoft from becoming a complete defeat. However, the British failed to capitalize on their early success, and most of the ensuing battles were won by the Dutch. . An English ally, the kingdom of Münster, sent troops into Dutch territory in 1665 but was forced out by the French, who took the Dutch side in January 1666. The plague epidemic in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 contributed to England's predicament. The war ended the following month with the Treaty of Breda.

The Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74). England and the Dutch Republic had been allies for a century when they returned to war over secret Dutch trade and negotiations with the American colonies, then revolted against the British. Britain declared war on 20 December 1780, and the following year quickly took over key Dutch possessions in the West and East Indies. A small Dutch force attacked a British convoy in a hesitant clash of Dogger Banks in August 1781. The Republic was never able to muster the right fleet for battle, but when the war ended in May 1784, the Dutch were at the lowest point of their power and prestige.

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The fall of Constantinople (Byzantine Greek: Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, romanized: Hálōsis tē̂s Kōnstantīnoupóleōs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi, lit.'Conquest of Istanbul') was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453, the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April 1453.

The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later called "Mehmed the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople.

The fall of Constantinople marked the effective end of the Roman Empire, a state which dated to 27 BC and lasted nearly 1,500 years. The capture of Constantinople, a city which marked the divide between Europe and Asia Minor, also allowed the Ottomans more effectively to invade mainland Europe, eventually leading to Ottoman control of much of the Balkan peninsula.

The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages and is considered the end of the medieval period. The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.

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World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. In a total war directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the only two uses of nuclear weapons in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, a majority being civilians. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.

World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had partitioned Poland and marked out their "spheres of influence" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan (along with other countries later on). Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz of the UK, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history.

Japan, which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with the Republic of China by 1937. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific, including an attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States declaring war against Japan. Therefore the European Axis powers declared war on the United States in solidarity. Japan soon captured much of the western Pacific, but its advances were halted in 1942 after losing the critical Battle of Midway; later, Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and the Italian mainland, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and turned towards Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key western Pacific islands.

The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories, and the invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, Hitler's suicide and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender on its terms, the United States dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, on 6 August, and Nagasaki, on 9 August. Faced with an imminent invasion of the Japanese archipelago, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet’s declared entry into the war against Japan on the eve of invading Manchuria, Japan announced on 15 August its intention to surrender, then signed the surrender document on 2 September 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies.

World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe. The United Nations (UN) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts,[1] with the great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—became the permanent members of its Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the nearly half-century-long Cold War. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion. Political and economic integration, especially in Europe, began as an effort to forestall future hostilities, end pre-war enmities and forge a sense of common identity.

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In 1948, precisely on January 4, Myanmar, won independence from Britain. In fact, in the early 19th century, several forms of resistance from the Burmese people against the British were shown. After falling into British hands, Myanmar experienced several wars and was then strengthened by the upheaval in international relations which had implications for political stability in Myanmar. Japan's victory in the Japan-Russia war of 1905. This is related to the perception that the power of Asian countries has risen and is now starting to be taken into account.

The existence of the Versailles peace which fights for the rights of self-determination for nations that are not yet independent. The Versailles Treaty is one of the results of the end of World War I. The Versailles Treaty upholds the rights of self-determination for each country. Of course, this was an advantage for Myanmar, which at that time was under British rule. This is also used as the basis for Myanmar to fight for its right to free itself from the colonialists.

