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I can prepare for the FRQ and the multiple choice test.

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I can prepare for the FRQ and the multiple choice test.

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What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
Cochlear implants may help in dangerous situations. The greater the gap gets between a normal hearing child and a child who is deaf continues to grow and grow with age. The dangers of the surgery seem big because they have to drill through the skull. A con of the cochlear implant is that the deaf culture is lost.
After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

One of the struggles is that there is a huge gap between in the language

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The Chemical Senses if te Olfactory- extrememly sensitive
Epithlium - olfactoru mucous membrane at the top of the nasal cavity
-only sense that doesnt go to your thalamus, it is highly correlated with memory because it is state dependent
due to connection with the Limbic System
Gustation (taste)
Sensory interatction
Smell+taste+texture = taste
Papillae- receptor cells for taste
Preference at Birth- items that reduce taste (drinking smoking)
Skin Senses
cutaneous sensation - pressure, temperature, pain
-some spots are especially sensitive to certain stimuli (not specific)
Pressure obly receptors
- brain is the most sensitive to unexpectred stimuli
Kinesthesis
-sensing the body parts
vestibular- monitoring head position and movement
Semicircular Canals
-vestibular sacs
connects canals with cochlea
vestibular- balance
semicircular- dizzy

PAIN- no one specific receptor or stimulus
individual differences- althletes and mindset can effedt reactions
cultures- looked down upon
Cognition- it doesnt hurt
(women are the stronger sex)

GATE CONTROL THEORY
- neurological gate'
morphine is associated with releaving pain

NF- nerve fiber

Phantom Limb- misinterpretation (candle technique vs walking over the coals
Touch- (hot vs cold water -hot)
skin sensation -pressure -warmth

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I can identify and define the different parts of the ear.

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I can identify and define the different parts of the ear.

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Pinna is referred to as the outer ear.
Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup are the smallest bones in the human body.
(Ossicles)
Sound is vibrations- it travels to the outer ear as vibrations and vibrates the oval windows where the air becomes liquid.
Cochlea and the vestivbular organ is the inner ear
The bazzaler membrane has tiny little hairs on it that allow us to hear.
The temporal nerve
The vestibular organ is what helps us stay balanced.
Eustachian tube connects the ear to the throat.
Sound is vibrations
Place Theory- helmholt
ability to hear different levels of sound due to the neurons
Activity is the Baisilar membrane, explains high pitches not lower tones
Frequency Theory
explains low pitches
Volley Principle
The ear can alternate the frequency, middle pitch.

Damage?
problems of conducting sound waves

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues.

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues.

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Perception is how we organize and interpret information from our senses.
Gestalt- "whole" or "form"
sometimes what we see is not what is there.
Color constancy- perception of familiar objects as shaving consistent colors, even if changing illumination (apple is ?)
Rules of Perception
1- Figure-Ground
We organize information into a figure seen against a ground
| grouping principles|
2. Proximity
group nearby figures together
3.Similarity
group similar figures together
4.Continuity
see smooth, continuous patterns
5. Contentedness
when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
6. Depth Perception
2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D, we estimate distance.
(visual cliff- Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk -test of depth perception in babies)
**By 6 months we can understand depth perception**
7. Perceptual Contancy
-color
-shape
-size
-location
-brightness
(visual constancy=perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images)

Monocular & Binocular Cues
Interposition- 1 object blocks view of another so... often referred to as Superposition
Relative Size- assumption that 2 objects are similar size, 1 closer has larger retinal image
Relative clarity/ aerial perspective- perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
Texture Gradient- coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture
Relative Height- objects higher in field of vision appear farther away ie. St Louis Arch (vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions)
Relative motion/motion parallex- movement of self causes stable items to appear to move nearest object appears to move faster.
Linear perspective- parallel lines appear to converge in distance (people over estimate train's distance) Ponzo illusion
Light & Shadow/ Shadowing- Nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)

Binocular Cues (both eyes)
Retinal Disparity= difference between sight/views of two eyes
Convergence= cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Stereoscopic vision= combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception
Motion Perception- the closer an object the larger
stroboscopic- motion picture
Phi Phenomenon- illusion of lights (blinking on and off)
Autokinetic illusion- perceived motion created by single stationary object (slight movement of eye muscles makes the object move)

Sound Localizations
monaural cue- louder sound means closer sound
binaural cues- stereophonis- Stero:multi directional audio perspective
**not be images on test but need to know the definition**

