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increase in the general level of prices.

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Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body addresses charges against a government official.

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to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

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a violent uprising against an authority or government.

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required that 50 percent of a state's white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union.

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the isolating, closing off, or surrounding of a place, as a port, harbor, or city, by hostile ships or troops to prevent entrance or exit.

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a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction Era that followed the Civil War. Redeemers were the Southern wing of the Democratic Party. They sought to regain their political power and enforce white supremacy.

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The Radical Republicans were a faction of the Republican Party during the American Civil War. They were distinguished by their fierce advocacy for the abolition of slavery, enfranchisement of black citizens, and holding the Southern states financially and morally culpable for the war.

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abolished slavery

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an act or instance of combining into an integral whole. an act or instance of integrating a racial, religious, or ethnic group

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a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

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the United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans.

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Habeas corpus is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

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type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year.

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laws governing the conduct of African Americans.

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granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”

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The stated purpose of Lincoln's speech was to dedicate a plot of land that would become Soldier's National Cemetery. However, Lincoln realized that he also had to inspire the people to continue the fight

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The plan consisted of a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, an attack down the Mississippi river, and constricting the South by Union land and naval forces

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compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

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The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

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fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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tax levied by a government directly on income, especially an annual tax on personal income.

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specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

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an unwritten deal, informally arranged among U.S. Congressmen, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 presidential election.

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prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

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a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a transcontinental railroad

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war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

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Considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War

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Any citizen in the North who opposed the war policy and advocated restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South.

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an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain

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A decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C.