Apart from that internally, in 1919 a movement emerged against the British by forming The General Council of Burmese Association (GCBA) to run non-cooperative politics with England.  From here flared the spirit of anti-British Myanmar nationalism.  Other Myanmar nationalist movements are Myochit (Nationalist Party), Sinyetha (Poor People's Party) and Do Bama Asiayone (We are the Myanmar Nation) or the Thakin party which demands independence for the Myanmar people.  After the forces within Myanmar were united and there was support from Britain and other allies, the attack on the Japanese army was carried out. The attack ended in the defeat of Japan.  On June 15, 1945, the Myanmar armed forces together with units representing the British Empire and allied forces held a victory march in Yangoon.  Myanmar's victory from Japan did not necessarily make Myanmar an independent country.  However, the British took over.  In its development, the British government has explained its politics regarding the future of Myanmar in the White Paper.  However the implementation, for three years will be ruled by the governor directly, and in time then the election and re-establishment of the Council and the Legislature of Myanmar in 1935. This is a bright spot for Myanmar because it is a signal of Myanmar's independence.  This was done by the British government because seeing the AFPFL had a great influence on the people, the British finally agreed to hand over independence to Myanmar.

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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (states that remained loyal to the federal union, or "the North") and the Confederacy (states that voted to secede, or "the South"). The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War.  On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, four million of the 32 million Americans were enslaved black people, almost all in the South.  Decades of political unrest over slavery led up to the Civil War.

Disunion came after Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 United States presidential election on an anti-slavery expansion platform.  Confederate forces seized federal forts within territory they claimed.  Fighting broke out in April 1861 when the Confederate army began the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, just over a month after the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.  On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal, declaring all persons held as slaves in states in rebellion "forever free".

To the west, the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and seized New Orleans.  The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River.  The last significant battles raged around the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, gateway to the Confederate capital of Richmond.  The Civil War effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Lee surrendered to Union General Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, after Lee had abandoned Petersburg and Richmond.

By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially its railroads.  The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the country and grant civil rights to freed slaves.

The American Civil War was one of the first wars to represent the arms industry in human history. The manufacture of railroads, steamships, mass production of weapons, and various other military tools was carried out everywhere. The practice of total warfare developed by Sherman in Georgia and trench warfare around Petersburg became one of the tactics used in World War I in Europe.

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The World Cup is a football competition which is participated by several national teams that are members of the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).

This World Cup event is an event that has been eagerly awaited by the countries participating in the World Cup competition.

The first World Cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay, this first World Cup was initiated by Jules Rimet, the third FIFA president. The reason Jules Rimet organized the World Cup was to create peace through football. Then his name became the name of the world cup trophy from 1930-1970.

When it was first held, the World Cup tournament was only attended by thirteen countries. They came from the European and American continents, the thirteen teams were divided into four groups.

There were eighteen matches in total and lasted from July 13 to July 30, 1930. In the end, the hosts Uruguay managed to become champions after beating Argentina, with a score of 4-2.

Finally the World Cup is held once every four years, but was stopped in 1942 and 1346 due to the 2nd world war. After World War II ended, the World Cup continued again untill now.

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Piala Dunia tinggal menghitung hari. Saat tulisan ini dibuat, terhitung tiga bulan lagi Stadion Luzhniki akan menggelar pertandingan pertama yang akan mempertemukan tuan rumah Rusia melawan Arab Saudi. Piala Dunia tahun ini diharapkan berjalan menarik mengingat ini adalah turnamen dunia terakhir yang diadakan pada pertengahan tahun. Piala Dunia 1930.

Berbicara soal World Cup, tentu akan sangat menarik apabila membahas awal mula kejuaraan ini digelar. Sejarah dari ajang ini kerap diangkat untuk memanaskan suasana jelang pertandingan sesungguhnya. Akan tetapi, jika dewasa ini Piala Dunia adalah ajang yang dinantikan maka tidak dengan ketika pertama kali turnamen ini digelar pada 1930.

Ruwetnya Piala Dunia 1930

Penuh keruwetan saat FIFA pertama kali menggelar turnamen ini 88 tahun lalu. Saat itu, mereka tidak mau menggelar Piala Dunia karena sudah ada ajang sepakbola Olimpiade yang saat itu kapasitasnya sebagai turnamen tertinggi di dunia. Akan tetapi, dua orang Prancis yaitu Jules Rimet (selaku Presiden FIFA) serta salah satu anggotanya Henry Delaunay (penggagas UEFA) menginginkan adanya turnamen kelas dunia untuk semua kalangan pemain (pro dan amatir) mengingat sepakbola Olimpiade hanya untuk pemain amatir saja.