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I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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Transduction- signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina.
Parallel Processing- processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color,form and motion happen at the same time)
-Hubel and Weisel found out that neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features:responsible for motion in the brain.
Vision- wavelength is the distance from one wave peak to another and we use the wavelength for light and sound.
Short wavelengths-bluish colors and high pitches sounds.
Low frequency- reddish color and low-pitched sounds
FOR AP EXAM KNOW LONG (LOW) AND SHORT (HIGH) WAVELENGTHS
Large amplitude:tall wavelenth bright colors and loud sounds
Small amplitude: short wavelengths dull colors soft sounds
Amplitude is the height of the wave length

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: eacho cone is macimally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red green blue) combined stimulus of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (red +green = yellow)
http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Biological/vision.htm
Arterimages are not explained by Trichromatic
when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones became saturated then when you look at a white puece of paper you see the opposite color due to the saturation of cones

Colorblindness- partial or total inablitiy to perceive hues
monochromats- black and white
dichromatic- r/g y/b
trichromatics- normal color vision
Young-Helmholtz theory cannot explain color blindness
color blindness involes 2 color pairs
OPPONENT-Processing Theory
three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
red abnd green
blue and yellow
black and white
paired with opposited if one is stimulated that the other is inhibited
Both theories are correct!!!
INdividual cones= trichromati theory
opponent process= other layers of the retina
Surrounding context- if and ited is viewed with other colors then the colors of the object changes

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision.

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision.

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-The optic nerve is essential in connecting the eye to the brain.
-The cornea protects the eye
-Pupil is the adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter and it contracts in bright light and relaxed in dim light
light(reflective response)
Aqueous Humor
-The iris is the colored part of the eye and protects it from damage
-The Lens is the transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature
Accommodation-less shape changes according to distance (round=close,flat=far)
-The Retina is the inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light
Rods-peripheral and black and white
cone-colors
The Retina has both cones and rods
Blind spot- Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
Fovea- line of central focus, holds cones.
Optic nerve carries visual info to the thalamus then the occipital lobe.
Optic Chiasm- spot where the optic nerves cross eachother (left to right and right to left)
The LGN or Lateral Geniculate Nucleus is the area in the thalamus that interprets images
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3 Layers of Retina
-Rods(b/w) Cones (color)
-20:1 rods out number
- Bipolar cells- specialized neurons connect to rods and cones
-Ganglion Cells- axons of these cells, made of Optic Nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the LGN
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2 Kinds of Ganglion Cells
Magnocellular- motion
Parvocellular- Color and what it is
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Acuity- Ability to distinguish fine details (sharpness)
Light must pass though the layers of the retina this is called TRANSDUCTION
hue(color)
intensity(brightness)
wavelength(color)

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I can understand the difference between absolute subliminal and difference thresholds.

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I can understand the difference between absolute subliminal and difference thresholds.

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JND= just noticeable difference
-the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time.
^^^WEBERS LAW
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perceptual set- you expect him to be homeless when he is actually a well know musician.
8% in light
2% of weight
3% of tone
(higher intensity-higher the amount of change needed)
Bright color needs to have an even brighter difference to notice a difference.
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FOOD?
It is a combination of the two senses smell and taste.
"neurogastronomy"
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Signal Detection Theory
(how a new parent may not hear a train but can hear their baby crying)
Predicts when and how we detect the presence of a faint stimulus.
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
False Negative- False Positive
False Negative is worse:it is there but you do not see it.
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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception. I can also compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception. I can also compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

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We all had different perceptions about what the ending should be. Every person had a different ending.
The PERCEPTUAL SET is influenced by a persons surrounding: Croak, Soak, Folk, (then whats the white of an egg)
^^ PRIMING
PRIMING is basically the beginning of creativity, it sets the stage for what you might think of.
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Sensation is bottom-up (detect features, occasionally they are incorrect)
Perception is top-down (relies on knowledge and expectations)
Top down processing can change how processes are perceived by trying to piece together how things usually look instead of how it actually looks.
Intentional Blindness: you cannot perceive something when your attention is not there.
Changed Blindness-
Difference Threshold-( Weber's Law) not the amount of change but the percentage change. JND
Perception: Selecting, organization, interpreting sensory info, recognize meaningful objects or events
Sensation: basic experience, visual, auditory, olfactory, gestation, kinetics
Absolute Threshold is the minimum stimulation necessary