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During the 19th century, many people with emotional and mental disorders were confined to mental institutions. These institutions provided ineffective treatments that ended up negatively affecting the patients.

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The Psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud.  Psychodynamic approaches started the foundation work for the field of psychotherapy. The idea of the psychodynamic Approach was to look at past experiences as the reason for a client's present emotional problems. There was also and emphasis on the unconscious processes and long-term treatment.

Other Contributors:
Alfred Adler- Individual Psychology
Erik Erikson- Psychosocial Development

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The second force of counseling also known as Behavioral and Cognitive Theories was lead by B.F. Skinner.  In the 1970's the Behavioral treatment approaches were starting to be developed. In 1980s Cognitive treatment approaches were being developed. In the 1990's the two approaches combined to create the Behavioral Cognitive approach.
Cognitive and behavioral treatment systems focus on how emotions are impacted by thoughts and actions.  The treatments are focused on the present. The treatment decreases dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors while replacing them with positive thoughts and behaviors.

Other Contributors:
Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Aaron Beck- Cognitive Therapy
William Glasser- Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
Donald Meichenbaum- Cognitive Behavioral Modification

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Developed in the 1960's by Carl Rogers existential-humanistic psychotherapy aims to understand the importance of emotions and sensations. It also aims to help people take command of their lives and to find meaning in their lives. The approach is holistic in nature and pays attention to human existence and the phenomena's, such as as free will, creativity, and positive human potential.

Other Contributors:
Fritz Perls- Gestalt Therapy
Viktor Frankl- Logotherapy
Abraham Maslow- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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The final force of psychology began to emerge in the 21st century. It combined aspects of the first three forces to create a holistic and comprehensive treatment approach.  Counselors are becoming aware of their client's identities and promote development of positive therapeutic relationships and effective treatment plans.

Another part of treatment is the partnership with other mental health professionals, providers of community resources, and important people in clients’ lives.

Types of Counseling:
Multicultural Counseling
Feminist Counseling
Transpersonal Counseling
Narrative Therapy