Pada 1928, FIFA kemudian mengumumkan turnamen baru bertajuk Piala Jules Rimet akan digelar pada 1930 dengan Uruguay sebagai tuan rumah. Pemilihan Uruguay ini sifatnya terbilang subjektif. Manajer mereka saat itu, Ondino Viera, mengungkapkan kalau negaranya saat itu layak menjadi tuan rumah karena status mereka sebagai pemilik medali emas sepakbola Olimpiade dalam dua turnamen terakhir 1924 dan 1928.

Jika dilihat dari kesiapan menggelar Piala Dunia 1930, maka Uruguay memang pantas untuk mengajukan diri sebagai tuan rumah. Mereka berjanji akan membiayai perjalanan seluruh tim yang saat itu mayoritas memakai kapal laut. Tidak hanya itu, mereka juga langsung membangun stadion megah yaitu Estadio Centenario sebagai bagian dari perayaan hari kemerdekaan mereka yang ke-100.

Piala Dunia pertama adalah satu-satunya turnamen yang tidak mengadakan babak kualifikasi. Pemilihan peserta saat itu murni undangan dari FIFA. Organisasi tertinggi sepakbola itu mengirim surat kepada seluruh negara yang berada di naungan mereka untuk bersedia ikut serta pada turnamen tersebut.

Mereka yang Tidak Ambil Bagian di Piala DUnia 1930

Akan tetapi dari 41 negara yang bergabung ke FIFA saat itu, hanya 13 yang bersedia ikut. Itupun tanpa negara kuat Eropa macam Italia, Jerman, Belanda, dan Spanyol yang memilih absen. Alasan yang mereka ucapkan pun terbilang masuk akal yaitu jarak yang terlalu jauh. Tidak hanya itu, negara-negara britania seperti Skotlandia, Wales, Irlandia Utara, dan Inggris juga tidak ikut karena berkonflik dengan FIFA.

Dari 13 negara itu, hanya empat saja yang dari Eropa yaitu Yugoslavia, Prancis, Belgia, dan Rumania. Sisanya datang dari Amerika Selatan (Uruguay, Argentina, Cile, Brasil, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia) dan zona Concacaf (Amerika Serikat dan Meksiko). Ke-13 peserta tersebut dibagi dalam empat grup. Tiga grup berisi tiga peserta sementara Grup 1 menjadi satu-satunya grup yang berisi empat negara. Hanya juara grup yang bisa melangkah ke babak semifinal.

Yang unik di Piala Dunia 1930

Yang menarik dari Piala Dunia edisi pertama adalah banyaknya kesebelasan yang berangkat menggunakan kapal yang sama ke negara tuan rumah. Salah satunya adalah kapal SS. Conte Verde yang saat itu membawa Piala, Jules Rimet, tiga wasit, dan tiga peserta yaitu Prancis, Belgia, dan Rumania. Butuh dua minggu bagi mereka untuk sampai ke Uruguay.

Pertandingan Prancis melawan Meksiko menjadi dua kesebelasan pertama yang bertanding di Stadion Pocitos yang kapasitasnya hanya 1000 penonton. Nama Lucien Laurent menjadi pencetak gol pertama Piala Dunia dan membawa Prancis menang 4-1 atas El Tri.

Baca juga: Kisah Lucien Laurent, Sang Pencetak Gol Pertama di Piala DUnia

Sementara itu penyerang Amerika Serikat, Bert Patenaude, menjadi pemain pertama yang mencetak hattrick saat Amerika Serikat mengalahkan Paraguay 3-0. Kemenangan yang saat itu membuka jalan mereka melangkah ke babak semifinal. Piala Dunia 1930 juga menghadirkan nama Placido Galindo sebagai pemain pertama yang diusir dari lapangan ketika Peru takluk dari Rumania.

