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was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

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, also known simply as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law that held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves"

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became the United States' 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863.

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was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends.

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was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches.

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James Madison, America's fourth President (1809-1817), made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing The Federalist Papers, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In later years, he was referred to as the "Father of the Constitution."

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a spokesman for democracy, was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809).

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was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"

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Lord Baltimore, felt that the Catholics were right in their desire; and he resolved to become their leader and help them all he could toward establishing their new colony. The English King granted Lord Baltimore plenty of land in Newfoundland; and there, in 1623, he sent his colonists.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.

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was a prerequisite to the registration for voting in a number of states.

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The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the assistant commissioners and the state superintendents of education and included personnel records and a variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs and conditions in the states.

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to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.

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to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” By directly mentioning the role of the states, the 14th Amendment greatly expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment.

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to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865.

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in the context of the history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of theSouthern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society.

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is any of various efforts to procuring economic and social rights, political rights or equality, often for a specificallydisenfranchised group, or more generally in discussion of such matters.

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refers to the act of putting an end to something by law. It may refer to:
abolition of slavery

the abolition of the death penalty, also called capital punishment

the abolition of monarchy

the abolition of nuclear weapons

the abolition of prisons

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was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1850s.

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was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. Historians broadly agree weasel words that there are three basic themes to manifest destiny:
The special virtues of the American people and their institutions

The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian  America

An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty.

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After being persecuted, the Mormons moved to Illinois.
After the murder of the Joseph Smith and continued persecution, the Mormons settled in Utah.

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In 1838 and 1839 as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present day Oklahoma.

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was a U.S foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States

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was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by theUnited States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000 USD) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000 USD) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15,000,000 USD, or around a quarter of a billion in 2016 dollars).

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is a process under which executive and (in some countries) legislative actions are subject to review by the judicary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority; an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or repugnant to a statute, and a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a written constitution.

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prohibits the government from making any law “respecting an establishment of religion.” This clause not only forbids the government from establishing an official religion, but also prohibits government actions that unduly favor one religion over another.

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The Free Exercise Clause reserves the right of American citizens to accept any religious belief and engage in religious rituals.

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The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power.

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refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government, Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789.

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refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution.

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describes several political beliefs around the world. Also, it may refer to the concept of parties; its members or supporters called themselves Federalists.

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was an agreement that large and small states reached during theConstitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution

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Was an agreement among all thirteen original states in the USA that served as its first constitution.

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are those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable.

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is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Philadephia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American Colonist then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America

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was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonist rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America,

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was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonist and to fight taxation by the British government.

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was a sever year war between England and the American Colonies, against the French and some of the native American in North America.
The war ended in 1763 when France finally give up all of its holdings in North America, west of Missisippi

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Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.
* The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.
* The executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch.
* The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.

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intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art philosophy, and politics.