Argentina, Yugoslavia, Uruguay, serta Amerika Serikat berhasil melaju ke babak semifinal setelah memuncaki grup mereka masing-masing. Keempatnya sama-sama meraih semua kemenangan dalam partai grup. Uruguay bertemu Yugoslavia sementara Argentina bertemu Amerika serikat.

Yang menarik, baik Uruguay dan Argentina sama-sama berhasil melangkah ke final dengan mengalahkan lawan-lawannya dengan skor serupa 6-1. Dikarenakan belum adanya pertandingan juara ketiga maka medali perunggu diberikan kepada USA dan Yugoslavia.

Pertemuan antara Uruguay dan Argentina adalah ulangan dari perjumpaan mereka di final sepakbola Olimpiade dua tahun sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, skuad keduanya saat itu sudah jauh berbeda.

Final yang Penuh Intrik

Jelang pertandingan final, suasana bisa dibilang sangat mencekam. Striker Argentina, Luis Monti, diberitakan menerima ancaman pembunuhan hingga membuat wasit saat itu, Jean Langenus memerintahkan pengamanan superketat kepada Monti.

Intrik dari pertemuan keduanya berlanjut jelang sepak mula. Dikarenakan belum adanya bola resmi untuk Piala Dunia maka baik Argentina maupun Uruguay mengklaim kalau bola buatan mereka adalah bola yang terbaik. Untuk menjaga netralitas, Langenus kemudian memberikan solusi dengan babak pertama memakai bola dari pihak Argentina (Tiento) dan bola dari Uruguay (Wembley) untuk babak kedua.

Dengan Tiento, Argentina berhasil unggul 2-1 pada babak pertama. Akan tetapi, setelah bola diganti dengan Wembley, Uruguay mampu menang 3-0 sekaligus mengubah kedudukan menjadi 4-2. Hasil ini membuat skuad asuhan Alberto Suppici menjadi juara Piala Dunia 1930 atau edisi pertama sekaligus memberikan hadiah ulang tahun kemerdekaan mereka yang ke-100.

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Piala Dunia 1930: Rumit, Perjalanan Jauh, serta Final Dua Bola - Ligalaga

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Piala Dunia tinggal menghitung hari. Saat tulisan ini dibuat, terhitung tiga bulan lagi Stadion Luzhniki akan menggelar pertandingan pertama yang akan mempertemukan tuan rumah Rusia melawan Arab Saudi. Piala Dunia tahun ini diharapkan berjalan menarik mengingat ini adalah turnamen dunia terakhir yang diadakan pada pertengahan tahun. Piala Dunia 1930.

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The Satsuma Rebellion (西南戦争Seinan Sensō , Southwest War) was an uprising of the Satsuma samurai clan led by Saigō Takamori against the Imperial Japanese Army that lasted 11 months in the early Meiji era , beginning in 1877. This civil war was the last and largest civil war in Japan . The war took place in Kyushu, Japan.

The Satsuma Rebellion was caused by a change in the system of government which caused the disillusionment of the samurai . The modernization of Japan has led to the loss of samurai power and the destruction of the traditional system. The Abolition of the Sword (廃刀令Haitō-rei ) regulation which prohibited samurai from carrying a katana was also one of the causes of this rebellion.

This rebellion was led by Saigō Takamori , who ten years ago led the Japanese army to defeat the samurai clan Tokugawa . At first, Saigō agreed with the concept of the Meiji Restoration. But, slowly he became rebellious, because the Meiji Restoration erased all forms of samurai and their attributes. The slogan of the rebels is "New Government, High Morality" (Shinsei Kōtoku).

In January 1877 , Japanese Navy troops moved to capture the city of Kagoshima, a major city belonging to the samurai clan of Satsuma . This army was met with an attack by Saigō and his men. Saigō troops used firearms against the Japanese Navy forces, but they still used old military tactics.

In February 1877, Saigō Takamori's army of 25 - 40 thousand soldiers prepared to await the attack of government forces on the front line of Kagoshima city. The battle lasted six weeks, and Saigō Takamori had only 300-400 soldiers left. In the final battle, the battle of Shirōyama, Saigō was seriously injured. On the verge of being caught by government forces, Saigō commits seppukuon September 24, 1877 . This war cost a lot of money in the Japanese government, as well as the end of the samurai class in Japan. Ten years later, the Empire of Japan apologized and bestowed glory on Saigō Takamori as the last samurai.

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The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the colonial and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war began when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 with a transit through Spain, and escalated in 1808 after Napoleon's France occupied Spain, which had become his ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdication of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and subsequently elevated his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the Spanish throne and promulgated the Constitution of Bayonne. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and waged a bloody war to overthrow them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is considered one of the first wars of national liberation and is important for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

On February 16, 1808, under the pretext of sending reinforcements to the French army occupying Portugal, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain. Thus began the Peninsular War, a crucial phase of the Napoleonic Wars fought between France and much of Europe between 1792 and 1815. During the first few weeks after their invasion of Spain in 1808, French troops captured Pamplona and Barcelona and on March 19 forced King Charles IV of Spain to abdicate. Four days later, the French entered Madrid under Joachim Murat. In early May, Madrid revolted, and on June 15 Napoleon's brother Joseph was proclaimed the new king of Spain, which led to a general anti-French revolt throughout the Iberian Peninsula.

In August, a British expeditionary force under Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington, landed on the Portuguese coast to drive the French from the Iberian Peninsula. In mid-1809, France was expelled from Portugal, but Spain proved more elusive. Thus began a long series of seesaw campaigns between France and England in Spain, in which the British were assisted by small groups of Spanish armies known as guerrillas.

Finally, on June 21, 1813, 80,000 allied troops under Wellesley defeated 66,000 troops of Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan at Vitoria, 175 miles northeast of Madrid. In October, the Iberian Peninsula was liberated, and Wellesley launched an invasion of France. The Allies had penetrated France as far as Toulouse when news of Napoleon's resignation reached them in April 1814, ending the Peninsular War with Portugal.

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Originally construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa was begun in 1174, with the intention of it being a freestanding bell tower for Pisa’s cathedral. Located in the Field of Miracles or ‘Campo del Miracoli’, the tower began to lean very early on in its construction, apparently around the time of the construction of its third floor.

The reason for the lean is that the ground on which it was built is sandy and unstable and the foundations used for the tower were insufficient to cope with this.

In 1185, a long period commenced in which construction of the Tower of Pisa ceased, the halt in progress usually being attributed to the fact that the Pisans were preoccupied with a succession of wars such as with Florence. Giovanni di Simone continued work on the tower in 1260 and, while there was a further pause in construction along the way, the Tower of Pisa was finally completed in 1360.

Since that time, the tower’s lean has continued to increase, leading to fears that it would indeed fulfil its promise to topple. Until 1990 the tower was leaning at a 10 degree angle. However, following an extensive and highly complex project, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is now stable.

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The atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan during World War II (WWII). The United States and the Allies fought against Japan and slowly won. Two nuclear weapons were dropped on Japan, one on the city of Hiroshima and the other on the city of Nagasaki.

On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States Air Force dropped the "Little Boy" nuclear weapon on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, the "Fat Man" bomb was detonated in Nagasaki. In estimating the death toll from the attack, there are several factors that make it difficult to arrive at reliable figures. It is said that it is estimated that by December 1945, as many as 140,000 people had died in Hiroshima as a result of the bomb and its related effects. In Nagasaki, about 74,000 people died as a result of the bomb and its aftermath.

The role of the bombing in the surrender of Japan, as well as its effects and justifications, has been the subject of much debate. In the United States, the common view is that the bombing ended the war months sooner than it should have happened, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if a premeditated invasion of Japan had taken place. In Japan, the general public tended to consider the bombing unnecessary as preparations for surrender were underway in Tokyo.

Many people determined that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki should remain the first and last hostile use of atomic weapons. During the Cold War, although the competing superpowers stockpiled enormous nuclear arsenals, only testing was carried out.

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The events of 9/11 are commemorated every September 11, namely the terrorist attack that brought down the twin towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. On September 11, 2001, at 8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. On December 18, 2001, Congress approved naming September 11 “Patriot Day” to commemorate the anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. In 2009, Congress named September 11 a National Day of Service and Remembrance.

The abbreviation “9/11” was coined because of the four coordinated terrorist attacks that took place on September 11, 1993. The WTC is under attack because of America's problems of globalization, economic power, and prosperity. Al-Qaeda hopes, by attacking these American symbols, they will spread power across the country and be able to improve the position of the United States in the world community.

This incident occurred on the morning of September 11, 2001. A total of 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial planes; the hijackers were terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by the al Qaeda terrorist organization of Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America’s support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East.. They crashed two planes into the top floor of the North Tower, South of the WTC complex, and a third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The top of the Twin Towers collapsed from the collision. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcast live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident.

The fourth plane, Flight 93, crashed into an empty field in western Pennsylvania about 20 minutes by air from Washington, D.C. As a result of this attack, there were 2,977 people from 93 countries, namely 2,753 people who died in New York; 184 people died at the Pentagon, and 40 people died on Flight 93. A World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to select an appropriate permanent memorial to the victims of 9/11. It consists of two reflecting pools with waterfalls rushing down where the Twin Towers once rose into the sky.

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The Battle of Anqing (安慶之戰) was a prolonged siege of the prefecture-level city of Anqing in Anhui, China, initiated by Hunan Army forces loyal to the Qing Dynasty against the armies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The siege began in September 1860 and ended on September 5, 1861, when imperial forces under the command of Zeng Guoquan breached the walls of the city and occupied it.

Anqing was strategically important as it allowed access to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including the Taiping capital of Nanjing downriver. It served as the base of Taiping activities in Anhui, Hubei and Hunan. It had been held by the Taiping since the early stages of the Rebellion in June 1853. Zeng Guofan, commander of the provincial Hunan Army and de facto leader of the dynasty's war against the Taiping, saw a need to reclaim the walled city to further his campaign against the rebellion along the Yangtze. A siege of Anqing was initiated in late-1860 involving up to 10,000 Hunan Army troops.

In October 1860, the "Brave King", Chen Yucheng was dispatched by the Taiping leadership with an army of over 100,000 to test imperial forces at Anqing, with the ultimate aim of seizing Wuchang upriver. However, while en route to Anqing, they were intercepted by 20,000 elite Manchu cavalry at Tongcheng and forced to retreat.

Foreign intervention also strengthened the Qing position at Anqing. In a family letter dated June 13, 1861, Zeng Guofan ordered his own ships to monitor British commercial vessels after noticing foreign merchants unloading rice to the rebels at Anqing. Zeng successfully obtained the support of British Consul Frederick Bruce in enforcing a naval blockade at Anqing to prevent the rebels from trading with foreign merchants.

As the protracted siege continued into the summer of 1861, the population of Anqing was increasingly starved and cannibalism was reported. In late August, Chen Yucheng made a final desperate attempt to break the siege of Anqing, but was repelled at the Jixian Pass after vigorous fighting with Zeng Guofan's land and naval forces. With his troops exhausted, Chen retreated on September 3, and two days later the city's walls were breached.

With Anqing in imperial hands, the Taiping lost their stronghold in central China. Zeng would establish Anqing as his new headquarters and use it to coordinate the imperial assault on the Taiping capital at Nanjing.

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The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 to celebrate the centenary of the French Revolution during the Exposition Universelle on the Champs de Mars. The aim was to show other countries the strength and capability of the French industry. The construction time of the Eiffel Tower was quite short. The first excavations began on January 28, 1887 and on March 31, 1889, the tower was completed. It only took a total of 2 years, 2 months, and 5 days to build.
Gustave Eiffel was not the main designer of the Eiffel Tower. In 1884, two important engineers working at the Eiffel Enterprise, Maurice Koechlin and Mile Nouguier, began to make plans for the Exposition Universelle in 1889. They proposed a tower project of 300 meters high. Then, Gustave Eiffel asked Stephen Sauvestre to redesign and perfect the tower. Sauvestre added some arches and decorations. He beautifies the project. In recognition of the construction of the tower, the name of the person is engraved on the side of the tower.
But when its construction was completed, many Parisians hated it. They consider the Eiffel Tower to be more brilliant than the classic and elegant city of Paris. Parisians refer to the Eiffel Tower as a "network" and a "factory chimney". Even though the Eiffel Tower is a temporary structure built for the Exposition Universelle and after the exhibition is over, it will be demolished.
In 1897, when the first radio broadcasts began, the Eiffel Tower became the strategic point of the city. During World War I, the Eiffel Tower captured important telegrams and valuable information and exposed spies. This is what convinced the city of Paris to keep the Eiffel Tower.
Its original purpose was to show the way to the Exposition Universelle, but it turned out to be a symbol of the city of Paris. The Eiffel Tower achieved many exploits and changed people's minds with its new architectural style. The Eiffel Tower was a major role in the industrial revolution. This represents the evolution that developed in Europe.

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The creation of the Red Cross was spurred by the publication of Un Souvenir de Solférino (1862), an account by Jean Henri Dunant of the suffering endured by the wounded at the battle of Solferino in 1859. Dunant, a Swiss citizen, urged the formation of voluntary aid societies for relief of such war victims. He also asked that service to military sick and wounded be neutral.

The Société genovoise d'Utilité publique, a Swiss welfare agency, actively seconded Dunant's suggestion, the result being the formation (1863) of the organization that became known as the Red Cross. The next year, delegates from 16 nations met in Switzerland, and the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field was adopted and signed by 12 of the nations represented. It provided for the neutrality of the medical personnel of armed forces, the humane treatment of the wounded, the neutrality of civilians who voluntarily assisted them, and the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies. In honor of Dunant's nationality, a red cross on a white background—the Swiss flag with colors reversed—was chosen as this symbol.

The original Geneva Convention, its subsequent revisions, and allied treaties such as the Hague Convention for naval forces and the Prisoner of War Convention have been signed (although not always ratified) by almost all countries and their dependencies. The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, 1944, and, with the League of Red Cross Societies, in 1963.

The Red Crescent, which was first used by the Ottoman Empire in 1876, was formally recognized by the League of Red Cross Societies in 1929. Iran used the Red Lion and Sun, formally recognized in 1949, until 1980. The adoption of the Red Crystal symbol in 2005 (effective in 2007), although occurring primarily as a means to provide an emblem under which Israel's Magen David Adom could become a full member (2006) of the international movement, also established a neutral emblem that could be used by any national society that preferred to avoid using the Christian cross or Islamic crescent.

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Yasuke ( who is known by various names yasuke or yesuke ) is a servant of African descent, from one of the Daimyo in Japan named Oda Nobunaga. In 1579, Yasuke arrived in Japan as the slave of an Italian missionary, Alessandro Valignano. Yasuke was one of several people of African origin brought to Japan by the Portuguese during the Nanban Trade and the first African Oda Nobunaga ever met.

Yasuke is in charge of accompanying Valignano in Japan. In 1581, he and Valignano visited the Japanese capital and his presence made everyone curious about him. When met by Oda Nobunaga, the Daimyo thought Yasuke's body was intentionally given black ink. Oda Nobunaga also ordered his servant to strip Yasuke and brush him to remove the ink on Yasuke's body. When Oda Nobunaga realized that it was Yasuke's real skin, he became more and more attracted to Yasuke.

In June 1582, Oda Nobunaga was betrayed by his general, Mitsuhide Akechi, and was forced to commit seppuku (suicide). Even then Yasuke helped Oda Nobunaga against Mitsuhide Akechi, but Oda Nobunaga still lost and died. Shortly after Oda Nobunaga's death, Yasuke joined forces with Oda Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobutada, who tried to fight back against Mitsuhide Akechi's army but was defeated and captured.

After being defeated and captured, Yasuke is presented to Mitsuhide Akechi for execution. However, Mitsuhide Akechi did not want to execute him because he was not Japanese and returned Yasuke to the Christian Church in the center of Japan, Kyoto

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The Korean War was a war fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United Nations, principally the United States.

The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. The Korean War was among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million war fatalities and a larger proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War. It incurred the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, thousands of massacres by both sides, including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history. Additionally, several million North Koreans are estimated to have fled North Korea over the course of the war. The war ended on July 27, 1953 when the United States, the People's Republic of China, and North Korea signed an armistice agreement.  South Korean President Syngman Rhee refused to sign it but promised to respect the ceasefire agreement.  But officially, this war has not ended until now.

The Korean War is proof that Korean was gained at the cost of many lives and a lot of destruction.

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The period 1929-1939 was an unforgettable period. At that time, the Great Depression or commonly known as The Great Depression dragged the world economy into a slump for up to 10 years.
The Great Depression began when the United States (US) economy was showing rapid development in 1920-1929, even the total US wealth had doubled. Those times were dubbed the 'Roaring Twenties'.

This condition caused US citizens to flock to buy shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) based on Wall Street, New York City. Starting from millionaires, cooks, and even janitors spend their money to buy shares. As a result, Wall Street soared, reaching its peak in August 1929.
However, it causes productivity to decline, and eventually the number of unemployed increases. The stock price is even higher than its true value.

At that time the wages of US citizens were very low, and finally the debts of the public or consumers swelled. In addition to the drought that caused the agricultural sector to deteriorate, food prices fell. Banks are also affected by large loans that cannot be disbursed.
In the end, the US economy entered a mild recession during the summer of 1929. The result was that consumption growth slowed, then production piled up, and factories eventually squeezed their production down. However, stock prices did not go down.

On October 24, 1929, investors became nervous and started selling their shares in droves. Finally, 12.9 million shares of stock were traded on that day, which is known as 'Black Thursday'.
Five days later, on October 29 or 'Black Tuesday', some 16 million shares traded after a wave of panic hit Wall Street. Millions of shares ended up being worthless, and the investors who had bought shares with borrowed money were wiped out completely.

After the stock market crash, consumer and investor confidence disappeared. Eventually, investment plummeted, causing factories and other businesses to slow production and start laying off employees. Meanwhile, people who still have jobs experienced a drastic decrease in wages, so that purchasing power also eroded.

Many Americans are forced to shop on credit and end up falling into debt. The number of confiscations and returns of goods has also increased. The lowest point of The Great Depression occurred in 1933, when about 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the country's banks went bankrupt.

This condition does not only occur in the US. Countries that comply with the Gold Standard or the benchmark gold price set in the US, and also rely on the dollar exchange rate are also dragged into economic woes. The Great Depression also hit the whole world, especially Europe.

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halloo

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hi

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hii

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hi

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The Black Death was a plague pandemic which devastated medieval Europe from 1347 to 1352, killing an estimated 25-30 million people. The disease originated in central Asia and was taken to the Crimea by Mongol warriors and traders. The plague then entered Europe via Italy, carried by rats on Genoese trading ships sailing from the Black Sea.

The disease was caused by a bacillus bacteria and carried by fleas on rodents. It was known as the Black Death because it could turn the skin and sores black while other symptoms included fever and joint pains. With up to two-thirds of sufferers dying from the disease, it is estimated that between 30% and 50% of the population of those places affected died from the Black Death. The death toll was so high that it had significant consequences on European medieval society as a whole, with a shortage of farmers resulting in demands for an end to serfdom, a general questioning of authority and rebellions, and the entire abandonment of many towns and villages. The worst plague in human history, it would take 200 years for the population of Europe to recover to the level seen prior to the Black Death.

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hai, good morning